Fryazino
Encyclopedia
Fryazino is a scientific
town in Moscow Oblast
, Russia
, located on the Lyuboseyevka River (Vorya
's tributary) 25 kilometres (15.5 mi) northeast of the city of Moscow. Population:
Fryazino is a center of the Russian (Soviet) microwave
electronics
.
The first mention the Fryazino was in the 1584–1586 cadastres of Moskovsky uyezd: "Villages Fryazinova and Samsonov as well on the river of Lyubosivka, and it includes of plowed gray land tillage 4 desiatinas and of fallow 13,5 desiatinas in the field and the same in two (implying: cultivated fields), hay 10 haycocks, firewood forest, 5 acres" . Then the village belonged to the demesne Bogdan Belsky
.
In 1933 in a former silk-weaving manufactory was founded the plant "Vacuum tube" . Since that time Fryazino became the center of the Soviet electronics industry. The first Research Institute SRI-160 (its modern name is Federal State Unitary Enterprise RPC "Istok") was founded in Fryazino in 1943, then their number increases to five. Branch of the Institute of Radio-engineering and Electronics was founded in Fryazino in 1955.
In Soviet times, forming enterprises have been working on a military reservation Institute. With the collapse of the Soviet Union, these institutions have been forced to cut most of the staff. Currently, a large part of the population of Fryazino works in Moscow.
By way of defense conversion research institutes were established enterprises: in 1993 — "Istok-Sistema", a manufacturer of medical equipment under the brand name "Gastroscan", in 1994 — "Istok-Audio", a manufacturer of hearing aid
s. In addition to electronic and medical industry in the town of is a confectionery industry, as well as tea-packing factory of the company "May". The town also has the furniture factories.
, 2 Full Members
of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 120 winners of the Lenin
and State
Prizes.
On the eastern outskirts of the town on the banks of the Lyuboseyevka river is the historic estate of Grebnevo
(1780-1790; reconstructed in 1817-1823). Also Alley of Heroes is in the center of the downtown, on which there are the busts Heroes of the Soviet Union
from Fryazino who participated in World War II
: Alexandr Dudkin, Boris Eryashev, Ivan Ivanov. Another monument is "Stella wins" that indicates the names of all of residents Fryazino who participant in WWII. There are some museums: the Town Museum, Ivan Ivanov's Home, the Literary Museum of Osip Mandelstam
and other.
The town is located on the on the Fryanovo motorway P-110 (Schyolkovo — Fryanovo) at a distance of 7 km from the beginning of the motorway. The town has a new bus station, located on the Polevaya str. There are three town bus lines and the same taxi. In addition, through the town are 10 commuter bus routes (including those from Moscow). Inside the town there are several different taxi services.
Also in town there is a railway station and two passenger platforms (Fryazino-Commodity and Fryazino-Passenger, which is finite).
Fryazino has quite ramified computer network Fryazino.net.
Naukograd
A naukograd , meaning "science city", is a formal term for towns with high concentration of research and development facilities in Russia and the Soviet Union, some specifically built by the Soviet Union for these purposes. Some of the towns were secret, and were part of a larger system of closed...
town in Moscow Oblast
Moscow Oblast
Moscow Oblast , or Podmoskovye , is a federal subject of Russia . Its area, at , is relatively small compared to other federal subjects, but it is one of the most densely populated regions in the country and, with the 2010 population of 7,092,941, is the second most populous federal subject...
, Russia
Russia
Russia or , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
, located on the Lyuboseyevka River (Vorya
Vorya River
The Vorya River is a river in Moscow Oblast, Russia. It is a left tributary of the Klyazma River. It is 99 km in length, with a drainage basin of 1160 km²....
's tributary) 25 kilometres (15.5 mi) northeast of the city of Moscow. Population:
Fryazino is a center of the Russian (Soviet) microwave
Microwave
Microwaves, a subset of radio waves, have wavelengths ranging from as long as one meter to as short as one millimeter, or equivalently, with frequencies between 300 MHz and 300 GHz. This broad definition includes both UHF and EHF , and various sources use different boundaries...
electronics
Electronics
Electronics is the branch of science, engineering and technology that deals with electrical circuits involving active electrical components such as vacuum tubes, transistors, diodes and integrated circuits, and associated passive interconnection technologies...
.
History
In 1584–1856, the villages of Grebnevo, Fryazinovka, and Chizhovo stood on the territory occupied by modern Fryazino. Silk-weaving manufactures were established here in the second half of the 18th century.The first mention the Fryazino was in the 1584–1586 cadastres of Moskovsky uyezd: "Villages Fryazinova and Samsonov as well on the river of Lyubosivka, and it includes of plowed gray land tillage 4 desiatinas and of fallow 13,5 desiatinas in the field and the same in two (implying: cultivated fields), hay 10 haycocks, firewood forest, 5 acres" . Then the village belonged to the demesne Bogdan Belsky
Bogdan Belsky
Bogdan Yakovlevich Belsky was a Russian statesman and a close associate of Ivan the Terrible.Bogdan was not related to the great Gedyminid princely family of the same name. It is believed that he became welcome at the royal court owing to his kinship with Malyuta Skuratov...
.
- In 1784 — village Fryazina.
- In 1791 — the templeTempleA temple is a structure reserved for religious or spiritual activities, such as prayer and sacrifice, or analogous rites. A templum constituted a sacred precinct as defined by a priest, or augur. It has the same root as the word "template," a plan in preparation of the building that was marked out...
TheotokosTheotokosTheotokos is the Greek title of Mary, the mother of Jesus used especially in the Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, and Eastern Catholic Churches. Its literal English translations include God-bearer and the one who gives birth to God. Less literal translations include Mother of God...
of Grebnevo was built. - In 1868 — the village Fryazino.
- Since 1938 — work settlementUrban-type settlementUrban-type settlement ; , selyshche mis'koho typu ) is an official designation for a type of locality used in some of the countries of the former Soviet Union...
Fryazino. - In 1951 — it was granted townTownA town is a human settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city. The size a settlement must be in order to be called a "town" varies considerably in different parts of the world, so that, for example, many American "small towns" seem to British people to be no more than villages, while...
status. - In 1968 Fryazino received the status of regional subordination.
- In 2003, December 29, Presidential decree granted Fryazino the status of the Scientific townNaukogradA naukograd , meaning "science city", is a formal term for towns with high concentration of research and development facilities in Russia and the Soviet Union, some specifically built by the Soviet Union for these purposes. Some of the towns were secret, and were part of a larger system of closed...
of the Russian Federation. - In 2009, October 28, in Fryazino under the chairmanship of President of Russia Dmitry MedvedevDmitry MedvedevDmitry Anatolyevich Medvedev is the third President of the Russian Federation.Born to a family of academics, Medvedev graduated from the Law Department of Leningrad State University in 1987. He defended his dissertation in 1990 and worked as a docent at his alma mater, now renamed to Saint...
held a meeting of the Commission for Modernization and Technological Development of Russian Economy.
Economy
In 1901 Anna Kaptsova founded the big silk-weaving manufactory in the village of Fryazino. It was the first stone building in the village (nationalized in 1918, closed in 1929).In 1933 in a former silk-weaving manufactory was founded the plant "Vacuum tube" . Since that time Fryazino became the center of the Soviet electronics industry. The first Research Institute SRI-160 (its modern name is Federal State Unitary Enterprise RPC "Istok") was founded in Fryazino in 1943, then their number increases to five. Branch of the Institute of Radio-engineering and Electronics was founded in Fryazino in 1955.
In Soviet times, forming enterprises have been working on a military reservation Institute. With the collapse of the Soviet Union, these institutions have been forced to cut most of the staff. Currently, a large part of the population of Fryazino works in Moscow.
By way of defense conversion research institutes were established enterprises: in 1993 — "Istok-Sistema", a manufacturer of medical equipment under the brand name "Gastroscan", in 1994 — "Istok-Audio", a manufacturer of hearing aid
Hearing aid
A hearing aid is an electroacoustic device which typically fits in or behind the wearer's ear, and is designed to amplify and modulate sound for the wearer. Earlier devices, known as "ear trumpets" or "ear horns", were passive funnel-like amplification cones designed to gather sound energy and...
s. In addition to electronic and medical industry in the town of is a confectionery industry, as well as tea-packing factory of the company "May". The town also has the furniture factories.
Education
A first school was opened in Fryazino in 1912. There are 7 schools, including 5 secondary, gymnasium and lyceum in the town now. By the end of 1980 20% of the population of Fryazino had higher education, among them — 460 Candidates of Sciences and 77 Doctors of SciencesDoktor nauk
Doktor nauk is a higher doctoral degree, the second and the highest post-graduate academic degree in the Soviet Union, Russia and in many post-Soviet states. Sometimes referred to as Dr. Hab. The prerequisite is the first degree, Kandidat nauk which is informally regarded equivalent to Ph.D....
, 2 Full Members
Academician
The title Academician denotes a Full Member of an art, literary, or scientific academy.In many countries, it is an honorary title. There also exists a lower-rank title, variously translated Corresponding Member or Associate Member, .-Eastern Europe and China:"Academician" may also be a functional...
of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 120 winners of the Lenin
Lenin Prize
The Lenin Prize was one of the most prestigious awards of the USSR, presented to individuals for accomplishments relating to science, literature, arts, architecture, and technology. It was created on June 23, 1925 and was awarded until 1934. During the period from 1935 to 1956, the Lenin Prize was...
and State
USSR State Prize
The USSR State Prize was the Soviet Union's state honour. It was established on September 9, 1966. After the breakup of the Soviet Union, the prize was followed up by the State Prize of the Russian Federation....
Prizes.
Architecture and sights
Grebnevo
Grebnevo is a former country seat of the Galitzine, Trubetskoy, and Bibikov noble families. The manor is situated about 30 km east of Moscow, on the outskirts of Fryazino, on the bank of the Lyuboseyevka River....
(1780-1790; reconstructed in 1817-1823). Also Alley of Heroes is in the center of the downtown, on which there are the busts Heroes of the Soviet Union
Hero of the Soviet Union
The title Hero of the Soviet Union was the highest distinction in the Soviet Union, awarded personally or collectively for heroic feats in service to the Soviet state and society.-Overview:...
from Fryazino who participated in World War II
World War II
World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...
: Alexandr Dudkin, Boris Eryashev, Ivan Ivanov. Another monument is "Stella wins" that indicates the names of all of residents Fryazino who participant in WWII. There are some museums: the Town Museum, Ivan Ivanov's Home, the Literary Museum of Osip Mandelstam
Osip Mandelstam
Osip Emilyevich Mandelstam was a Russian poet and essayist who lived in Russia during and after its revolution and the rise of the Soviet Union. He was one of the foremost members of the Acmeist school of poets...
and other.
Transport and Communications
There are two ways you can get to by public transport from Moscow to Fryazino:- by train from Yaroslavsky Rail TerminalYaroslavsky Rail TerminalYaroslavsky Rail Terminal is one of the nine railway terminals in Moscow, situated on the Komsomolskaya Square. It has the highest passenger throughput of all the nine Moscow rail terminals, serving eastern destinations, including the Russian Far East. It is the terminus of the Trans-Siberian...
in about 1 hour 15 min - by minibus or coach (№ 361, № 335) from the Moscow Central Bus TerminalMoscow Central Bus TerminalMoscow Central Bus Terminal is a bus terminal in Moscow for long-range and intercity passenger buses with daily overturn of about 25 thousand passengers serving about 40% of long-range bus routes in Moscow. . Situated near Shcholkovskaya Metro station. It is owned by a state Mostransavto...
(around Moscow underground station ShcholkovskayaShcholkovskayaShcholkovskaya is a Metro station on the Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya Line. It is an Eastern terminus of the line. Its name owes to the location near the Shchyolkovo highway. It opened in 1963 and was built at 8 m below the ground to the standardized pillar-trispan design, which was commonly used from the...
) in about 45 minutes, except for peak hours.
The town is located on the on the Fryanovo motorway P-110 (Schyolkovo — Fryanovo) at a distance of 7 km from the beginning of the motorway. The town has a new bus station, located on the Polevaya str. There are three town bus lines and the same taxi. In addition, through the town are 10 commuter bus routes (including those from Moscow). Inside the town there are several different taxi services.
Also in town there is a railway station and two passenger platforms (Fryazino-Commodity and Fryazino-Passenger, which is finite).
Fryazino has quite ramified computer network Fryazino.net.
People associated with Fryazino
- Aleksandr Balandin — RussiaRussiaRussia or , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
n cosmonautAstronautAn astronaut or cosmonaut is a person trained by a human spaceflight program to command, pilot, or serve as a crew member of a spacecraft.... - Nikolay DevyatkovNikolay DevyatkovNikolay Devyatkov — was a Soviet/Russian scientist and inventor of microwave vacuum tubes and medical equipment. Full Member of the USSR/Russian Academy of Sciences . Professor of the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology.Most Devyatkov's scientific papers apply to a microwave vacuum tubes...
(1907-2001) — AcademicianAcademicianThe title Academician denotes a Full Member of an art, literary, or scientific academy.In many countries, it is an honorary title. There also exists a lower-rank title, variously translated Corresponding Member or Associate Member, .-Eastern Europe and China:"Academician" may also be a functional...
of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Hero of Socialist Labour, Lenin PrizeLenin PrizeThe Lenin Prize was one of the most prestigious awards of the USSR, presented to individuals for accomplishments relating to science, literature, arts, architecture, and technology. It was created on June 23, 1925 and was awarded until 1934. During the period from 1935 to 1956, the Lenin Prize was...
winner - Yuri GulyaevYuri Vasilyevich GulyayevYuri Vasilyevich Gulyayev — is a Russian physicists and inventor. Full Member and Member of the Presidium of Russian Academy of Science , head of the Semiconductor Electronics chair in the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology...
(b. 1935) — a Full MemberAcademicianThe title Academician denotes a Full Member of an art, literary, or scientific academy.In many countries, it is an honorary title. There also exists a lower-rank title, variously translated Corresponding Member or Associate Member, .-Eastern Europe and China:"Academician" may also be a functional...
and a Member of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of SciencesRussian Academy of SciencesThe Russian Academy of Sciences consists of the national academy of Russia and a network of scientific research institutes from across the Russian Federation as well as auxiliary scientific and social units like libraries, publishers and hospitals....
, USSR State PrizeUSSR State PrizeThe USSR State Prize was the Soviet Union's state honour. It was established on September 9, 1966. After the breakup of the Soviet Union, the prize was followed up by the State Prize of the Russian Federation....
and State Prize of the Russian FederationState Prize of the Russian FederationState Prize of the Russian Federation is a state honorary prize established in 1992 as the substitute for the USSR State Prize. In 2004 the rules for selection of laureates and the status of the award was significantly changed making them closer to such awards as Nobel Prize or the Soviet Lenin...
winner. - Ivanov Ivan Ivanovich — pilot of Second World War, the Hero of Soviet Union
- Aleksey Kuleshov — volleyballVolleyballVolleyball is a team sport in which two teams of six players are separated by a net. Each team tries to score points by grounding a ball on the other team's court under organized rules.The complete rules are extensive...
player - Stanislav PetrovStanislav PetrovOn September 26, 1983 the Nuclear Early Warning System of the Soviet Union twice reported the launch of American Minuteman ICBMs from bases in the United States. These missile attack warnings were correctly identified as a false alarm by Stanislav Yevgrafovich Petrov, an officer of the Soviet Air...
— Soviet lieutenant colonel, who prevented a nuclear war - Alexander L. Zaitsev — Russian scientist, specialist in Radar astronomyRadar astronomyRadar astronomy is a technique of observing nearby astronomical objects by reflecting microwaves off target objects and analyzing the echoes. This research has been conducted for six decades. Radar astronomy differs from radio astronomy in that the latter is a passive observation and the former an...
and SETISETIThe search for extraterrestrial intelligence is the collective name for a number of activities people undertake to search for intelligent extraterrestrial life. Some of the most well known projects are run by the SETI Institute. SETI projects use scientific methods to search for intelligent life...