GPS Aided Geo Augmented Navigation
Encyclopedia
The GPS aided geo augmented navigation or GPS and geo-augmented navigation system (GAGAN) is a planned implementation of a regional satellite-based augmentation system (SBAS) by the Indian government
. It is a system to improve the accuracy of a GNSS receiver
by providing reference signals.
The Rs.
7.74 billion (774 crore
) project is being implemented in three phases through 2008 by the Airport Authority of India
with the help of the Indian Space Research Organization
's (ISRO) technology and space support. The goal is to provide navigation system for all phases of flight over the Indian airspace and in the adjoining area. It is applicable to safety-to-life operations, and meets the performance requirements of international civil aviation regulatory bodies. The final, operational phase of GAGAN is likely to be completed by May 2011. Gagan is a Hindi
word of Sanskrit
origin for the sky.
(WAAS
) codes for L1 frequency and L5 frequency were obtained from the United States Air Force
and U.S
Department of Defense
on November 2001 and March 2005. The system will use eight reference stations located in Delhi
, Guwahati
, Kolkata
, Ahmedabad
, Thiruvananthapuram
, Bangalore
, Jammu
and Port Blair
, and a master control center at Bangalore
. US defense contractor Raytheon
has stated they will bid to build the system.
, Hyderabad, Nagpur
and Bangalore
airports and the results have been satisfactory so far. To study the ionospheric behavior more effectively over entire Indian Airspace, Indian universities and R&D labs, which are involved in the development of regional based IONO-TROP model for GAGAN, have suggested nine more TEC stations. The AAI
’s efforts towards implementation of operational SBAS can be viewed as the first step towards introduction of modern CNS
/ATM system over Indian airspace.
(WAAS), the European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service
(EGNOS) and the Multi-functional Satellite Augmentation System
(MSAS) and will provide seamless air navigation service across regional boundaries. While the ground segment consists of eight reference stations and a master control centre, which will have sub systems such as data communication network, SBAS correction and verification system, operations and maintenance system, performance monitoring display and payload simulator, Indian land uplinking stations will have dish antenna assembly. The space segment will consist of one geo-navigation transponder.
(IRNSS) and that it might use the GSAT-4
satellite as a technology demonstration system phase of the proposed navigational system.
It will improve airport and airspace access in all weather conditions, and the ability to meet the environmental and obstacle clearance constraints. It will also enhance reliability and reduce delays by defining more precise terminal area procedures that feature parallel routes and environmentally optimised airspace corridors.
geostationary
satellite, and had a goal of being operational in 2008. Following a series of delays, GSAT-4 was launched on 15 April 2010, however it failed to reach orbit after the third stage of the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle
Mk.II that was carrying it malfunctioned.
The project involves establishment of 15 Indian Reference Stations, three Indian Navigation Land Uplink Stations, three Indian Mission Control Centers and installation of all associated softwares and communication links. GAGAN is planned to get into operation by the year 2014. It will be able to help pilots to navigate in the indian airspace by an accuracy of 3 Mts. This will be helpful for landing aircrafts in tough weather and terrain like Managalore airport and Leh.
Government of India
The Government of India, officially known as the Union Government, and also known as the Central Government, was established by the Constitution of India, and is the governing authority of the union of 28 states and seven union territories, collectively called the Republic of India...
. It is a system to improve the accuracy of a GNSS receiver
Global Navigation Satellite System
A satellite navigation or SAT NAV system is a system of satellites that provide autonomous geo-spatial positioning with global coverage. It allows small electronic receivers to determine their location to within a few metres using time signals transmitted along a line-of-sight by radio from...
by providing reference signals.
The Rs.
Rupee
The rupee is the common name for the monetary unit of account in India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Pakistan, Mauritius, Seychelles, Maldives, and formerly in Burma, and Afghanistan. Historically, the first currency called "rupee" was introduced in the 16th century...
7.74 billion (774 crore
Crore
A crore is a unit in the Indian number system equal to ten million , or 100 lakhs. It is widely used in India, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Pakistan....
) project is being implemented in three phases through 2008 by the Airport Authority of India
Airports Authority of India
The Airports Authority of India is an organization working under the Ministry of Civil Aviation that manages most of the airports in India. The AAI manages and operates 126 airports including 16 international airports, 89 domestic airports and 26 civil enclaves. The corporate headquarters are at...
with the help of the Indian Space Research Organization
Indian Space Research Organisation
The Indian Space Research Organisation is an independent Indian governmental agency established in 1969 for the research and development of vehicles and activities for the exploration of space within and outside of Earth’s atmosphere. Headquartered in Bangalore...
's (ISRO) technology and space support. The goal is to provide navigation system for all phases of flight over the Indian airspace and in the adjoining area. It is applicable to safety-to-life operations, and meets the performance requirements of international civil aviation regulatory bodies. The final, operational phase of GAGAN is likely to be completed by May 2011. Gagan is a Hindi
Hindi
Standard Hindi, or more precisely Modern Standard Hindi, also known as Manak Hindi , High Hindi, Nagari Hindi, and Literary Hindi, is a standardized and sanskritized register of the Hindustani language derived from the Khariboli dialect of Delhi...
word of Sanskrit
Sanskrit
Sanskrit , is a historical Indo-Aryan language and the primary liturgical language of Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism.Buddhism: besides Pali, see Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Today, it is listed as one of the 22 scheduled languages of India and is an official language of the state of Uttarakhand...
origin for the sky.
Technology
To begin implementing an SBAS over the Indian airspace, Wide Area Augmentation SystemWide Area Augmentation System
The Wide Area Augmentation System is an air navigation aid developed by the Federal Aviation Administration to augment the Global Positioning System , with the goal of improving its accuracy, integrity, and availability...
(WAAS
Wide Area Augmentation System
The Wide Area Augmentation System is an air navigation aid developed by the Federal Aviation Administration to augment the Global Positioning System , with the goal of improving its accuracy, integrity, and availability...
) codes for L1 frequency and L5 frequency were obtained from the United States Air Force
United States Air Force
The United States Air Force is the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the American uniformed services. Initially part of the United States Army, the USAF was formed as a separate branch of the military on September 18, 1947 under the National Security Act of...
and U.S
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
Department of Defense
United States Department of Defense
The United States Department of Defense is the U.S...
on November 2001 and March 2005. The system will use eight reference stations located in Delhi
Delhi
Delhi , officially National Capital Territory of Delhi , is the largest metropolis by area and the second-largest by population in India, next to Mumbai. It is the eighth largest metropolis in the world by population with 16,753,265 inhabitants in the Territory at the 2011 Census...
, Guwahati
Guwahati
Guwahati, Pragjyotishpura in ancient Assam formerly known as Gauhati is a metropolis,the largest city of Assam in India and ancient urban area in North East India, with a population of 963,429. It is also the largest metropolitan area in north-eastern India...
, Kolkata
Kolkata
Kolkata , formerly known as Calcutta, is the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal. Located on the east bank of the Hooghly River, it was the commercial capital of East India...
, Ahmedabad
Ahmedabad
Ahmedabad also known as Karnavati is the largest city in Gujarat, India. It is the former capital of Gujarat and is also the judicial capital of Gujarat as the Gujarat High Court has its seat in Ahmedabad...
, Thiruvananthapuram
Thiruvananthapuram
Thiruvananthapuram , formerly known as Trivandrum, is the capital of the Indian state of Kerala and the headquarters of the Thiruvananthapuram District. It is located on the west coast of India near the extreme south of the mainland...
, Bangalore
Bangalore
Bengaluru , formerly called Bengaluru is the capital of the Indian state of Karnataka. Bangalore is nicknamed the Garden City and was once called a pensioner's paradise. Located on the Deccan Plateau in the south-eastern part of Karnataka, Bangalore is India's third most populous city and...
, Jammu
Jammu
Jammu , also known as Duggar, is one of the three administrative divisions within Jammu and Kashmir, the northernmost state in India.Jammu city is the largest city in Jammu and the winter capital of Jammu and Kashmir...
and Port Blair
Port Blair
Port Blair is the largest town and a municipal council in Andaman district in the Andaman Islands and the capital of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a union territory of India...
, and a master control center at Bangalore
Bangalore
Bengaluru , formerly called Bengaluru is the capital of the Indian state of Karnataka. Bangalore is nicknamed the Garden City and was once called a pensioner's paradise. Located on the Deccan Plateau in the south-eastern part of Karnataka, Bangalore is India's third most populous city and...
. US defense contractor Raytheon
Raytheon
Raytheon Company is a major American defense contractor and industrial corporation with core manufacturing concentrations in weapons and military and commercial electronics. It was previously involved in corporate and special-mission aircraft until early 2007...
has stated they will bid to build the system.
Technology demonstration
As a part of the programme, a network of 18 total electron content (TEC) monitoring stations were installed at various locations in India to study and analyse the behaviour of the ionosphere over the Indian region. GAGAN's Technology Demonstration System (TDS) signal in space provides a three-metre accuracy as against the requirement of 7.6 metres. Flight inspection of GAGAN signal is being carried out at KozhikodeKozhikode
Kozhikode During Classical antiquity and the Middle Ages, Kozhikkode was dubbed the "City of Spices" for its role as the major trading point of eastern spices. Kozhikode was once the capital of an independent kingdom of the same name and later of the erstwhile Malabar District...
, Hyderabad, Nagpur
Nagpur
Nāgpur is a city and winter capital of the state of Maharashtra, the largest city in central India and third largest city in Maharashtra after Mumbai and Pune...
and Bangalore
Bangalore
Bengaluru , formerly called Bengaluru is the capital of the Indian state of Karnataka. Bangalore is nicknamed the Garden City and was once called a pensioner's paradise. Located on the Deccan Plateau in the south-eastern part of Karnataka, Bangalore is India's third most populous city and...
airports and the results have been satisfactory so far. To study the ionospheric behavior more effectively over entire Indian Airspace, Indian universities and R&D labs, which are involved in the development of regional based IONO-TROP model for GAGAN, have suggested nine more TEC stations. The AAI
Airports Authority of India
The Airports Authority of India is an organization working under the Ministry of Civil Aviation that manages most of the airports in India. The AAI manages and operates 126 airports including 16 international airports, 89 domestic airports and 26 civil enclaves. The corporate headquarters are at...
’s efforts towards implementation of operational SBAS can be viewed as the first step towards introduction of modern CNS
CNS
-Science and medicine:* Cell, Nature, and Science, the three most prestigious scientific journals involved in biomedical research* Central nervous system, brain and spinal cord* Chronic nonbacterial prostatitis, a pelvic pain condition affecting men...
/ATM system over Indian airspace.
Technology Integration
GAGAN, after its final operational phase completion, will be compatible with other SBAS systems such as the Wide Area Augmentation SystemWide Area Augmentation System
The Wide Area Augmentation System is an air navigation aid developed by the Federal Aviation Administration to augment the Global Positioning System , with the goal of improving its accuracy, integrity, and availability...
(WAAS), the European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service
European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service
The European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service is a satellite based augmentation system developed by the European Space Agency, the European Commission and EUROCONTROL. It supplements the GPS, GLONASS and Galileo systems by reporting on the reliability and accuracy of the signals...
(EGNOS) and the Multi-functional Satellite Augmentation System
Multi-functional Satellite Augmentation System
Multi-functional Satellite Augmentation System is a Japanese SBAS , i.e. a satellite navigation system which supports differential GPS designed to supplement the GPS system by reporting on the reliability and accuracy of those signals...
(MSAS) and will provide seamless air navigation service across regional boundaries. While the ground segment consists of eight reference stations and a master control centre, which will have sub systems such as data communication network, SBAS correction and verification system, operations and maintenance system, performance monitoring display and payload simulator, Indian land uplinking stations will have dish antenna assembly. The space segment will consist of one geo-navigation transponder.
Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System
The Indian government has stated that it intends to use the experience of creating the GAGAN system to enable the creation of an autonomous regional navigation system called the Indian Regional Navigational Satellite SystemIndian Regional Navigational Satellite System
The Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System is an autonomous regional satellite navigation system being developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation which would be under total control of Indian government...
(IRNSS) and that it might use the GSAT-4
GSAT
The GSAT satellites are India's indigenously developed technologies of satellite communications, like digital audio, data and video broadcasting. GSAT has been designed with two S-band and 3 C-band transponders .-GSAT-4:GSAT-4, also known as HealthSat was an experimental satellite launched on 15th...
satellite as a technology demonstration system phase of the proposed navigational system.
Effective flight-management system
A flight-management system based on GAGAN will then be poised to save operators time and money by managing climb, descent and engine performance profiles. The FMS will improve the efficiency and flexibility by increasing the use of operator-preferred trajectories.It will improve airport and airspace access in all weather conditions, and the ability to meet the environmental and obstacle clearance constraints. It will also enhance reliability and reduce delays by defining more precise terminal area procedures that feature parallel routes and environmentally optimised airspace corridors.
- GAGAN will increase safety by using a three-diemensional approach operation with course guidance to the runway, which will reduce the risk of controlled flight into terrain i.e, an accident whereby an airworthy aircraft, under pilot control, inadvertently flies into terrain, an obstacle, or water.
- GAGAN will also offer high position accuracies over a wide geographical area like the Indian airspace. These positions accuracies will be simultaneously available to 80 civilian and more than 200 non-civilian airports and airfields and will facilitate an increase in the number of airports to 500 as planned. These position accuracies can be further enhanced with ground based augmentation system.
Developments
The first GAGAN transmitter was integrated into the GSAT-4GSAT-4
GSAT-4, also known as HealthSat, was an experimental communication and navigation satellite launched in April 2010 by the Indian Space Research Organisation on the maiden flight of the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mk.II rocket. It failed to reach orbit after the rocket's third stage...
geostationary
Geostationary orbit
A geostationary orbit is a geosynchronous orbit directly above the Earth's equator , with a period equal to the Earth's rotational period and an orbital eccentricity of approximately zero. An object in a geostationary orbit appears motionless, at a fixed position in the sky, to ground observers...
satellite, and had a goal of being operational in 2008. Following a series of delays, GSAT-4 was launched on 15 April 2010, however it failed to reach orbit after the third stage of the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle
Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle
The Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle is an expendable launch system operated by the Indian Space Research Organisation...
Mk.II that was carrying it malfunctioned.
The project involves establishment of 15 Indian Reference Stations, three Indian Navigation Land Uplink Stations, three Indian Mission Control Centers and installation of all associated softwares and communication links. GAGAN is planned to get into operation by the year 2014. It will be able to help pilots to navigate in the indian airspace by an accuracy of 3 Mts. This will be helpful for landing aircrafts in tough weather and terrain like Managalore airport and Leh.
See also
- Global Positioning SystemGlobal Positioning SystemThe Global Positioning System is a space-based global navigation satellite system that provides location and time information in all weather, anywhere on or near the Earth, where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites...
- GNSS AugmentationGNSS AugmentationAugmentation of a global navigation satellite system is a method of improving the navigation system's attributes, such as accuracy, reliability, and availability, through the integration of external information into the calculation process. There are many such systems in place and they are...
- Wide Area Augmentation SystemWide Area Augmentation SystemThe Wide Area Augmentation System is an air navigation aid developed by the Federal Aviation Administration to augment the Global Positioning System , with the goal of improving its accuracy, integrity, and availability...
- MSASMulti-functional Satellite Augmentation SystemMulti-functional Satellite Augmentation System is a Japanese SBAS , i.e. a satellite navigation system which supports differential GPS designed to supplement the GPS system by reporting on the reliability and accuracy of those signals...