Hai jin
Encyclopedia
The Hǎi Jìn order was a ban on maritime activities imposed during China
's Ming Dynasty
and again at the time of the Qing Dynasty
. Intended to curb piracy
, the ban proved ineffective for that purpose. Instead it imposed huge hardships on coastal communities and legitimate sea traders.
was the first to propose a policy to ban all maritime shipping in 1371. Any foreigner wishing to visit Ming China could only do so via the tribute
system.
The Hǎi Jĩn policy consisted of three strategies.
The ban was lifted in 1405, reinstated in 1550 then lifted again in 1578.
The earliest possible date for implementation of the policy was 1368, the year that the Ming Dynasty came to power whilst the latest possible year when it was terminated was 1567.
, also known as Zheng Chenggong, was a military leader from the Ming government located in the coastal region, capable of threatening the Qing. In 1647, another sea ban was issued to limit foreign trade with severe punishment imposed. In 1655 the "Frontier Shift" was imposed in Guangdong
, Fujian
, Zhejiang
, Jiangsu
and Shandong
. It required coastal residents to move in land 30–50 li
(est. 15 to 25 kilometers). All private boats and ships were burned. Small rafts were not allowed at sea. In 1684, the ban was stopped, trading was reopened under the Kangxi Emperor
. In 1685 a "Taxation Rule for Sea Trade" was drafted by Yiergetu.
as "dwarf pirates", and soon discovered many to be renegade Chinese who joined ronin
samurai to battle the Ming regime. By the early 17th century, virtually all pirates on China's coast were various Chinese ethnicities such as the Han
, though they continued labeled as wokou
.
Some have argued that the Hai Jin marked a retreat from maritime activities such as the
voyages of Zheng He
and was symptomatic of a technological decline and stagnation
that would culminate in China's 19th-century humiliation by Europe. This view has been popularized by the Chinese film, River Elegy
.
The ban was also seen as a deceptive proposal, since it prevented the rise of any self-sufficient economies along the coast. Eventually new economies could not be born, and no power was drawn away from the existing imperial courts, thus making this ban a political move.
The law proved a great hardship for coastal dwellers and stimulated rebellion
s, piracy
and a huge wave of overseas migration
. Traditionally, southeast Asia
was the preferred destination for Chinese emigrants
(see Liang Dao Ming
).
China
Chinese civilization may refer to:* China for more general discussion of the country.* Chinese culture* Greater China, the transnational community of ethnic Chinese.* History of China* Sinosphere, the area historically affected by Chinese culture...
's Ming Dynasty
Ming Dynasty
The Ming Dynasty, also Empire of the Great Ming, was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644, following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty. The Ming, "one of the greatest eras of orderly government and social stability in human history", was the last dynasty in China ruled by ethnic...
and again at the time of the Qing Dynasty
Qing Dynasty
The Qing Dynasty was the last dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 with a brief, abortive restoration in 1917. It was preceded by the Ming Dynasty and followed by the Republic of China....
. Intended to curb piracy
Piracy
Piracy is an act of robbery or criminal violence at sea. The term can include acts committed on land, in the air, or in other major bodies of water or on a shore. It does not normally include crimes committed against persons traveling on the same vessel as the perpetrator...
, the ban proved ineffective for that purpose. Instead it imposed huge hardships on coastal communities and legitimate sea traders.
Ming policy
The Ming Hongwu EmperorHongwu Emperor
The Hongwu Emperor , known variably by his given name Zhu Yuanzhang and by his temple name Taizu of Ming , was the founder and first emperor of the Ming Dynasty of China...
was the first to propose a policy to ban all maritime shipping in 1371. Any foreigner wishing to visit Ming China could only do so via the tribute
Tribute
A tribute is wealth, often in kind, that one party gives to another as a sign of respect or, as was often the case in historical contexts, of submission or allegiance. Various ancient states, which could be called suzerains, exacted tribute from areas they had conquered or threatened to conquer...
system.
The Hǎi Jĩn policy consisted of three strategies.
- Build a navy of 110,000 to defend coastal provinces;
- Engage with the Japanese authorities to curtail the raiders;
- Regulate maritime trade to control smuggledContrabandThe word contraband, reported in English since 1529, from Medieval French contrebande "a smuggling," denotes any item which, relating to its nature, is illegal to be possessed or sold....
goods.
The ban was lifted in 1405, reinstated in 1550 then lifted again in 1578.
The earliest possible date for implementation of the policy was 1368, the year that the Ming Dynasty came to power whilst the latest possible year when it was terminated was 1567.
Qing policy
KoxingaKoxinga
Koxinga is the customary Western spelling of the popular appellation of Zheng Chenggong , a military leader who was born in 1624 in Hirado, Japan to Zheng Zhilong, a Chinese merchant/pirate, and his Japanese wife and died in 1662 on the island of Formosa .A Ming loyalist and the arch commander of...
, also known as Zheng Chenggong, was a military leader from the Ming government located in the coastal region, capable of threatening the Qing. In 1647, another sea ban was issued to limit foreign trade with severe punishment imposed. In 1655 the "Frontier Shift" was imposed in Guangdong
Guangdong
Guangdong is a province on the South China Sea coast of the People's Republic of China. The province was previously often written with the alternative English name Kwangtung Province...
, Fujian
Fujian
' , formerly romanised as Fukien or Huguing or Foukien, is a province on the southeast coast of mainland China. Fujian is bordered by Zhejiang to the north, Jiangxi to the west, and Guangdong to the south. Taiwan lies to the east, across the Taiwan Strait...
, Zhejiang
Zhejiang
Zhejiang is an eastern coastal province of the People's Republic of China. The word Zhejiang was the old name of the Qiantang River, which passes through Hangzhou, the provincial capital...
, Jiangsu
Jiangsu
' is a province of the People's Republic of China, located along the east coast of the country. The name comes from jiang, short for the city of Jiangning , and su, for the city of Suzhou. The abbreviation for this province is "苏" , the second character of its name...
and Shandong
Shandong
' is a Province located on the eastern coast of the People's Republic of China. Shandong has played a major role in Chinese history from the beginning of Chinese civilization along the lower reaches of the Yellow River and served as a pivotal cultural and religious site for Taoism, Chinese...
. It required coastal residents to move in land 30–50 li
Li (unit)
The li is a traditional Chinese unit of distance, which has varied considerably over time but now has a standardized length of 500 meters or half a kilometer...
(est. 15 to 25 kilometers). All private boats and ships were burned. Small rafts were not allowed at sea. In 1684, the ban was stopped, trading was reopened under the Kangxi Emperor
Kangxi Emperor
The Kangxi Emperor ; Manchu: elhe taifin hūwangdi ; Mongolian: Энх-Амгалан хаан, 4 May 1654 –20 December 1722) was the fourth emperor of the Qing Dynasty, the first to be born on Chinese soil south of the Pass and the second Qing emperor to rule over China proper, from 1661 to 1722.Kangxi's...
. In 1685 a "Taxation Rule for Sea Trade" was drafted by Yiergetu.
History of South Ming
- In the second month of the first year (1661) of Kangxi, Qing court issued the emperor's decree: The sea shore inhabitants will be ordered to move inland 50 Li (Chinese: 里; translation: mile), to curb their links with the TaiwanTaiwanTaiwan , also known, especially in the past, as Formosa , is the largest island of the same-named island group of East Asia in the western Pacific Ocean and located off the southeastern coast of mainland China. The island forms over 99% of the current territory of the Republic of China following...
rebels (KoxingaKoxingaKoxinga is the customary Western spelling of the popular appellation of Zheng Chenggong , a military leader who was born in 1624 in Hirado, Japan to Zheng Zhilong, a Chinese merchant/pirate, and his Japanese wife and died in 1662 on the island of Formosa .A Ming loyalist and the arch commander of...
). Soldiers then moved in and set up the boundary: in just three days, all houses were destroyed to the ground, all inhabitants were evacuated. - In the second year (1662) of Kangxi, Hua Official came to patrol the border, people were moved one more time.
- In the Spring month of the third year (1663) of Kangxi, the inhabitants of five counties — Panyu, ShundeShundeShunde District is a district of Foshan prefecture-level city in the Pearl River Delta, Guangdong Province, southeast China.-Administration:Shunde was a county-level city until December 8, 2002, when it became a district of Foshan prefecture-level city...
, XinhuiXinhuiXinhui also known as 'Kuixiang'. Famous people born in what is now known as Xinhui include Liang Qichao, Chen Baisha, Chan Heung, and Michael Li from Westmead Hospital.-Geography:...
, DongguanDongguanDongguan is a prefecture-level city in central Guangdong province, People's Republic of China.An important industrial city located in the Pearl River Delta, Dongguan borders the provincial capital of Guangzhou to the north, Huizhou to the northeast, Shenzhen to the south, and the Pearl River to...
, ZhongshanZhongshanZhongshan , also spelled Chungshan and historically known as Xiangshan or Siangshan, is a prefecture-level city in the south of the Pearl River Delta in Guangdong province in southern China. Zhongshan, one of the few cities in China with an eponymous name, is named after Dr. Sun Yat-sen who was...
— were moved again. - The initial borderline was considered to be too close to the sea; subsequently it was moved inland three times; only then the position of the borderline was settled.
- "Warning was written on notice board: Anyone dare to step over the border line shall be beheaded!"
- "Persons found a few paces over the border line, shall be beheaded instantly."
- "All coastal inhabitants should be living less than 20 Li (Chinese:里 translation: mile) away from the city. Beyond 20 Li, a earthen wall shall be built to serve as a border line; not a single sampan would be allowed to go into the water, no one shall be allowed beyond the border line, any person found shall be executed on the spot. Armed soldiers patrolled the border constantly, would behead anyone caught over the border line.
Pirates
The Ming government first labeled the Japanese raidersWokou
Wokou , which literally translates as "Japanese pirates" in English, were pirates of varying origins who raided the coastlines of China and Korea from the 13th century onwards...
as "dwarf pirates", and soon discovered many to be renegade Chinese who joined ronin
Ronin
A or rounin was a Bushi with no lord or master during the feudal period of Japan. A samurai became masterless from the death or fall of his master, or after the loss of his master's favor or privilege....
samurai to battle the Ming regime. By the early 17th century, virtually all pirates on China's coast were various Chinese ethnicities such as the Han
Han Chinese
Han Chinese are an ethnic group native to China and are the largest single ethnic group in the world.Han Chinese constitute about 92% of the population of the People's Republic of China , 98% of the population of the Republic of China , 78% of the population of Singapore, and about 20% of the...
, though they continued labeled as wokou
Wokou
Wokou , which literally translates as "Japanese pirates" in English, were pirates of varying origins who raided the coastlines of China and Korea from the 13th century onwards...
.
Controversy
The purpose of the Ocean Prohibition is unclear and disputed; the only certainty is that the law prohibited private ships from sailing in the ocean.Some have argued that the Hai Jin marked a retreat from maritime activities such as the
voyages of Zheng He
Zheng He
Zheng He , also known as Ma Sanbao and Hajji Mahmud Shamsuddin was a Hui-Chinese mariner, explorer, diplomat and fleet admiral, who commanded voyages to Southeast Asia, South Asia, the Middle East, and East Africa, collectively referred to as the Voyages of Zheng He or Voyages of Cheng Ho from...
and was symptomatic of a technological decline and stagnation
that would culminate in China's 19th-century humiliation by Europe. This view has been popularized by the Chinese film, River Elegy
River Elegy
River Elegy was a six-part documentary shown on China Central Television in 1988 that announced the death of traditional Chinese culture.- Synopsis :...
.
The ban was also seen as a deceptive proposal, since it prevented the rise of any self-sufficient economies along the coast. Eventually new economies could not be born, and no power was drawn away from the existing imperial courts, thus making this ban a political move.
The law proved a great hardship for coastal dwellers and stimulated rebellion
Rebellion
Rebellion, uprising or insurrection, is a refusal of obedience or order. It may, therefore, be seen as encompassing a range of behaviors aimed at destroying or replacing an established authority such as a government or a head of state...
s, piracy
Piracy
Piracy is an act of robbery or criminal violence at sea. The term can include acts committed on land, in the air, or in other major bodies of water or on a shore. It does not normally include crimes committed against persons traveling on the same vessel as the perpetrator...
and a huge wave of overseas migration
Human migration
Human migration is physical movement by humans from one area to another, sometimes over long distances or in large groups. Historically this movement was nomadic, often causing significant conflict with the indigenous population and their displacement or cultural assimilation. Only a few nomadic...
. Traditionally, southeast Asia
Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia, South-East Asia, South East Asia or Southeastern Asia is a subregion of Asia, consisting of the countries that are geographically south of China, east of India, west of New Guinea and north of Australia. The region lies on the intersection of geological plates, with heavy seismic...
was the preferred destination for Chinese emigrants
Chinese migration
Waves of Chinese emigration have happened throughout history. The mass emigration known as the Chinese Diaspora, which occurred from the 19th century to 1949, was mainly caused by wars and starvation in mainland China, as well as the problems resulting from political corruption...
(see Liang Dao Ming
Liang Dao Ming
Liang Daoming was an abscondee of the Chinese Ming Dynasty inhabiting Palembang, Srivijaya. He hails from Guangdong province and was of cantonese descent. According to the Ming records, he had thousands of followers and a sizable military troop in Palembang...
).
See also
- IsolationismIsolationismIsolationism is the policy or doctrine of isolating one's country from the affairs of other nations by declining to enter into alliances, foreign economic commitments, international agreements, etc., seeking to devote the entire efforts of one's country to its own advancement and remain at peace by...
- Thirteen FactoriesThirteen FactoriesThe Thirteen Factories was an area of Canton , China, where the first foreign trade was allowed in the 18th century since the hai jin ban on maritime activities...
and Canton SystemCanton SystemThe Canton System served as a means for China to control trade with the west within its own country. Seen from the European view, it was a complement to the Old China Trade.-History:... - SakokuSakokuwas the foreign relations policy of Japan under which no foreigner could enter nor could any Japanese leave the country on penalty of death. The policy was enacted by the Tokugawa shogunate under Tokugawa Iemitsu through a number of edicts and policies from 1633–39 and remained in effect until...
(鎖国) — policy of maritime trade restrictions in TokugawaEdo periodThe , or , is a division of Japanese history which was ruled by the shoguns of the Tokugawa family, running from 1603 to 1868. The political entity of this period was the Tokugawa shogunate....
Japan