GOST 16876-71 - AbsoluteAstronomy.com

GOST 16876-71 is a romanization

Romanization

In linguistics, romanization or latinization is the representation of a written word or spoken speech with the Roman script, or a system for doing so, where the original word or language uses a different writing system . Methods of romanization include transliteration, for representing written...

system (for transliteration

Transliteration

Transliteration is a subset of the science of hermeneutics. It is a form of translation, and is the practice of converting a text from one script into another...

of Cyrillic texts into the Latin alphabet

Latin alphabet

The Latin alphabet, also called the Roman alphabet, is the most recognized alphabet used in the world today. It evolved from a western variety of the Greek alphabet called the Cumaean alphabet, which was adopted and modified by the Etruscans who ruled early Rome...

) devised by the National Administration for Geodesy and Cartography of the Soviet Union

Soviet Union

The Soviet Union , officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991....

. It is based on the scientific transliteration

Scientific transliteration

Scientific transliteration, variously called academic, linguistic, or scholarly transliteration, is an international system for transliteration of text from the Cyrillic to the Latin alphabet...

system used in linguistics

Linguistics

Linguistics is the scientific study of human language. Linguistics can be broadly broken into three categories or subfields of study: language form, language meaning, and language in context....

. GOST was an international standard so it included provision for a number of the languages of the Soviet Union. The standard was revised three times in 1973, 1980 and 1983 with minor changes.

GOST 16876-71 contains two tables of a transliteration:

Table 1: one Cyrillic char to one Latin char, some with diacritics
Table 2: one Cyrillic char to one or many Latin char, but without diacritics

In 1978, COMECON

Comecon

The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance , 1949–1991, was an economic organisation under hegemony of Soviet Union comprising the countries of the Eastern Bloc along with a number of communist states elsewhere in the world...

adopted GOST 16876-71 with minor modifications as its official transliteration standard, under the name of SEV 1362-78 .

GOST 16876-71 was used by the United Nations

United Nations

The United Nations is an international organization whose stated aims are facilitating cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress, human rights, and achievement of world peace...

to develop its romanization system for geographical names, which was adopted for official use by the United Nations at the Fifth United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names in Montreal

Montreal

Montreal is a city in Canada. It is the largest city in the province of Quebec, the second-largest city in Canada and the seventh largest in North America...

, Canada

Canada

Canada is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean...

, in 1987. UN system relies on diacritic

Diacritic

A diacritic is a glyph added to a letter, or basic glyph. The term derives from the Greek διακριτικός . Diacritic is both an adjective and a noun, whereas diacritical is only an adjective. Some diacritical marks, such as the acute and grave are often called accents...

s to compensate for non-Russian Cyrillic alphabets.

In 2002, the Russian Federation along with a number of CIS

Commonwealth of Independent States

The Commonwealth of Independent States is a regional organization whose participating countries are former Soviet Republics, formed during the breakup of the Soviet Union....

countries abandoned the use of GOST 16876 in favor of ISO 9:1995
ISO 9
The international standard ISO 9 establishes a system for the transliteration into Latin characters of Cyrillic characters constituting the alphabets of many Slavic and some non-Slavic languages....

, which was adopted as GOST 7.79-2000.

Russian

GOST and GOST-Based Transliteration for Russian
Cyrillic	GOST 16876-71 table 1	GOST 16876-71 table 2	GOST 7.79-2000, system A; ISO (1995)	GOST 7.79-2000, system B; ISO (1995)	UN 1987
А а	a
Б б	b
В в	v
Г г	g
Д д	d
Е е	e	e (je)†	e	e	e
Ё ё	ë	jo	ë	yo	ë
Ж ж	ž	zh	ž	zh	ž
З з	z
И и	i
Й й	j	jj	j	j	j
К к	k
Л л	l
М м	m
Н н	n
О о	o
П п	p
Р р	r
С с	s
Т т	t
У у	u
Ф ф	f
Х х	h (ch)†	kh	h	kh	h
Ц ц	c	c	c	cz, c††	c
Ч ч	č	ch	č	ch	č
Ш ш	š	sh	š	sh	š
Щ щ	ŝ (šč)†	shh	ŝ	shh	šč
Ъ ъ	ʺ	ʺ	ʺ	ʺ	ʺ
Ы ы	y	y	y	y'	y
Ь ь	ʹ	ʹ	ʹ	ʹ	ʹ
Э э	è	eh	è	e'	è
Ю ю	û (ju)†	ju	û	yu	ju
Я я	â (ja)†	ja	â	ya	ja

Obsolete letters
Cyrillic	GOST 16876-71 table 1	GOST 16876-71 table 2	GOST 7.79-2000, system A; ISO (1995)	GOST 7.79-2000, system B; ISO (1995)	UN 1987
Pre-1918 letters
І і	ì	ih	ì	i, i'†††	ĭ
Ѳ ѳ	-	-	f̀	fh	ḟ
Ѣ ѣ	-	-	ě	ye	ě
Ѵ ѵ	-	-	ỳ	yh	ẏ

Notes:

† In parenthesis the acceptable additional variants are shown.

†† It is recommended to use c before i, e, y, and j, and cz in all other cases.

††† Cyrillic і in Ukrainian

Ukrainian language

Ukrainian is a language of the East Slavic subgroup of the Slavic languages. It is the official state language of Ukraine. Written Ukrainian uses a variant of the Cyrillic alphabet....

and Belorussian is always transliterated as Latin i, as well as in Old Russian and Old Bulgarian texts where it is usually used before vowels. In the rare case where it falls before a consonant (for example, in the word мiръ) it is transliterated with an apostrophe i' .

The letters і, ѳ, ѣ, ѵ are found in texts from before the Russian orthographic reform of 1918

Reforms of Russian orthography

The reform of Russian orthography refers to changes made to the Russian alphabet over the course of the history of the Russian language.- Early Changes :...

Ukrainian

During 1995—2009 the Ukrainian Derzhstandart tried to introduce the new system of transliteration instead of the Soviet one, though none of the draft projects were accepted officially.

**GOST for Ukrainian letters**
Cyrillic	г	ґ	є	и	і	ї	й	х	'
GOST 16876-71 table 1	g	–	ê, je	i	ì	ì	j	h, ch	*
GOST 16876-71 table 2	g	–	je	i	ih	ji	jj	kh	"
Derzhstandart (project 2008)	h	g	ê, je*	y	i	ï, ji*	j	x	’

Note: * System B (without diacritics)

Russian

Ukrainian

See also

Official documents

Articles