Guilt offering
Encyclopedia
A guilt offering also referred to as a trespass offering (KJV, 1611), is a type of Biblical sacrifice
Korban
The term offering as found in the Hebrew Bible in relation to the worship of Ancient Israel is mainly represented by the Hebrew noun korban whether for an animal or other offering...

, specifically a sacrifice made as a compensation
Damages
In law, damages is an award, typically of money, to be paid to a person as compensation for loss or injury; grammatically, it is a singular noun, not plural.- Compensatory damages :...

 payment. It is distinct from the sin offering.

Hebrew Bible

The main passage is Leviticus 7, which refers to the offering "for sin" or "for sins" (in the Greek Septuagint it is the [offering] peri tes plemmeleias περὶ τῆς πλημμελείας ).
Such compensation usually took the form of an unblemished ram, as a penalty, in addition to the victim being given restitution of the loss, plus an additional 20% of the value of the loss. Monetary restitution had to be given in the pre-exile
Babylonian captivity
The Babylonian captivity was the period in Jewish history during which the Jews of the ancient Kingdom of Judah were captives in Babylon—conventionally 587–538 BCE....

 version of the currency (the shekel of the sanctuary), rather than the currency of the time, leading to the presence of currency exchanges in the temple (hence the New Testament
New Testament
The New Testament is the second major division of the Christian biblical canon, the first such division being the much longer Old Testament....

 narrative of Jesus and the Money Changers
Jesus and the Money Changers
The narrative of Jesus and the money changers, commonly referred to as the cleansing of the Temple, occurs in all four canonical gospels of the New Testament....

).

Such compensation payments were given on occasion of:
  • infringing the rights of the priests
    Kohen
    A Kohen is the Hebrew word for priest. Jewish Kohens are traditionally believed and halachically required to be of direct patrilineal descent from the Biblical Aaron....

     to portions of other sacrifices (referred to in the text as God's holy things)
  • unknown potential infringement of the regulations - as these infringements were unknown and possibly non-existent, this was voluntary (or rather just in case) and the restitution aspect was suspended
  • cheating a kinsman by
    • theft
      Theft
      In common usage, theft is the illegal taking of another person's property without that person's permission or consent. The word is also used as an informal shorthand term for some crimes against property, such as burglary, embezzlement, larceny, looting, robbery, shoplifting and fraud...

    • finding lost property and lying about it
    • false oaths
    • extortion
      Extortion
      Extortion is a criminal offence which occurs when a person unlawfully obtains either money, property or services from a person, entity, or institution, through coercion. Refraining from doing harm is sometimes euphemistically called protection. Extortion is commonly practiced by organized crime...



This was also given as part of the purification process for Tzaraat.
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