Giulio Pace
Encyclopedia
Giulio Pace of Beriga (9 April, 1550 – 1631) was a well-known Italian Aristotelian
scholar and jurist.
, Italy
, and studied law
and philosophy
in Padua
.
He was deeply moved by the Reformation
. The Catholic Church considered him immoral and a lover of heretical
writings and he found himself put on trial
by the Inquisition
. Fleeing first to Geneva
to escape their wrath, he soon converted to Protestantism
while in Heidelberg
.
His academic career was wide and varied, as he became an itinerant figure. In Geneva, he was elected as a public professor, and taught from 1575 to 1585. Studious and having a deep knowledge of Greek
, he translated Aristotle. He taught law at the University of Heidelberg, from 1585 to 1594. Incidentally, while he was at Heidelberg, his quarrels with compatriot Scipione Gentili
ultimately compelled the latter to leave for Altdorf
. Also while there he showed his Ramist sympathies, but came into conflict with the philosophical faculty for trying to give private tuition in Ramist logic. After spending 1595 teaching logic at the Academy of Sedan
, he was provost
and prefect of studies at the University of Nimes
, from 1597 to 1600. He also taught philosophy in Hungary
, Leiden in the Netherlands
, Grenoble
in France
, and in other places. At the University of Montpellier
, where he was from 1600 to 1616, Nicolas Claude Fabri de Peiresc was his pupil. He also taught at the University of Valence
, 1620-1, before taking a position at Padua where he taught from 1621 to 1635.
became standard during its life of 11 editions between 1584 and 1623, and even longer in the north of Europe. He also wrote a great many legal titles.
Pace wrote a pocket summary of Ramon Llull
's art, first in Latin
in 1618 and then in French
in 1619. This work is seen as exceptional among its contemporaries as it does not digress into alchemy
, cabalism, or magic
, and in fact stays true to Llull's traditional interests. Pace wrote a similar work for Ramus
as well.
Despite being a Protestant, in 1619 he published "De dominio maris Hadriatici dissertatio", defending the claims of the Venetian Republic to dominion over the Adriatic Sea
, against the opposite claims of the Empire and the Kingdom of Naples
. This controversy in early international law lined him up with Paolo Sarpi
, against Valenzuela Velázquez and Lorenzo Motino.
A book was written on the life of Giulio Pace in the early 20th century, focusing on his work as a jurist.
Aristotle
Aristotle was a Greek philosopher and polymath, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. His writings cover many subjects, including physics, metaphysics, poetry, theater, music, logic, rhetoric, linguistics, politics, government, ethics, biology, and zoology...
scholar and jurist.
Life
He was born in VicenzaVicenza
Vicenza , a city in north-eastern Italy, is the capital of the eponymous province in the Veneto region, at the northern base of the Monte Berico, straddling the Bacchiglione...
, Italy
Italy
Italy , officially the Italian Republic languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Italy's official name is as follows:;;;;;;;;), is a unitary parliamentary republic in South-Central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and...
, and studied law
Law
Law is a system of rules and guidelines which are enforced through social institutions to govern behavior, wherever possible. It shapes politics, economics and society in numerous ways and serves as a social mediator of relations between people. Contract law regulates everything from buying a bus...
and philosophy
Philosophy
Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems, such as those connected with existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. Philosophy is distinguished from other ways of addressing such problems by its critical, generally systematic approach and its reliance on rational...
in Padua
Padua
Padua is a city and comune in the Veneto, northern Italy. It is the capital of the province of Padua and the economic and communications hub of the area. Padua's population is 212,500 . The city is sometimes included, with Venice and Treviso, in the Padua-Treviso-Venice Metropolitan Area, having...
.
He was deeply moved by the Reformation
Protestant Reformation
The Protestant Reformation was a 16th-century split within Western Christianity initiated by Martin Luther, John Calvin and other early Protestants. The efforts of the self-described "reformers", who objected to the doctrines, rituals and ecclesiastical structure of the Roman Catholic Church, led...
. The Catholic Church considered him immoral and a lover of heretical
Heresy
Heresy is a controversial or novel change to a system of beliefs, especially a religion, that conflicts with established dogma. It is distinct from apostasy, which is the formal denunciation of one's religion, principles or cause, and blasphemy, which is irreverence toward religion...
writings and he found himself put on trial
Trial (law)
In law, a trial is when parties to a dispute come together to present information in a tribunal, a formal setting with the authority to adjudicate claims or disputes. One form of tribunal is a court...
by the Inquisition
Inquisition
The Inquisition, Inquisitio Haereticae Pravitatis , was the "fight against heretics" by several institutions within the justice-system of the Roman Catholic Church. It started in the 12th century, with the introduction of torture in the persecution of heresy...
. Fleeing first to Geneva
Geneva
Geneva In the national languages of Switzerland the city is known as Genf , Ginevra and Genevra is the second-most-populous city in Switzerland and is the most populous city of Romandie, the French-speaking part of Switzerland...
to escape their wrath, he soon converted to Protestantism
Protestantism
Protestantism is one of the three major groupings within Christianity. It is a movement that began in Germany in the early 16th century as a reaction against medieval Roman Catholic doctrines and practices, especially in regards to salvation, justification, and ecclesiology.The doctrines of the...
while in Heidelberg
Heidelberg
-Early history:Between 600,000 and 200,000 years ago, "Heidelberg Man" died at nearby Mauer. His jaw bone was discovered in 1907; with scientific dating, his remains were determined to be the earliest evidence of human life in Europe. In the 5th century BC, a Celtic fortress of refuge and place of...
.
His academic career was wide and varied, as he became an itinerant figure. In Geneva, he was elected as a public professor, and taught from 1575 to 1585. Studious and having a deep knowledge of Greek
Greek language
Greek is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages. Native to the southern Balkans, it has the longest documented history of any Indo-European language, spanning 34 centuries of written records. Its writing system has been the Greek alphabet for the majority of its history;...
, he translated Aristotle. He taught law at the University of Heidelberg, from 1585 to 1594. Incidentally, while he was at Heidelberg, his quarrels with compatriot Scipione Gentili
Scipione Gentili
Scipione Gentili was an Italian law professor and a legal writer. One of his six brothers was Alberico Gentili who is famous as one of the founders of public international law....
ultimately compelled the latter to leave for Altdorf
University of Altdorf
The University of Altdorf was a university in Altdorf bei Nürnberg, a small town outside Nuremberg. It was founded in the late 16th century, received university privileges in 1622 and was closed in 1809 by Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria....
. Also while there he showed his Ramist sympathies, but came into conflict with the philosophical faculty for trying to give private tuition in Ramist logic. After spending 1595 teaching logic at the Academy of Sedan
Academy of Sedan
The Academy of Sedan was a Huguenot academy in Sedan, founded in 1579 and suppressed in 1681. It was one of the main centres for the production of Reformed pastors in France for a hundred years.-History:...
, he was provost
Provost (education)
A provost is the senior academic administrator at many institutions of higher education in the United States, Canada and Australia, the equivalent of a pro-vice-chancellor at some institutions in the United Kingdom and Ireland....
and prefect of studies at the University of Nimes
University of Nîmes
The University of Nîmes , also known as Unîmes, is a French university, in the Academy of Montpellier. It was founded on 7 May 2007 as the successor to the Nîmes University Center for Training and Research , which already bore the short name Unîmes.- See also :* List of early modern universities in...
, from 1597 to 1600. He also taught philosophy in Hungary
Hungary
Hungary , officially the Republic of Hungary , is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It is situated in the Carpathian Basin and is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine and Romania to the east, Serbia and Croatia to the south, Slovenia to the southwest and Austria to the west. The...
, Leiden in the Netherlands
Netherlands
The Netherlands is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located mainly in North-West Europe and with several islands in the Caribbean. Mainland Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east, and shares maritime borders...
, Grenoble
Grenoble
Grenoble is a city in southeastern France, at the foot of the French Alps where the river Drac joins the Isère. Located in the Rhône-Alpes region, Grenoble is the capital of the department of Isère...
in France
France
The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
, and in other places. At the University of Montpellier
University of Montpellier
The University of Montpellier was a French university in Montpellier in the Languedoc-Roussillon région of the south of France. Its present-day successor universities are the University of Montpellier 1, Montpellier 2 University and Paul Valéry University, Montpellier III.-History:The university...
, where he was from 1600 to 1616, Nicolas Claude Fabri de Peiresc was his pupil. He also taught at the University of Valence
University of Valence
The University of Valence was founded 26 July, 1452, by letters patent from the Dauphin Louis, afterwards Louis XI of France, in a move to develop the city of Valence, then part of his domain of Dauphiné. It existed until the French Revolution.-History:...
, 1620-1, before taking a position at Padua where he taught from 1621 to 1635.
Works
Pace's edition of the OrganonOrganon
The Organon is the name given by Aristotle's followers, the Peripatetics, to the standard collection of his six works on logic:* Categories* On Interpretation* Prior Analytics* Posterior Analytics...
became standard during its life of 11 editions between 1584 and 1623, and even longer in the north of Europe. He also wrote a great many legal titles.
Pace wrote a pocket summary of Ramon Llull
Ramon Llull
Ramon Llull was a Majorcan writer and philosopher, logician and tertiary Franciscan. He wrote the first major work of Catalan literature. Recently-surfaced manuscripts show him to have anticipated by several centuries prominent work on elections theory...
's art, first in Latin
Latin
Latin is an Italic language originally spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. It, along with most European languages, is a descendant of the ancient Proto-Indo-European language. Although it is considered a dead language, a number of scholars and members of the Christian clergy speak it fluently, and...
in 1618 and then in French
French language
French is a Romance language spoken as a first language in France, the Romandy region in Switzerland, Wallonia and Brussels in Belgium, Monaco, the regions of Quebec and Acadia in Canada, and by various communities elsewhere. Second-language speakers of French are distributed throughout many parts...
in 1619. This work is seen as exceptional among its contemporaries as it does not digress into alchemy
Alchemy
Alchemy is an influential philosophical tradition whose early practitioners’ claims to profound powers were known from antiquity. The defining objectives of alchemy are varied; these include the creation of the fabled philosopher's stone possessing powers including the capability of turning base...
, cabalism, or magic
Magic (paranormal)
Magic is the claimed art of manipulating aspects of reality either by supernatural means or through knowledge of occult laws unknown to science. It is in contrast to science, in that science does not accept anything not subject to either direct or indirect observation, and subject to logical...
, and in fact stays true to Llull's traditional interests. Pace wrote a similar work for Ramus
Ramus
Ramus can refer to:* A branch* A portion of a bone , as in the Ramus of the mandible or Superior pubic ramus* A nerve ramus such as the Dorsal ramus of spinal nerve* Petrus Ramus...
as well.
Despite being a Protestant, in 1619 he published "De dominio maris Hadriatici dissertatio", defending the claims of the Venetian Republic to dominion over the Adriatic Sea
Adriatic Sea
The Adriatic Sea is a body of water separating the Italian Peninsula from the Balkan peninsula, and the system of the Apennine Mountains from that of the Dinaric Alps and adjacent ranges...
, against the opposite claims of the Empire and the Kingdom of Naples
Kingdom of Naples
The Kingdom of Naples, comprising the southern part of the Italian peninsula, was the remainder of the old Kingdom of Sicily after secession of the island of Sicily as a result of the Sicilian Vespers rebellion of 1282. Known to contemporaries as the Kingdom of Sicily, it is dubbed Kingdom of...
. This controversy in early international law lined him up with Paolo Sarpi
Paolo Sarpi
Fra Paolo Sarpi was a Venetian patriot, scholar, scientist and church reformer. His most important roles were as a canon lawyer and historian active on behalf of the Venetian Republic.- Early years :...
, against Valenzuela Velázquez and Lorenzo Motino.
A book was written on the life of Giulio Pace in the early 20th century, focusing on his work as a jurist.
Further reading
- Louise Guiraud (1910), Julius Pacius en Languedoc 1597-1616, avec documents inédits