Here, a genealogy of programming language

Programming language

A programming language is an artificial language designed to communicate instructions to a machine, particularly a computer. Programming languages can be used to create programs that control the behavior of a machine and/or to express algorithms precisely....

s is shown. Languages are categorized under the ancestor language with the strongest influence. Of course, any such categorization has a large arbitrary element, since programming languages often incorporate major ideas from multiple sources.

ALGOL based

• ALGOL
  ALGOL
  ALGOL is a family of imperative computer programming languages originally developed in the mid 1950s which greatly influenced many other languages and became the de facto way algorithms were described in textbooks and academic works for almost the next 30 years...
  
   (also under Fortran)
  • Atlas Autocode
    Atlas Autocode
    Atlas Autocode was a programming language developed around 1965 at Manchester University for the Atlas Computer. It was developed by Tony Brooker and Derrick Morris as an improvement on the ALGOL programming languages, removing some of Algol's poorer features such as "passing parameters by name"...
    
    
  • ALGOL 58
    ALGOL 58
    ALGOL 58, originally known as IAL, is one of the family of ALGOL computer programming languages. It was an early compromise design soon superseded by ALGOL 60...
    
     (IAL, International Algorithmic Language)
    • MAD and GOM (Michigan Algorithm Decoder and Good Old MAD)
  • ALGOL 60
    ALGOL 60
    ALGOL 60 is a member of the ALGOL family of computer programming languages. It gave rise to many other programming languages, including BCPL, B, Pascal, Simula, C, and many others. ALGOL 58 introduced code blocks and the begin and end pairs for delimiting them...
    
    
    • MAD/I
    • Simula
      Simula
      Simula is a name for two programming languages, Simula I and Simula 67, developed in the 1960s at the Norwegian Computing Center in Oslo, by Ole-Johan Dahl and Kristen Nygaard...
      
       (see also Simula based languages)
  • ALGOL 68
    ALGOL 68
    ALGOL 68 isan imperative computerprogramming language that was conceived as a successor to theALGOL 60 programming language, designed with the goal of a...
    
    
  • Burroughs Extended ALGOL
  • ALGOL W
    ALGOL W
    ALGOL W is a programming language. It was based on a proposal for ALGOL X by Niklaus Wirth and C. A. R. Hoare as a successor to ALGOL 60 in IFIP Working Group 2.1. When the committee decided that the proposal was not a sufficient advance over ALGOL 60, the proposal was published as A contribution...
    
    
    • Pascal
      Pascal (programming language)
      Pascal is an influential imperative and procedural programming language, designed in 1968/9 and published in 1970 by Niklaus Wirth as a small and efficient language intended to encourage good programming practices using structured programming and data structuring.A derivative known as Object Pascal...
      
      
      • Ada
        Ada (programming language)
        Ada is a structured, statically typed, imperative, wide-spectrum, and object-oriented high-level computer programming language, extended from Pascal and other languages...
        
        
        • SPARK
        • PL/SQL
          PL/SQL
          PL/SQL is Oracle Corporation's procedural extension language for SQL and the Oracle relational database...
          
          
      • Turbo Pascal
        Turbo Pascal
        Turbo Pascal is a software development system that includes a compiler and an integrated development environment for the Pascal programming language running on CP/M, CP/M-86, and DOS, developed by Borland under Philippe Kahn's leadership...
        
        
        • Object Pascal
          Object Pascal
          Object Pascal refers to a branch of object-oriented derivatives of Pascal, mostly known as the primary programming language of Embarcadero Delphi.-Early history at Apple:...
          
           (Delphi
          Object Pascal
          Object Pascal refers to a branch of object-oriented derivatives of Pascal, mostly known as the primary programming language of Embarcadero Delphi.-Early history at Apple:...
          
          )
          • Free Pascal
            Free Pascal
            Free Pascal Compiler is a free Pascal and Object Pascal compiler.In addition to its own Object Pascal dialect, Free Pascal supports, to varying degrees, the dialects of several other compilers, including those of Turbo Pascal, Delphi, and some historical Macintosh compilers...
            
             (FPC)
          • Kylix (same as Delphi, but for Linux
            Linux
            Linux is a Unix-like computer operating system assembled under the model of free and open source software development and distribution. The defining component of any Linux system is the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released October 5, 1991 by Linus Torvalds...
            
            )
      • Euclid
        • Concurrent Euclid
        • Turing
          • Turing Plus
          • Object Oriented Turing
      • Modula-2
        Modula-2
        Modula-2 is a computer programming language designed and developed between 1977 and 1980 by Niklaus Wirth at ETH Zurich as a revision of Pascal to serve as the sole programming language for the operating system and application software for the personal workstation Lilith...
        
        
        • Modula-3
          Modula-3
          In computer science, Modula-3 is a programming language conceived as a successor to an upgraded version of Modula-2 known as Modula-2+. While it has been influential in research circles it has not been adopted widely in industry...
          
          
        • Oberon
          Oberon (programming language)
          Oberon is a programming language created in 1986 by Professor Niklaus Wirth and his associates at ETH Zurich in Switzerland. It was developed as part of the implementation of the Oberon operating system...
          
           (Oberon-1)
          • Go
            Go (programming language)
            Go is a compiled, garbage-collected, concurrent programming language developed by Google Inc.The initial design of Go was started in September 2007 by Robert Griesemer, Rob Pike, and Ken Thompson. Go was officially announced in November 2009. In May 2010, Rob Pike publicly stated that Go was being...
            
             (also under C)
          • Oberon-2
            • Component Pascal
              Component Pascal
              Component Pascal is a programming language in the tradition of Niklaus Wirth's Pascal, Modula-2, Oberon and Oberon-2. It bears the name of the Pascal programming language but is incompatible with it. Instead, it is a minor variant and refinement of Oberon-2, designed and supported by a small ETH...
              
              
            • Active Oberon
              Active Oberon
              Active Oberon is an extension of the programming language Oberon. Compared to its predecessors, Oberon and Oberon-2, it adds objects , system-guarded assertions, preemptive priority scheduling and a slightly changed syntax for methods...
              
              
              • Zonnon
          • Oberon-07
        • Lua (also under Scheme and SNOBOL)
      • SUE
        • Plus
          Plus (programming language)
          Plus is a "Pascal-like" system implementation language from the University of British Columbia , Canada, based on the SUE system language developed at the University of Toronto, circa 1971.- Description :...
          
          
  • CPL
    Combined Programming Language
    CPL was a multi-paradigm programming language, that was developed in the early 1960s.- Design :...
    
    
    • BCPL
      BCPL
      BCPL is a procedural, imperative, and structured computer programming language designed by Martin Richards of the University of Cambridge in 1966.- Design :...
      
      
      • B
      • C
        C (programming language)
        C is a general-purpose computer programming language developed between 1969 and 1973 by Dennis Ritchie at the Bell Telephone Laboratories for use with the Unix operating system....
        
        
        • Alef
          Alef (programming language)
          The Alef programming language was designed as part of the Plan 9 operating system by Phil Winterbottom of Bell Labs.In a February 2000 slideshow, Rob Pike noted: "…although Alef was a fruitful language, it proved too difficult to maintain a variant language across multiple architectures, so we took...
          
          
        • C++
          C++
          C++ is a statically typed, free-form, multi-paradigm, compiled, general-purpose programming language. It is regarded as an intermediate-level language, as it comprises a combination of both high-level and low-level language features. It was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup starting in 1979 at Bell...
          
          

• • • • • • Java
            Java (programming language)
            Java is a programming language originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems and released in 1995 as a core component of Sun Microsystems' Java platform. The language derives much of its syntax from C and C++ but has a simpler object model and fewer low-level facilities...
            
            
            • Groovy
            • Scala
            • Join Java
              Join Java
              Join Java is a programming language that extends the standard Java programming language with the join semantics of the join-calculus. It was written at the University of South Australia within the Reconfigurable Computing Lab by Dr...
              
              
            • J#
              J Sharp
              Visual J# |sharp]]') programming language is a discontinued transitional language for programmers of Java and Visual J++ languages, so they may use their existing knowledge and applications on .NET Framework....
              
              
            • Processing
              Processing (programming language)
              Processing is an open source programming language and integrated development environment built for the electronic arts and visual design communities with the purpose of teaching the basics of computer programming in a visual context, and to serve as the foundation for electronic sketchbooks...
              
              
            • X10
              X10 (programming language)
              X10 is a programming language being developed by IBM at the Thomas J. Watson Research Center as part of the Productive, Easy-to-use, Reliable Computing System project funded by DARPA's High Productivity Computing Systems program...
              
              
          • C#
            • Cobra
              Cobra (programming language from Cobra Language LLC)
              Cobra is an object-oriented programming language produced by Cobra Language LLC. Cobra is designed by Chuck Esterbrook, and runs on the Microsoft .NET and Mono platforms. It is strongly influenced by Python, C#, Eiffel, Objective-C, and other programming languages. It supports both static and...
              
               (class/object model and other features)
            • Windows PowerShell
              Windows PowerShell
              Windows PowerShell is Microsoft's task automation framework, consisting of a command-line shell and associated scripting language built on top of, and integrated with the .NET Framework...
              
               (also under DCL, ksh and Perl)
        • C--
          C--
          C-- is a C-like programming language. Its creators, functional programming researchers Simon Peyton Jones and Norman Ramsey, designed it to be generated mainly by compilers for very high-level languages rather than written by human programmers...
          
          
        • D
          D (programming language)
          The D programming language is an object-oriented, imperative, multi-paradigm, system programming language created by Walter Bright of Digital Mars. It originated as a re-engineering of C++, but even though it is mainly influenced by that language, it is not a variant of C++...
          
          
        • ColdFusion
          ColdFusion
          In computing, ColdFusion is the name of a commercial rapid application development platform invented by Jeremy and JJ Allaire in 1995. ColdFusion was originally designed to make it easier to connect simple HTML pages to a database, by version 2 it had...
          
          
        • Coyote
        • eC (Ecere C)
        • Go
          Go (programming language)
          Go is a compiled, garbage-collected, concurrent programming language developed by Google Inc.The initial design of Go was started in September 2007 by Robert Griesemer, Rob Pike, and Ken Thompson. Go was officially announced in November 2009. In May 2010, Rob Pike publicly stated that Go was being...
          
           (also under Oberon)
        • Harbour
          • Limbo
        • LPC
          • Pike
        • Objective-C
          Objective-C
          Objective-C is a reflective, object-oriented programming language that adds Smalltalk-style messaging to the C programming language.Today, it is used primarily on Apple's Mac OS X and iOS: two environments derived from the OpenStep standard, though not compliant with it...
          
           (also under Smalltalk)
        • PCASTL
          PCASTL
          The PCASTL is an interpreted high-level programming language. It was created in 2008 by Philippe Choquette. The PCASTL is designed to ease the writing of self-modifying code...
          
           (also under Lisp)
        • Perl
          Perl
          Perl is a high-level, general-purpose, interpreted, dynamic programming language. Perl was originally developed by Larry Wall in 1987 as a general-purpose Unix scripting language to make report processing easier. Since then, it has undergone many changes and revisions and become widely popular...
          
          
          • Windows PowerShell
            Windows PowerShell
            Windows PowerShell is Microsoft's task automation framework, consisting of a command-line shell and associated scripting language built on top of, and integrated with the .NET Framework...
            
             (also under C#, DCL and ksh)
          • S2
          • PHP
            PHP
            PHP is a general-purpose server-side scripting language originally designed for web development to produce dynamic web pages. For this purpose, PHP code is embedded into the HTML source document and interpreted by a web server with a PHP processor module, which generates the web page document...
            
            
          • Ruby
            Ruby (programming language)
            Ruby is a dynamic, reflective, general-purpose object-oriented programming language that combines syntax inspired by Perl with Smalltalk-like features. Ruby originated in Japan during the mid-1990s and was first developed and designed by Yukihiro "Matz" Matsumoto...
            
             (also under Smalltalk)
          • PDL
            Perl Data Language
            PDL is a set of array programming extensions to the Perl programming language.PDL is an extension to Perl v5, intended for scientific and other data intensive programming tasks...
            
             (also under APL)
        • Python
          Python (programming language)
          Python is a general-purpose, high-level programming language whose design philosophy emphasizes code readability. Python claims to "[combine] remarkable power with very clear syntax", and its standard library is large and comprehensive...
          
          
        • QuakeC
          QuakeC
          QuakeC is an interpreted language developed in 1996 by John Carmack of id Software to program parts of the computer game Quake. Using QuakeC, a programmer is able to customize Quake to great extents by adding weapons, changing game logic and physics, and programming complex scenarios...
          
          
        • tcsh
          Tcsh
          tcsh is a Unix shell based on and compatible with the C shell . It is essentially the C shell with programmable command line completion, command-line editing, and a few other features.-History:...
          
           (also under sh)
      • MCPL

APL based

• APL
  • A+
    A+ (programming language)
    A+ is an array programming language descendent from the programming language A, which in turn was created to replace APL in 1988. Arthur Whitney developed the "A" portion of A+, while other developers at Morgan Stanley extended it, adding a graphical user interface and other language features...
    
    
  • Glee
  • J
    J (programming language)
    The J programming language, developed in the early 1990s by Kenneth E. Iverson and Roger Hui, is a synthesis of APL and the FP and FL function-level languages created by John Backus....
    
     (also under FL)
  • K
    K (programming language)
    K is a proprietary array processing language developed by Arthur Whitney and commercialized by Kx Systems. The language serves as the foundation for kdb, an in-memory, column-based database, and other related financial products. The language, originally developed in 1993, is a variant of APL and...
    
     (also under LISP)
  • NESL
    NESL
    NESL is a parallel programming language developed at Carnegie Mellon by the SCandAL project and released in 1993. It integrates various ideas from parallel algorithms, and functional programming and array programming languages....
    
    
  • PDL
    Perl Data Language
    PDL is a set of array programming extensions to the Perl programming language.PDL is an extension to Perl v5, intended for scientific and other data intensive programming tasks...
    
     (also under Perl)

BASIC based

• BASIC
  BASIC
  BASIC is a family of general-purpose, high-level programming languages whose design philosophy emphasizes ease of use - the name is an acronym from Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code....
  
   (also under Fortran II)
  • AmigaBASIC
    AmigaBASIC
    AmigaBASIC was an interpreted BASIC programming language implementation for the Amiga, designed and written by Microsoft. AmigaBASIC shipped with AmigaOS versions 1.1 to 1.3...
    
    
  • AMOS BASIC
  • BASIC Stamp
    BASIC Stamp
    The BASIC Stamp is a microcontroller with a small, specialized BASIC interpreter built into ROM. It is made by Parallax, Inc. and has been popular with electronics hobbyists since the early 1990s because of its low threshold of learning and ease of use due to its simple to understand BASIC...
    
    
  • BASIC09
    BASIC09
    BASIC09 is a structured BASIC programming language dialect developed by Microware for the then-new Motorola 6809 CPU. Somewhat in the fashion of UCSD Pascal it was implemented via 'compilation' into an intermediate representation...
    
    
  • Basic4GL
    Basic4GL
    Basic4GL is an interpreted, open source version of the BASIC programming language which features support for 3D computer graphics using OpenGL...
    
    
  • BBC Basic
    BBC BASIC
    BBC BASIC is a programming language, developed in 1981 as a native programming language for the MOS Technology 6502 based Acorn BBC Micro home/personal computer, mainly by Sophie Wilson. It is a version of the BASIC programming language adapted for a U.K...
    
    
  • Blitz BASIC
    Blitz BASIC
    Blitz BASIC refers to the programming language dialect that was interpreted by the first Blitz compilers, devised by New Zealand-based developer Mark Sibly. Being derived from BASIC, Blitz syntax was designed to be easy to pick-up for beginners first learning to program...
    
    
    • Blitz3D
      Blitz BASIC
      Blitz BASIC refers to the programming language dialect that was interpreted by the first Blitz compilers, devised by New Zealand-based developer Mark Sibly. Being derived from BASIC, Blitz syntax was designed to be easy to pick-up for beginners first learning to program...
      
      
    • BlitzMax
      Blitz BASIC
      Blitz BASIC refers to the programming language dialect that was interpreted by the first Blitz compilers, devised by New Zealand-based developer Mark Sibly. Being derived from BASIC, Blitz syntax was designed to be easy to pick-up for beginners first learning to program...
      
      
    • BlitzPlus
  • Business Basic
    Business Basic
    Business Basic is the name given collectively to variants of the BASIC computer programming language which were specialised for business use on minicomputers in the 1970s and 1980s...
    
    
  • Caché Basic
    Caché Basic
    Caché Basic is an object-oriented scripting language designed for development of web-based database applications. Developers familiar with Visual Basic will not find it too difficult to develop applications using Caché Basic....
    
    
  • Chinese BASIC
    Chinese BASIC
    Chinese BASIC is the name given to several Chinese-localized versions of the BASIC programming language in the early 1980s.- Versions :...
    
    
  • COMAL
    COMAL
    COMAL is a computer programming language developed in Denmark by Benedict Løfstedt and Børge R. Christensen in 1973.The "COMAL 80 PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE REPORT" contains the formal definition of the language.- Design :...
    
    
  • Commodore BASIC
    Commodore BASIC
    Commodore BASIC, also known as PET BASIC, is the dialect of the BASIC programming language used in Commodore International's 8-bit home computer line, stretching from the PET of 1977 to the C128 of 1985...
    
    
  • DarkBASIC
    DarkBASIC
    DarkBASIC is a commercial game creation programming language released by The Game Creators. The language is a structured form of BASIC and is similar to AMOS on the Amiga. The purpose of the language is game creation using Microsoft's DirectX from a BASIC programming language. It is faster and...
    
    
    • DarkBASIC Professional
      DarkBASIC Professional
      DarkBASIC Professional is a BASIC dialect targeted specifically at 2D and 3D game development. It is available from software company The Game Creators and is an offshoot of their original DarkBASIC programming language...
      
      
  • Euphoria
  • Gambas
    Gambas
    Gambas is the name of an object-oriented dialect of the BASIC programming language as well as the integrated development environment that accompanies it. Designed to run on Linux and other Unix-like computer operating systems, its name is a recursive acronym for Gambas Almost Means Basic...
    
    
  • GW-BASIC
    GW-BASIC
    GW-BASIC was a dialect of the programming language BASIC developed by Microsoft from BASICA, originally for Compaq. It is compatible with Microsoft/IBM BASICA, but was disk based and did not need the ROM BASIC. It was bundled with MS-DOS operating systems on IBM PC compatibles by Microsoft...
    
    
  • GLBasic
    GLBasic
    GLBasic is a commercial BASIC programming language, that can compile to various platforms, including Windows, Linux, Mac OS X as well as Handhelds like Apple iPhone, Apple iPad and iPod Touch, HP WebOS devices like Palm Pre and HP TouchPad. It also supports some geek devices like Pocket PC, GP2X,...
    
    
  • PlayBASIC
  • PowerBASIC
    PowerBASIC
    PowerBASIC is the brand of several commercial compilers by Venice, Florida-based PowerBASIC Inc. that compile a dialect of the BASIC programming language. The DOS versions have a syntax similar to that of QBasic and QuickBASIC, while the Windows versions utilize a standard BASIC syntax that can be...
    
    
  • QuickBASIC
    QuickBASIC
    Microsoft QuickBASIC is an Integrated Development Environment and compiler for the BASIC programming language that was developed by Microsoft. QuickBASIC runs mainly on DOS, though there was a short-lived version for Mac OS...
    
    
    • QBasic
      QBasic
      QBasic is an IDE and interpreter for a variant of the BASIC programming language which is based on QuickBASIC. Code entered into the IDE is compiled to an intermediate form, and this intermediate form is immediately interpreted on demand within the IDE. It can run under nearly all versions of DOS...
      
      
      • FreeBASIC
        FreeBASIC
        FreeBASIC is a free/open source , 32-bit BASIC compiler for Microsoft Windows, protected-mode DOS , Linux, FreeBSD and Xbox....
        
        
      • Liberty BASIC
        Liberty BASIC
        Liberty BASIC is a commercial computer programming language and integrated development environment . It has an interpreter developed in Smalltalk, which recognizes its own dialect of the BASIC programming language...
        
        
        • Just BASIC
          Just BASIC
          Just BASIC is a dialect of the highly popular programming language BASIC of the 1970s, for 32-bit computer systems using Windows. It's the freeware version of Liberty BASIC, popular since 1992. Just BASIC development began in 2001; first public release was in 2004...
          
          
        • Run BASIC
          Run BASIC
          Run BASIC is a web application server, based on the Liberty BASIC version of the BASIC programming language. Run BASIC is developed by Shoptalk Systems; v1.01 was released in November 2008.-Programming model:...
          
          
  • REALbasic
    REALbasic
    Realbasic is the object-oriented dialect of the BASIC programming language used in Real Studio, a programming environment, developed and commercially marketed by Real Software, Inc of Austin, Texas for Mac OS X, Microsoft Windows, 32-bit x86 Linux and the web.- Language features :RB is a strongly...
    
    
  • thinBasic
    ThinBasic
    thinBasic is a BASIC-like computer programming language interpreter with a central core engine architecture surrounded by many specialized modules...
    
    
  • TI-BASIC
    TI-BASIC
    TI-BASIC is the unofficial name of a BASIC-like language built into Texas Instruments 's graphing calculators, including the TI-83 series, TI-84 Plus series, TI-89 series, TI-92 series , TI-73, and TI-Nspire...
    
    
  • True BASIC
    True BASIC
    True BASIC is a variant of the BASIC programming language descended from Dartmouth BASIC — the original BASIC — invented by college professors John G. Kemeny and Thomas E...
    
    
  • Visual Basic
    Visual Basic
    Visual Basic is the third-generation event-driven programming language and integrated development environment from Microsoft for its COM programming model...
    
    
    • VBScript
      VBScript
      VBScript is an Active Scripting language developed by Microsoft that is modeled on Visual Basic. It is designed as a “lightweight” language with a fast interpreter for use in a wide variety of Microsoft environments...
      
      
    • Visual Basic for Applications
      Visual Basic for Applications
      Visual Basic for Applications is an implementation of Microsoft's event-driven programming language Visual Basic 6 and its associated integrated development environment , which are built into most Microsoft Office applications...
      
       (VBA)
    • Visual Basic .NET
      Visual Basic .NET
      Visual Basic .NET , is an object-oriented computer programming language that can be viewed as an evolution of the classic Visual Basic , which is implemented on the .NET Framework...
      
      
      • Small Basic
        Microsoft Small Basic
        Microsoft Small Basic is a simplified variant of the BASIC programming language introduced by Microsoft in October 2008. With a bare minimum of concepts, Microsoft accredits this as an easy programming language for beginners to grasp. The language itself has only 14 keywords, and the environment...
        
        
  • YaBasic
    Yabasic
    Yabasic is a free and open source BASIC interpreter for Windows and Unix platforms. Yabasic was originally developed by Marc-Oliver Ihm, who released the last stable version 2.763 in 2005. As a continuation of the project, version 3 is now developed by a team centered around Pedro Sá and Thomas...
    
    

Batch languages

• MS-DOS Batch files
  Batch file
  In DOS, OS/2, and Microsoft Windows, batch file is the name given to a type of script file, a text file containing a series of commands to be executed by the command interpreter....
  
  
  • Winbatch
    Winbatch
    Winbatch is a Microsoft Windows scripting language developed by Wilson WindowWare. Its environment includes an interpreter and a code editor along with a dialog designer and optional compiler to create self-contained executables....
    
    
• CLIST
  CLIST
  CLIST is a procedural programming language for TSO in MVS systems. It originated in OS/360 Release 20 and has assumed a secondary role since the availability of Rexx in TSO/E Version 2....
  
  
• IBM Job Control Language (JCL)
  Job Control Language
  Job Control Language is a scripting language used on IBM mainframe operating systems to instruct the system on how to run a batch job or start a subsystem....
  
  

COMIT based

• COMIT
  COMIT
  COMIT was the first string processing language , developed on the IBM 700/7000 series computers by Dr. Victor Yngve and collaborators at MIT from 1957-1965. Yngve created the language for supporting computerized research in the field of linguistics, and more specifically, the area of machine...
  
  
  • SNOBOL
    SNOBOL
    SNOBOL is a generic name for the computer programming languages developed between 1962 and 1967 at AT&T Bell Laboratories by David J. Farber, Ralph E. Griswold and Ivan P. Polonsky, culminating in SNOBOL4...
    
    
    • Icon
      • Unicon
    • Lua (also under Modula and Scheme)

DCL based

• DCL
  DIGITAL Command Language
  DCL, the DIGITAL Command Language, is the standard command languageadopted by most of the operating systems that were sold by the former Digital Equipment Corporation...
  
  
  • Windows PowerShell
    Windows PowerShell
    Windows PowerShell is Microsoft's task automation framework, consisting of a command-line shell and associated scripting language built on top of, and integrated with the .NET Framework...
    
     (also under C#, ksh and Perl)

Eiffel based

• Eiffel
  Eiffel (programming language)
  Eiffel is an ISO-standardized, object-oriented programming language designed by Bertrand Meyer and Eiffel Software. The design of the language is closely connected with the Eiffel programming method...
  
  
  • Cobra
    Cobra (programming language from Cobra Language LLC)
    Cobra is an object-oriented programming language produced by Cobra Language LLC. Cobra is designed by Chuck Esterbrook, and runs on the Microsoft .NET and Mono platforms. It is strongly influenced by Python, C#, Eiffel, Objective-C, and other programming languages. It supports both static and...
    
     (design by contract)
  • Sather
    Sather
    Sather is an object-oriented programming language. It originated circa 1990 at the International Computer Science Institute at the University of California, Berkeley, developed by an international team led by Steve Omohundro...
    
    
  • Ubercode
    Ubercode
    Ubercode is a high level programming language designed by and released in 2005 for Microsoft Windows. Ubercode is influenced by the Eiffel and BASIC...
    
    

Forth based

• Forth
  • InterPress
    InterPress
    InterPress is a page description language developed at Xerox PARC, based on the Forth programming language and an earlier graphics language called JaM...
    
    
    • PostScript
      PostScript
      PostScript is a dynamically typed concatenative programming language created by John Warnock and Charles Geschke in 1982. It is best known for its use as a page description language in the electronic and desktop publishing areas. Adobe PostScript 3 is also the worldwide printing and imaging...
      
      
  • Joy
    • Factor
      Factor (programming language)
      Factor is a stack-oriented programming language created by Slava Pestov. Factor is dynamically typed and has automatic memory management, as well as powerful metaprogramming features. The language has a single implementation featuring a self-hosted optimizing compiler and an interactive development...
      
      
    • Cat
  • RPL (also under Lisp)

Fortran based

• Fortran
  Fortran
  Fortran is a general-purpose, procedural, imperative programming language that is especially suited to numeric computation and scientific computing...
  
  
  • Fortran II
    • BASIC
      BASIC
      BASIC is a family of general-purpose, high-level programming languages whose design philosophy emphasizes ease of use - the name is an acronym from Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code....
      
       (see also BASIC based languages)
  • Fortran IV
    • PORTRAN
    • WATFOR
    • WATFIV
  • Fortran 66
    • FORMAC
    • Ratfor
      Ratfor
      Ratfor is a programming language implemented as a preprocessor for Fortran 66. It provided modern control structures, unavailable in Fortran 66, to replace GOTOs and statement numbers.- Features :...
      
      
  • Fortran 77
    • WATFOR-77
    • Ratfiv
  • Fortran 90
  • Fortran 95
    • F
  • Fortran 2003
  • ALGOL
    ALGOL
    ALGOL is a family of imperative computer programming languages originally developed in the mid 1950s which greatly influenced many other languages and became the de facto way algorithms were described in textbooks and academic works for almost the next 30 years...
    
     (see also ALGOL based languages)

FP based

• FP (Function Programming)
  FP (programming language)
  FP is a programming language created by John Backus to support the function-level programming paradigm...
  
  
  • FL (Function Level)
    • J (also under APL)
      J (programming language)
      The J programming language, developed in the early 1990s by Kenneth E. Iverson and Roger Hui, is a synthesis of APL and the FP and FL function-level languages created by John Backus....
      
      
  • FPr
    FPr (programming language)
    FPr is a programming language that is an implementation of an FP-System. FP was invented by John Backus and described in his Turing Award lecture...
    
     (also under Lisp and object-oriented programming
    Object-oriented programming
    Object-oriented programming is a programming paradigm using "objects" – data structures consisting of data fields and methods together with their interactions – to design applications and computer programs. Programming techniques may include features such as data abstraction,...
    
    )

HyperTalk based

• HyperTalk
  HyperTalk
  HyperTalk is a high-level, procedural programming language created in 1987 by Dan Winkler and used in conjunction with Apple Computer's HyperCard hypermedia program by Bill Atkinson. The main target audience of HyperTalk was beginning programmers, hence HyperTalk programmers were usually called...
  
  
  • AppleScript
    AppleScript
    AppleScript is a scripting language created by Apple Inc. and built into Macintosh operating systems since System 7. The term "AppleScript" may refer to the scripting system itself, or to particular scripts that are written in the AppleScript language....
    
    
  • Revolution

Java based

• OptimJ
  OptimJ
  OptimJ is an extension of the Java with language support for writing optimization models and abstractions for bulk data processing. OptimJ aims at providing a clear and concise algebraic notation for optimization modeling, removing compatibility barriers between optimization modeling and...
  
  
• Ateji PX
  Ateji PX
  Ateji PX is an object-oriented programming language extension for Java. It is intended to facilliate parallel computing on multi-core processors, GPU, Grid and Cloud....
  
  
• Groovy
• Scala

JOSS based

• JOSS
  JOSS
  JOSS was one of the very first interactive, time sharing programming languages.JOSS I, developed by J. Clifford Shaw at RAND was first implemented, in beta form, on the JOHNNIAC computer in May 1963...
  
  
  • CAL
  • TELCOMP
    TELCOMP
    TELCOMP was a programming language developed at Bolt, Beranek and Newman in about 1965 and in use until at least 1974.It was an interactive, conversational language based on JOSS, developed by BBN after Cliff Shaw from RAND visited the labs in 1964 as part of the NIH survey...
    
    
  • FOCAL
  • MUMPS
    MUMPS
    MUMPS , or alternatively M, is a programming language created in the late 1960s, originally for use in the healthcare industry. It was designed for the production of multi-user database-driven applications...
    
    
    • Caché ObjectScript
      Caché ObjectScript
      Caché ObjectScript is a part of the Caché database system sold by Intersystems Corp. The language is a functional superset of the ANSI-standard M programming language. MUMPS programmers can run existing MUMPS routines under Caché with little or no change...
      
      

Lisp based

• Lisp
  • Arc
    Arc (programming language)
    Arc is a dialect of the Lisp programming language now under development by Paul Graham and Robert Morris.- History :In 2001 Paul Graham announced that he was working on a new dialect of Lisp named "Arc"...
    
    
  • AutoLISP
    AutoLISP
    AutoLISP is a dialect of Lisp programming language built specifically for use with the full version of AutoCAD and its derivatives, which include AutoCAD Map 3D, AutoCAD Architecture and AutoCAD Mechanical...
    
    
  • Clojure
    Clojure
    Clojure |closure]]") is a recent dialect of the Lisp programming language created by Rich Hickey. It is a general-purpose language supporting interactive development that encourages a functional programming style, and simplifies multithreaded programming....
    
    
  • Common Lisp
    Common Lisp
    Common Lisp, commonly abbreviated CL, is a dialect of the Lisp programming language, published in ANSI standard document ANSI INCITS 226-1994 , . From the ANSI Common Lisp standard the Common Lisp HyperSpec has been derived for use with web browsers...
    
    
  • Emacs Lisp
    Emacs Lisp
    Emacs Lisp is a dialect of the Lisp programming language used by the GNU Emacs and XEmacs text editors . It is used for implementing most of the editing functionality built into Emacs, the remainder being written in C...
    
    
  • K
    K (programming language)
    K is a proprietary array processing language developed by Arthur Whitney and commercialized by Kx Systems. The language serves as the foundation for kdb, an in-memory, column-based database, and other related financial products. The language, originally developed in 1993, is a variant of APL and...
    
     (also under APL)
  • Logo
    Logo (programming language)
    Logo is a multi-paradigm computer programming language used in education. It is an adaptation and dialect of the Lisp language; some have called it Lisp without the parentheses. It was originally conceived and written as functional programming language, and drove a mechanical turtle as an output...
    
    
  • Nu programming language
    Nu (programming language)
    Nu is an interpreted object-oriented programming language, with a Lisp-like syntax, created by Tim Burks as an alternative scripting language to program Mac OS X through its Cocoa application programming interface...
    
    
  • REBOL
    REBOL
    REBOL is a cross-platform data exchange language and a multi-paradigm dynamic programming language originally designed by Carl Sassenrath for network communications and distributed computing. The language and its official implementation, which is a proprietary freely redistributable software are...
    
    
  • RPL (also under Forth)
  • S
    • R
      R (programming language)
      R is a programming language and software environment for statistical computing and graphics. The R language is widely used among statisticians for developing statistical software, and R is widely used for statistical software development and data analysis....
      
      
      • PCASTL
        PCASTL
        The PCASTL is an interpreted high-level programming language. It was created in 2008 by Philippe Choquette. The PCASTL is designed to ease the writing of self-modifying code...
        
         (also under ALGOL)
  • Scheme
    • GNU Guile
      GNU Guile
      GNU Guile is an interpreter/virtual machine for the Scheme programming language. It was first released in 1993. Guile includes modularized extensions for POSIX system calls, APL array functionality, and others packaged as an object library...
      
      
    • Racket
    • Hop
      Hop (software)
      Hop is a Lisp-like programming language by Manuel Serrano for web 2.0 and also the name of the web broker that implements this language. It is written in Bigloo Scheme. A web broker is a program that can act as a web server and a web proxy....
      
      
    • Pico
    • T
    • Lua (also under Modula and SNOBOL)

ML based

• ML
  • Standard ML
    Standard ML
    Standard ML is a general-purpose, modular, functional programming language with compile-time type checking and type inference. It is popular among compiler writers and programming language researchers, as well as in the development of theorem provers.SML is a modern descendant of the ML...
    
     (SML)
  • Caml
    Caml
    Caml is a dialect of the ML programming language family, developed at INRIA and formerly at ENS....
    
    
    • Objective Caml
      Objective Caml
      OCaml , originally known as Objective Caml, is the main implementation of the Caml programming language, created by Xavier Leroy, Jérôme Vouillon, Damien Doligez, Didier Rémy and others in 1996...
      
       (OCaml)
    • F#
  • MCPL (also under BCPL)

PL based

• PL/I
  PL/I
  PL/I is a procedural, imperative computer programming language designed for scientific, engineering, business and systems programming applications...
  
  
  • PL/M
    PL/M
    The PL/M programming languageis a high-level language developed byGary Kildall in 1972 for Intel for its microprocessors....
    
    
    • PL/M-86
  • PL/C
    PL/C
    PL/C is a computer programming language developed at Cornell University with the specific goal of being used for teaching programming. It is based on IBM's PL/I language, and was designed in the early 1970s. Cornell also developed a compiler for the language that was based on its earlier CUPL...
    
    
  • REXX
    REXX
    REXX is an interpreted programming language that was developed at IBM. It is a structured high-level programming language that was designed to be both easy to learn and easy to read...
    
    
  • SP/k
    SP/k
    SP/k is a programming language developed circa 1974 by R.C. Holt, D.B. Wortman, D.T. Barnard and J.R. Cordy as a subset of the PL/I programming language designed for teaching programming...
    
    

Prolog based

• Prolog
  Prolog
  Prolog is a general purpose logic programming language associated with artificial intelligence and computational linguistics.Prolog has its roots in first-order logic, a formal logic, and unlike many other programming languages, Prolog is declarative: the program logic is expressed in terms of...
  
  
  • PROLOG II, III, IV
  • CLP(R)
    CLP(R)
    CLP is a declarative programming language. It stands for Constraint logic programming where real refers to the real numbers. It can be considered and is generally implemented as a superset or add-on package for a Prolog implementation.-Example Rule :...
    
    , CLP(FD)
  • Mercury
  • Erlang
  • Logtalk
    Logtalk
    Logtalk is an object-oriented logic programming language that extends the Prolog language with a feature set suitable for programming in the large. It provides support for encapsulation and data hiding, separation of concerns and enhanced code reuse...
    
    

SASL Based

• SASL
  • Kent Recursive Calculator
    Kent Recursive Calculator
    KRC is a lazy functional language developed by David Turner in 1981 based on SASL, with pattern matching, guards and ZF expressions ....
    
    
  • Miranda
    • Haskell
      Haskell (programming language)
      Haskell is a standardized, general-purpose purely functional programming language, with non-strict semantics and strong static typing. It is named after logician Haskell Curry. In Haskell, "a function is a first-class citizen" of the programming language. As a functional programming language, the...
      
      

SETL based

• SETL
  SETL
  SETL is a very-high level programming language based on the mathematical theory of sets. It was originally developed by Jack Schwartz at the NYU Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences in the late 1960s....
  
  
  • ABC
    • Python
      Python (programming language)
      Python is a general-purpose, high-level programming language whose design philosophy emphasizes code readability. Python claims to "[combine] remarkable power with very clear syntax", and its standard library is large and comprehensive...
      
      
      • Boo
      • Cobra
        Cobra (programming language from Cobra Language LLC)
        Cobra is an object-oriented programming language produced by Cobra Language LLC. Cobra is designed by Chuck Esterbrook, and runs on the Microsoft .NET and Mono platforms. It is strongly influenced by Python, C#, Eiffel, Objective-C, and other programming languages. It supports both static and...
        
         (syntax and features)

sh based

• Sh
  Bourne shell
  The Bourne shell, or sh, was the default Unix shell of Unix Version 7 and most Unix-like systems continue to have /bin/sh - which will be the Bourne shell, or a symbolic link or hard link to a compatible shell - even when more modern shells are used by most users.Developed by Stephen Bourne at AT&T...
  
  
  • bash
  • csh
    C shell
    The C shell is a Unix shell that was created by Bill Joy while a graduate student at University of California, Berkeley in the late 1970s. It has been distributed widely, beginning with the 2BSD release of the BSD Unix system that Joy began distributing in 1978...
    
     (also under C)
    • tcsh
      Tcsh
      tcsh is a Unix shell based on and compatible with the C shell . It is essentially the C shell with programmable command line completion, command-line editing, and a few other features.-History:...
      
      
  • zsh
    Z shell
    The Z shell is a Unix shell that can be used as an interactive login shell and as a powerful command interpreter for shell scripting...
    
    
  • ksh
    Korn shell
    The Korn shell is a Unix shell which was developed by David Korn in the early 1980s and announced at USENIX on July 14, 1983. Other early contributors were AT&T Bell Labs developers Mike Veach, who wrote the emacs code, and Pat Sullivan, who wrote the vi code...
    
    
    • Windows PowerShell
      Windows PowerShell
      Windows PowerShell is Microsoft's task automation framework, consisting of a command-line shell and associated scripting language built on top of, and integrated with the .NET Framework...
      
       (also under C#, DCL and Perl)

Simula based

• Simula
  Simula
  Simula is a name for two programming languages, Simula I and Simula 67, developed in the 1960s at the Norwegian Computing Center in Oslo, by Ole-Johan Dahl and Kristen Nygaard...
  
   (also under ALGOL 60)
  • C++
    C++
    C++ is a statically typed, free-form, multi-paradigm, compiled, general-purpose programming language. It is regarded as an intermediate-level language, as it comprises a combination of both high-level and low-level language features. It was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup starting in 1979 at Bell...
    
     (also under C)
  • Smalltalk
    Smalltalk
    Smalltalk is an object-oriented, dynamically typed, reflective programming language. Smalltalk was created as the language to underpin the "new world" of computing exemplified by "human–computer symbiosis." It was designed and created in part for educational use, more so for constructionist...
    
    
    • Objective-C
      Objective-C
      Objective-C is a reflective, object-oriented programming language that adds Smalltalk-style messaging to the C programming language.Today, it is used primarily on Apple's Mac OS X and iOS: two environments derived from the OpenStep standard, though not compliant with it...
      
       (hybrid of C and Smalltalk)
      • Cobra
        Cobra (programming language from Cobra Language LLC)
        Cobra is an object-oriented programming language produced by Cobra Language LLC. Cobra is designed by Chuck Esterbrook, and runs on the Microsoft .NET and Mono platforms. It is strongly influenced by Python, C#, Eiffel, Objective-C, and other programming languages. It supports both static and...
        
         (support both dynamic and static types)
    • Ruby
      Ruby (programming language)
      Ruby is a dynamic, reflective, general-purpose object-oriented programming language that combines syntax inspired by Perl with Smalltalk-like features. Ruby originated in Japan during the mid-1990s and was first developed and designed by Yukihiro "Matz" Matsumoto...
      
      
      • Fancy
        Fancy (programming language)
        Fancy is a pure object-oriented programming language that is heavily influenced by Smalltalk and Ruby. The language is currently under development as an open source project by Christopher Bertels.- Development :...
        
        
    • Self
      • JavaScript
        JavaScript
        JavaScript is a prototype-based scripting language that is dynamic, weakly typed and has first-class functions. It is a multi-paradigm language, supporting object-oriented, imperative, and functional programming styles....
        
         (originally LiveScript)
        • ActionScript
          ActionScript
          ActionScript is an object-oriented language originally developed by Macromedia Inc. . It is a dialect of ECMAScript , and is used primarily for the development of websites and software targeting the Adobe Flash Player platform, used on Web pages in the form of...
          
          
        • JavaScript OSA
          JavaScript OSA
          JavaScript OSA, , is a freeware inter-process communication scripting language for the Macintosh computer....
          
          
        • ECMAScript
          ECMAScript
          ECMAScript is the scripting language standardized by Ecma International in the ECMA-262 specification and ISO/IEC 16262. The language is widely used for client-side scripting on the web, in the form of several well-known dialects such as JavaScript, JScript, and ActionScript.- History :JavaScript...
          
          
          • JScript
            JScript
            JScript is a scripting language based on the ECMAScript standard that is used in Microsoft's Internet Explorer.JScript is implemented as a Windows Script engine. This means that it can be "plugged in" to any application that supports Windows Script, such as Internet Explorer, Active Server Pages,...
            
            
          • HaXe
            HaXe
            haXe is a versatile open-source high-level multiplatform programming language described on its website as a "universal language".It can produce:* Flash applications and games* Multi-platform client-side web applications* Apache CGI web applications...
            
            
      • NewtonScript
        NewtonScript
        NewtonScript is a prototype based programming language created to write programs for the Newton platform. It is heavily influenced by the Self computer language, but modified to be more suited to needs of mobile and embedded devices.- History :...
        
        
        • Io
          Io (programming language)
          Io is a pure object-oriented programming language inspired by Smalltalk, Self, Lua, Lisp, Act1, and NewtonScript. Io has a prototype-based object model similar to the ones in Self and NewtonScript, eliminating the distinction between instance and class. Like Smalltalk, everything is an object and...
          
          
  • BETA
    BETA
    BETA is a pure object-oriented language originating within the "Scandinavian School" in object-orientation where the first object-oriented language Simula was developed....
    
    

Others

• Assembly
  Assembly language
  An assembly language is a low-level programming language for computers, microprocessors, microcontrollers, and other programmable devices. It implements a symbolic representation of the machine codes and other constants needed to program a given CPU architecture...
  
  
• Candle
  Candle (programming language)
  Candle is a high-level general-purpose scripting language for both desktop and Internet applications. It unifies the core features of many XML related technologies like XQuery, XSLT, RELAX NG. Its first public beta release was on 12 Oct 2005...
  
  
• CORAL
• Curl
• LabVIEW
  LabVIEW
  LabVIEW is a system design platform and development environment for a visual programming language from National Instruments. LabVIEW provides engineers and scientists with the tools needed to create and deploy measurement and control systems.The graphical language is named "G"...
  
  
• occam
  Occam (programming language)
  occam is a concurrent programming language that builds on the Communicating Sequential Processes process algebra, and shares many of its features. It is named after William of Ockham of Occam's Razor fame....
  
  
• Progress
• REFAL
  Refal
  Refal "is a functional programming language oriented toward symbol manipulation", including "string processing, translation, [and] artificial intelligence". It is one of the oldest members of this family, first conceived in 1966 as a theoretical tool with the first implementation appearing in 1968...
  
  
• Seed7
• TECO
  Text Editor and Corrector
  TECO is a text editor originally developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the 1960s, after which it was modified by 'just about everybody'...
  
  
• TUTOR
• XMLmosaic

External links

• Diagram & history of programming languages