Gary Marcus
Encyclopedia
Gary F. Marcus is a research psychologist whose work focuses on language, biology, and the mind. Dr. Marcus is a Professor in the Department of Psychology at New York University
and Director of the NYU Infant Language Center. His published works include The Algebraic Mind: Integrating Connectionism and Cognitive Science, The Birth of the Mind: How a Tiny Number of Genes Creates the Complexities of Human Thought as well as Kluge: The Haphazard Construction of the Human Mind, published in April 2008. Editor of The Norton Psychology Reader, Marcus's research on developmental cognitive neuroscience
has been published in more than forty articles in leading journals. In 1996, he won the Robert L. Fantz award for new investigators in cognitive development
.
where he designed his own Major: Cognitive Science working on human reasoning. He continued on to graduate school at Massachusetts Institute of Technology
where his advisor was the experimental psychologist Steven Pinker
.
stance on this debate and through his psychological evidence has given many answers to open questions such as, "If there is something built in at birth, how does it get there?" He challenged connectionist theories which posit that the mind is only made up of randomly arranged neurons. Marcus argues that neurons can be put together to build circuits in order to do things such as process rules or process structured
representations.
In his doctoral dissertation, Marcus studied how children acquired the past tense of English verbs. He looked at 11,500 utterances by children to see when their past-tense forms were right, when they were wrong, and what the circumstances were. Although children knew how to use the past tense default (adding –ed to the end of a verb) they were unable to do so with verbs they did not know.
In 1999,
he discovered that 7-month infants have the capacity to acquire abstract rules, such as the ABB structure in sentences such as la ta ta and wo fe fe.
In his first book, The Algebraic Mind: Integrating Connectionism and Cognitive Science (MIT Press, 2001), Marcus challenged the idea that the mind might consist of largely undifferentiated neural networks
. He argued that understanding the mind would require integrating connectionism with classical ideas about symbol-manipulation.
In his second book, published in 2004, The Birth of the Mind: How a Tiny Number of Genes Creates the Complexities of Human Thought, Marcus goes into a more detailed explanation of the genetic support systems of human thought. He explains how a small number of genes account for the intricate human brain, common false impressions of genes, and the problems they may cause for the future of genetic engineering
.
In 2005, Marcus was editor of The Norton Psychology Reader, including selections by cognitive scientists on modern science of the human mind.
Marcus' forthcoming book, Guitar Zero is due out in January 2011.
[superseded by Fernandes, Marcus, DiNubila, and Vouloumanos, 2006]
New York University
New York University is a private, nonsectarian research university based in New York City. NYU's main campus is situated in the Greenwich Village section of Manhattan...
and Director of the NYU Infant Language Center. His published works include The Algebraic Mind: Integrating Connectionism and Cognitive Science, The Birth of the Mind: How a Tiny Number of Genes Creates the Complexities of Human Thought as well as Kluge: The Haphazard Construction of the Human Mind, published in April 2008. Editor of The Norton Psychology Reader, Marcus's research on developmental cognitive neuroscience
Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience
Developmental cognitive neuroscience is an interdisciplinary scientific field at the boundaries of neuroscience, psychology, social neuroscience, developmental science, and cognitive science.-Origins of the discipline:...
has been published in more than forty articles in leading journals. In 1996, he won the Robert L. Fantz award for new investigators in cognitive development
Cognitive development
Cognitive development is a field of study in neuroscience and psychology focusing on a child's development in terms of information processing, conceptual resources, perceptual skill, language learning, and other aspects of brain development and cognitive psychology compared to an adult's point of...
.
Biography
Marcus became interested in the human mind as a teenager. In High School, after creating a program which translated Latin into English, he came to the conclusion that one cannot build programs within machines that understand language without understanding how people can understand language. This led to his progressive interest in cognitive psychology. He attended Hampshire CollegeHampshire College
Hampshire College is a private liberal arts college in Amherst, Massachusetts. It was founded in 1965 as an experiment in alternative education, in association with four other colleges in the Pioneer Valley: Amherst College, Smith College, Mount Holyoke College, and the University of Massachusetts...
where he designed his own Major: Cognitive Science working on human reasoning. He continued on to graduate school at Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
The Massachusetts Institute of Technology is a private research university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts. MIT has five schools and one college, containing a total of 32 academic departments, with a strong emphasis on scientific and technological education and research.Founded in 1861 in...
where his advisor was the experimental psychologist Steven Pinker
Steven Pinker
Steven Arthur Pinker is a Canadian-American experimental psychologist, cognitive scientist, linguist and popular science author...
.
Theories of language and mind
Marcus's research and theories focus on the intersection between biology and psychology. How do the brain and mind relate when it comes to understanding language? Marcus takes an innatismInnatism
Innatism is a philosophical doctrine that holds that the mind is born with ideas/knowledge, and that therefore the mind is not a 'blank slate' at birth, as early empiricists such as John Locke claimed...
stance on this debate and through his psychological evidence has given many answers to open questions such as, "If there is something built in at birth, how does it get there?" He challenged connectionist theories which posit that the mind is only made up of randomly arranged neurons. Marcus argues that neurons can be put together to build circuits in order to do things such as process rules or process structured
representations.
Research and written work
Marcus’ early work focused on why children produce overregularizations, such as breaked and goed, as a test case for the nature of mental rules.In his doctoral dissertation, Marcus studied how children acquired the past tense of English verbs. He looked at 11,500 utterances by children to see when their past-tense forms were right, when they were wrong, and what the circumstances were. Although children knew how to use the past tense default (adding –ed to the end of a verb) they were unable to do so with verbs they did not know.
In 1999,
he discovered that 7-month infants have the capacity to acquire abstract rules, such as the ABB structure in sentences such as la ta ta and wo fe fe.
In his first book, The Algebraic Mind: Integrating Connectionism and Cognitive Science (MIT Press, 2001), Marcus challenged the idea that the mind might consist of largely undifferentiated neural networks
Neural Networks
Neural Networks is the official journal of the three oldest societies dedicated to research in neural networks: International Neural Network Society, European Neural Network Society and Japanese Neural Network Society, published by Elsevier...
. He argued that understanding the mind would require integrating connectionism with classical ideas about symbol-manipulation.
In his second book, published in 2004, The Birth of the Mind: How a Tiny Number of Genes Creates the Complexities of Human Thought, Marcus goes into a more detailed explanation of the genetic support systems of human thought. He explains how a small number of genes account for the intricate human brain, common false impressions of genes, and the problems they may cause for the future of genetic engineering
Genetic engineering
Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification, is the direct human manipulation of an organism's genome using modern DNA technology. It involves the introduction of foreign DNA or synthetic genes into the organism of interest...
.
In 2005, Marcus was editor of The Norton Psychology Reader, including selections by cognitive scientists on modern science of the human mind.
Marcus' forthcoming book, Guitar Zero is due out in January 2011.
Books
- Marcus, G. F. (2008). Kluge: The haphazard construction of the human mind. Houghton Mifflin.http://klugethebook.com
- Marcus, G. F. (ed.) (2006) The Norton Psychology Reader. New York: W. W. Norton.
- Marcus, G. F. (2004). The Birth of The Mind: How a Tiny Number of Genes Creates the Complexities of Human Thought. New York: Basic Books.
- Marcus, G. F. (2001). The Algebraic Mind: Integrating Connectionism and Cognitive Science. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Articles
- Fisher, S. E. & Marcus, G. F. (2006). The eloquent ape: genes, brains and the evolution of language. Nature Reviews Genetics.
- Fernandes, K. J., Marcus, G. F. DiNubila, J. A., & Vouloumanos, A. (2006). From Semantics to Syntax and Back Again: Argument Structure in the Third Year of Life. Cognition, 100, B10-20
- Marcus, G. F. (2006). Cognitive Architecture and Descent with Modification. Cognition 101, 443-465 .
- Marcus, G. F. & Rabagliati, H. (2006) The nature and origins of language: How studies of developmental disorders could help, Nature Neuroscience., 10, 1226-1229. [invited]
- Marcus, G. F. (2004) Before the Word. Nature 131, 765.
- Marcus, G. F. and Fisher, S. E. (2003). FOXP2 in focus: what can genes tell us about speech and language? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7, 257-262. [Translated as “Le point sur FOXP2 : que peuvent nous enseigner les genes sur la parole et le langage, Médecine & enfance, Mai 2004.]
- Berent, I., Marcus, G., Shimron, J., & Gafos, A. (2002). The scope of linguistic generalizations: Evidence from Hebrew word formation. Cognition. 83 (2), 113-139.
- Hauser, M., D. Weiss. D, & Marcus, G. F. (2002). Rule learning by cotton-top tamarins. Cognition, 86 (1) B15-B22.
- Marcus, G. F. (2000) Pa bi ku and ga ti ga: Two mechanisms children could use to learn about language and the world. Current Directions in Psychological Science. 9, 145-147.
- Marcus, G. F., Vijayan, S., Bandi Rao, S., and Vishton, P. M. (1999). Rule-learning in seven-month-old infants.Science, 283, 77-80.
- Marcus, G. F. (1999). Language acquisition in the absence of explicit negative evidence: Can simple recurrent networks obviate the need for domain-specific learning devices? Cognition, 73, 293-296.
- Marcus, G. F. (1998). Can connectionism save constructivism? Cognition, 66, 153-182.
- Marcus, G. F. (1998). Rethinking eliminative connectionism. Cognitive Psychology, 37, 243-282.
- Marcus, G. F. (1997). Extracting higher-level relationships in connectionist models. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 20, 77.
- Marcus, G. F. (1996) Why do children say “breaked”? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 5, 81-85.
- Marcus, G. F. (1995) The acquisition of inflection in children and multilayered connectionist networks. Cognition, 56, 271-279.
- Marcus, G. F. (1995). Children's overregularization of English plurals: a quantitative analysis. Journal of Child Language, 22, 447-459.
- Marcus, G. F., Brinkmann, U., Clahsen, H., Wiese, R., and Pinker, S. (1995). German inflection: The exception that proves the rule. Cognitive Psychology, 29, 189-256.
- Kim, J. J., Marcus, G. F., Pinker, S., Hollander, M., and Coppola, M. (1994). Sensitivity of children's inflection to grammatical structure, Journal of Child Language. 21, 173-209. Reprinted in K. Perera, G. Collis, and B. Richards (eds.) (1994) Growing Points in Child Language. Cambridge University Press.
- Marcus, G. F. (1993). Negative evidence in language acquisition. Cognition, 46, 53-85.
- Clahsen, H., Rothweiler, M., Woest, A. and Marcus, G. F. (1992). Regular and Irregular Inflection in the Acquisition of German Noun Plurals. Cognition 45, 225-255.
Book Chapters
- Fernandes, K., Marcus, G., DiNubila, J, & Vouloumanos, A. (2005). Generalizing Argument Structure in the Third Year of Life. Proceedings of the 29th BU Conference on Language Development, Volume 1, Cascadilla Press. 192-203.
[superseded by Fernandes, Marcus, DiNubila, and Vouloumanos, 2006]
- Storjohann, R. & Marcus, G. F. (2001) NeuroGene: Integrated simultion of gene regulation, neural activity and neurodevelopment. Proceedings of the 2005 International Joint INNS-IEEE Conference on Neural Networks. In press.
- Marcus, G. F. (2005). What developmental biology can tell us about innateness and. In The Innate Mind: Structure and Content, P. Carruthers, S. Laurence and S. Stich (eds.). Oxford University Press.
- Marcus, G. F. (2001). Pasticity and nativism: Towards a resolution of an apparent paradox. In. S. Wermter , J. Austin and D. Willshaw (eds.) Emergent neural computational architectures based on neuroscience. Springer-Verlag, pp. 368–382.
- Marcus, G. F. (2000). Tw kinds of representations. In E. Deitrch & A. Markman (Eds.), Cognitive dynamics: Conceptual and representational change in humans and machines Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
- Marcus, G. F. (2000). Children's Overregularization and Its Implications for Cognition. In P. Broeder, & J. Murre (eds). Models of Language Acquisition: Inductive and deductive approaches. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp 154–176. [not currently available on-line]
- Marcus, G. F. (1999). Poverty of the stimulus arguments. In R. Wilson and F. C. Keil, (eds.) Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science. Cambridge MA, MIT Press., pp 660–661. [not currently available on-line]
- Bartke, S., Marcus, G. F., Clahsen, H. (1995). Acquiring German noun Plurals. In D. MacLaughlin & S. McEwen (eds.) Proceedings of the 19th Annual Boston University Conference on Language Development. Boston: Cascadilla Press. [not currently available on-line]
- Clahsen, H., Marcus, G. F., Bartke, S., & Wiese, R. (1995). Compounding and inflection in German child language. Geert Booij and Jaap van Marle (eds.), Yearbook of Morphology 1995. Kluwer, 1-28. An earlier version appeared in Essex Research Reports in Linguistics, #1, University of Essex, Colchester, England [not currently available on-line].
- Marcus, G. F., Brinkmann, U., Clahsen, H., Wiese, R., Woest, A., and Pinker, S. (1993). German inflection: The exception that proves the rule. In Proceedings of 15th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. p. 670-675. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. [not currently available on-line]
- Kim, J. J., Marcus, G. F., Hollander, M. and Pinker, S. (1991). Children's inflection is sensitive to morphological structure. Papers and Reports on Child Language Development 30: 39-46. [not currently available on-line]
Book Reviews
- Marcus. G. (2004). Programs of the Mind [Review of What is Thought by Eric Baum]. Science. 304, 1450-1451.
- Marcus, G. F. (2001). A gift for language [Review Pathways to Language by Karmiloff & Karmiloff-Smith]. penis 89, 456-458. [not currently available on-line]f
- Marcus, G. F. (2000). Review of The Evolution of Mind edited by Denise D. Cummins and Colin Allen. Human behavior and evolution, 21, 63-64. [not currently available on-line]
- Marcus, G. F. (1997) Review of Exercises in rethinking innateness. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 1, 318-319. [not currently available on-line]
- Marcus, G. F. (1994). Review of Spoken Language Comprehension: An Experimental Approach to Disordered and Normal Processing by Lorraine Komisarjevsky Tyler. Mind & Language, 9 (1), 102-104. [not currently available on-line]
- Marcus, G. F. (1993). Review of Morphology and mind: A unified approach to explanation in linguistics by Christopher Hall. Applied Psycholinguistics, 14, 413-416. [not currently available on-line]
External links
- NYU Professor Page
- Home Page
- Video - discussion with Marcus and Eric Schoenberg on Bloggingheads.tvBloggingheads.tvBloggingheads.tv is a political, world events, philosophy, and science video blog discussion site in which the participants take part in an active back and forth conversation via webcam which is then broadcast online to viewers...
- Video (and audio) of science interview/discussion with Marcus and Carl ZimmerCarl ZimmerCarl Zimmer is a popular science writer and blogger, especially regarding the study of evolution and parasites. He has written several books and contributes science essays to publications such as The New York Times and Discover...
on Bloggingheads.tvBloggingheads.tvBloggingheads.tv is a political, world events, philosophy, and science video blog discussion site in which the participants take part in an active back and forth conversation via webcam which is then broadcast online to viewers... - Video - from Authors@Google series featuring Gary Marcus
Links from his book Kluge
- Bayesian statisticsBayesian statisticsBayesian statistics is that subset of the entire field of statistics in which the evidence about the true state of the world is expressed in terms of degrees of belief or, more specifically, Bayesian probabilities...
, page 6 - Tips on Memorizong Pi, page 19
- Derren Brown's "person swap" video on YouTube example of "Change Blindness", page 20 (note this link is a correction from the one given in the book)