In human genetics

Human genetics

Human genetics describes the study of inheritance as it occurs in human beings. Human genetics encompasses a variety of overlapping fields including: classical genetics, cytogenetics, molecular genetics, biochemical genetics, genomics, population genetics, developmental genetics, clinical genetics,...

, Haplogroup NO (M214) is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup

Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups

In human genetics, a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by differences in the non-recombining portions of DNA from the Y chromosome ....

.
Haplogroup NO is a descendant branch of the greater Haplogroup MNOPS (also known as K(xLT)) and a phylogenetic sibling of Haplogroup M

Haplogroup M (Y-DNA)

In human genetics, Haplogroup M is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. The Karafet's 2008 paper introduced a number of changes, compared to the previous...

, Haplogroup P

Haplogroup P (Y-DNA)

In human genetics, Haplogroup P is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup.This haplogroup contains the patrilineal ancestors of most Europeans and almost all of the indigenous peoples of the Americas...

, and Haplogroup S

Haplogroup S (Y-DNA)

In human genetics, Haplogroup S is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. From 2002 to 2008, it was known as Haplogroup K5.-Distribution:Haplogroup S is commonly found among populations of the highlands of Papua New Guinea...

.

Origins

The M214 mutation that defines Haplogroup NO occurred in a gamete

Gamete

A gamete is a cell that fuses with another cell during fertilization in organisms that reproduce sexually...

 of a man who belonged to Haplogroup MNOPS and who probably lived somewhere in Eurasia

Eurasia

Eurasia is a continent or supercontinent comprising the traditional continents of Europe and Asia ; covering about 52,990,000 km2 or about 10.6% of the Earth's surface located primarily in the eastern and northern hemispheres...

 east of the Aral Sea

Aral Sea

The Aral Sea was a lake that lay between Kazakhstan in the north and Karakalpakstan, an autonomous region of Uzbekistan, in the south...

 about 30,000 to 40,000 years ago. This man has become the direct patrilineal ancestor of a very large percentage of present-day humans, as he is the forefather of both Haplogroup N

Haplogroup N (Y-DNA)

In human genetics, Haplogroup N is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup, defined by the presence of the marker M231. The b2/b3 deletion in the AZFc region of the human Y-chromosome is a characteristic of Haplogroup N haplotypes. This deletion, however, appears to have occurred independently on four...

 and Haplogroup O

Haplogroup O (Y-DNA)

In human genetics, Haplogroup O is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Haplogroup O is a close cladistic brother group with Haplogroup N, and is one of several descendants of Haplogroup K ....

, which together are overwhelmingly dominant in most populations of North

North Eurasia

North Eurasia often refers to the aggregate of* European countries lying north of ones adjacent to Mediterranean and Black Sea area;* Russia ;...

 and East Eurasia

East Asia

East Asia or Eastern Asia is a subregion of Asia that can be defined in either geographical or cultural terms...

.

Distribution

No confirmed case of Haplogroup NO* has been found among the males of present-day human populations. However, NO-M214(xN1-LLY22g, O-M175), which potentially may belong either to Haplogroup NO* or to Haplogroup N*-M231(xN1-LLY22g), has been found in 5.7% (2/35) of a sample of Buyi and in 2.9% (6/210) of a pool of four samples of Japanese

Yamato people

is a name for the dominant native ethnic group of Japan. It is a term that came to be used around the late 19th century to distinguish the residents of the mainland Japan from other minority ethnic groups who have resided in the peripheral areas of Japan, such as the Ainu, Ryukyuan, Nivkh, Ulta, as...

, particularly in Tokushima

Tokushima Prefecture

is a prefecture of Japan located on Shikoku island. The capital is the city of Tokushima.- Tokushima Prefecture and Myodo Prefecture :Long ago, Tokushima City belonged to a region known as Myōdō-gun...

 (4/70 = 5.7%). Haplogroup NO-M214(xN1-LLY22g, O-M175) Y-DNA also has been found sporadically in samples of Han Chinese

Han Chinese

Han Chinese are an ethnic group native to China and are the largest single ethnic group in the world.Han Chinese constitute about 92% of the population of the People's Republic of China , 98% of the population of the Republic of China , 78% of the population of Singapore, and about 20% of the...

, Yizu

Yi people

The Yi or Lolo people are an ethnic group in China, Vietnam, and Thailand. Numbering 8 million, they are the seventh largest of the 55 ethnic minority groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China...

, Malays, Mongolia

Mongolia

Mongolia is a landlocked country in East and Central Asia. It is bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south, east and west. Although Mongolia does not share a border with Kazakhstan, its western-most point is only from Kazakhstan's eastern tip. Ulan Bator, the capital and largest...

ns, Daurs, Manchurian Evenks

Evenks

The Evenks are a Tungusic people of Northern Asia. In Russia, the Evenks are recognized as one of the Indigenous peoples of the Russian North, with a population of 35,527...

, Hezhes, Huis

Hui people

The Hui people are an ethnic group in China, defined as Chinese speaking people descended from foreign Muslims. They are typically distinguished by their practice of Islam, however some also practice other religions, and many are direct descendants of Silk Road travelers.In modern People's...

, Yaos

Yao people

The Yao nationality is a government classification for various minorities in China. They form one of the 55 ethnic minority groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China, where they reside in the mountainous terrain of the southwest and south...

, and South Korea

South Korea

The Republic of Korea , , is a sovereign state in East Asia, located on the southern portion of the Korean Peninsula. It is neighbored by the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the east, North Korea to the north, and the East China Sea and Republic of China to the south...

ns; however, the two published Han Chinese cases of NO-M214(xN1-LLY22g, O-M175) subsequently have been found to belong to N*-M231(xN1-LLY22g).

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the YCC 2008 tree and subsequent published research.

• NO (M214, P188, P192, P193, P194, P195)
  • NO*
  • N (M231) Main N Article
    Haplogroup N (Y-DNA)
    In human genetics, Haplogroup N is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup, defined by the presence of the marker M231. The b2/b3 deletion in the AZFc region of the human Y-chromosome is a characteristic of Haplogroup N haplotypes. This deletion, however, appears to have occurred independently on four...
    
    
  • O (M175, P186, P191, P196) Main O Article
    Haplogroup O (Y-DNA)
    In human genetics, Haplogroup O is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Haplogroup O is a close cladistic brother group with Haplogroup N, and is one of several descendants of Haplogroup K ....
    
    

See also

• Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup
• Genealogical DNA test
  Genealogical DNA test
  A genealogical DNA test examines the nucleotides at specific locations on a person's DNA for genetic genealogy purposes. The test results are not meant to have any informative medical value and do not determine specific genetic diseases or disorders ; they are intended only to give genealogical...
  
  
• Y-chromosome haplogroups by populations
  Y-chromosome haplogroups by populations
  The following articles are lists of human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups found in populations and various ethnic groups by regions or continents around the world based on relevant studies, and the samples have been taken from individuals identified by linguistic designation.General*Y-DNA haplogroups...