Frederick III, Prince of Salm-Kyrburg
Encyclopedia
Frederick III John Otto Francis Christian Philip, prince of Salm-Kyrburg
, Hornes
and Overijse
, Gemen
and Count of Solre-le-Château
. Frederick was the eldest son of Philip Joseph, Prince of Salm-Kyrburg
and Princess Maria Theresa of Hornes. He grew up at the French court. Through his mother, the eldest daughter of Maximilian, Prince of Hornes, he inherited all the possessions of the Hornes family. He held the title from 1779 to 1794.
during the era of the Patriots
as a negotiator with the Austrian emperor Joseph II
, to dismantle the Barrier treaties 1709-1715
. As commander of the Legion of the Rhine (Legioen van de Rijngraaf van Salm), formed by Count of Salm during the Kettle War
in 1784, his troops were responsible for the defense of the republic. The troops included eight companies of Hussars, two companies of Jaegers
, and six companies of Foot
, including sharpshooters. In 1786, Holland employed him to maintain an army, but six months later dismissed his regiment to save money. In Amsterdam a fund was set up to support his troops so that Von Salm, eager to replace the Stadtholder
, could remain.
On May, 12 1787 Frederick led the army to Utrecht
, to protect the Patriot occupation of the "democratic Eldorado". On the 28 June, he marched to Woerden
to capture princess Wilhelmina of Prussia, the wife of the Prince of Orange
. Early September 1787, the Gelderse
Hunters corps occupied Makkum
on the initiative of Court Lambertus van Beyma
. When Frederick William II of Prussia
invaded the Dutch Republic, Frederick left Utrecht three days later, without giving battle. His regiment retreated through Amsterdam to Weesp
, and Frederick endured heavy criticism.
There are different versions of what happened next. He may have remained hidden for a few months in the house of Henry Hope
. Possibly he secretly left the city of Amsterdam within a week and stopped in Jever
, but as East-Frisia was Prussia
n, not very likely. He may have fled to his brother at Grumbach
in the Rhineland-Palatinate
In the summer of 1788 one of the leading patriots Pieter Paulus
refused to admit him on a visit to Paris. In 1791 Quint Ondaatje
, his personal assistant, wrote him an apology.
In 1794 Von Salm was guillotine
d together with Alexandre de Beauharnais, the lover of Amalie Zephyrine van Salm-Kyrburg, for their ties with the "Ancien Regime".
Frederick commissioned the construction of the Hôtel de Salm in Paris, where Madame de Stael gave her soirees in 1797. From 1804, the Légion d'Honneur
resided in the Hôtel, but it was destroyed by fire in 1871. The villa was rebuilt and is named Palais de la Légion d'Honneur
. Henry Hope
wanted to copy the Hôtel de Salm in Haarlem, for his Villa Welgelegen
.
. They had four children, of whom only one lived to adulthood:
Salm-Kyrburg
Salm-Kyrburg was a state of the Holy Roman Empire located in present-day Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, one of the various partitions of Salm. It was twice created: the first time as a Wild- and Rhinegraviate , and secondly as a Principality...
, Hornes
Principality of Hornes
The Principality of Hornes was created on the October 16, 1677, and was awarded to Count Eugene Maximillian of Hornes. He was elavated to the rank of Prince, as Prince Eugene Maximilien of Hornes, second prince of the Empire. He was the son of Count Ambrosius of Hornes. This Royal House was...
and Overijse
Overijse
Overijse is a municipality in the province of Flemish Brabant, in Flanders, one of the three regions of Belgium. The municipality comprises the town of Overijse, and the communities of Eizer, Maleizen, Jezus-Eik, Tombeek and Terlanen. On December 31, 2008 Overijse had a total population of 24,410...
, Gemen
Gemen
Gemen was an immediate, sovereign lordship of the Holy Roman Empire, in the Lower Rhine region. Since Gemen had a vote in the Imperial Diet it was also an Imperial Estate. It was centered on Gemen, a small town and castle in the present municipality of Borken, western North Rhine-Westphalia.Gemen...
and Count of Solre-le-Château
Solre-le-Château
-References:*...
. Frederick was the eldest son of Philip Joseph, Prince of Salm-Kyrburg
Philip Joseph, Prince of Salm-Kyrburg
Philip Joseph, Prince of Salm-Kyrburg was the first prince of Salm-Kyrburg, from 1743 to 1779. He was the second son of Hendrik Gabriel Joseph, regent of Salm-Kyrburg from 1696 to 1716, and his wife Maria Theresia of Croÿ...
and Princess Maria Theresa of Hornes. He grew up at the French court. Through his mother, the eldest daughter of Maximilian, Prince of Hornes, he inherited all the possessions of the Hornes family. He held the title from 1779 to 1794.
Dutch Patriots
Frederick played an important role as a military leader of the Dutch RepublicDutch Republic
The Dutch Republic — officially known as the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands , the Republic of the United Netherlands, or the Republic of the Seven United Provinces — was a republic in Europe existing from 1581 to 1795, preceding the Batavian Republic and ultimately...
during the era of the Patriots
Patriots (faction)
The Patriots were a political faction in the Dutch Republic in the second half of the 18th century. They were led by Joan van der Capellen tot den Pol, gaining power from November 1782....
as a negotiator with the Austrian emperor Joseph II
Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor
Joseph II was Holy Roman Emperor from 1765 to 1790 and ruler of the Habsburg lands from 1780 to 1790. He was the eldest son of Empress Maria Theresa and her husband, Francis I...
, to dismantle the Barrier treaties 1709-1715
Barrier Treaty
The "Barrier Treaties" were the names of three agreements signed and ratified during or immediately after the War of Spanish Succession.-First:...
. As commander of the Legion of the Rhine (Legioen van de Rijngraaf van Salm), formed by Count of Salm during the Kettle War
Kettle War
The Kettle War is the nickname given to a short war or incident between the troops of the Republic of the Seven Netherlands and the Holy Roman Empire that began on 8 October 1784...
in 1784, his troops were responsible for the defense of the republic. The troops included eight companies of Hussars, two companies of Jaegers
Light infantry
Traditionally light infantry were soldiers whose job was to provide a skirmishing screen ahead of the main body of infantry, harassing and delaying the enemy advance. Light infantry was distinct from medium, heavy or line infantry. Heavy infantry were dedicated primarily to fighting in tight...
, and six companies of Foot
Infantry
Infantrymen are soldiers who are specifically trained for the role of fighting on foot to engage the enemy face to face and have historically borne the brunt of the casualties of combat in wars. As the oldest branch of combat arms, they are the backbone of armies...
, including sharpshooters. In 1786, Holland employed him to maintain an army, but six months later dismissed his regiment to save money. In Amsterdam a fund was set up to support his troops so that Von Salm, eager to replace the Stadtholder
Stadtholder
A Stadtholder A Stadtholder A Stadtholder (Dutch: stadhouder [], "steward" or "lieutenant", literally place holder, holding someones place, possibly a calque of German Statthalter, French lieutenant, or Middle Latin locum tenens...
, could remain.
On May, 12 1787 Frederick led the army to Utrecht
Utrecht (city)
Utrecht city and municipality is the capital and most populous city of the Dutch province of Utrecht. It is located in the eastern corner of the Randstad conurbation, and is the fourth largest city of the Netherlands with a population of 312,634 on 1 Jan 2011.Utrecht's ancient city centre features...
, to protect the Patriot occupation of the "democratic Eldorado". On the 28 June, he marched to Woerden
Woerden
Woerden is a municipality and a city in the central Netherlands. Due to its central location between Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague and Utrecht, and the fact that it has excellent rail and road connections to those cities, it is a popular town for commuters who work in those cities.-Population...
to capture princess Wilhelmina of Prussia, the wife of the Prince of Orange
Wilhelmina of Prussia, Princess of Orange
Wilhelmina of Prussia, born Frederika Sophia Wilhelmina, , was the consort of William V of Orange and also the de facto leader of the dynastic party and contra revolution in the Netherlands...
. Early September 1787, the Gelderse
Gelderland
Gelderland is the largest province of the Netherlands, located in the central eastern part of the country. The capital city is Arnhem. The two other major cities, Nijmegen and Apeldoorn have more inhabitants. Other major regional centers in Gelderland are Ede, Doetinchem, Zutphen, Tiel, Wijchen,...
Hunters corps occupied Makkum
Makkum
Makkum is a village in Wûnseradiel in the province Friesland of the Netherlands and has around 3500 citizens .The dutch queen Beatrix came to visit Makkum in 2008 at Queensday....
on the initiative of Court Lambertus van Beyma
Court Lambertus van Beyma
Coert or Court Lambertus van Beyma was a notary and auctioneer, delegate and representative of the Frisian States, leader of the Frisian patriots, coup leader and in exile in northern France...
. When Frederick William II of Prussia
Frederick William II of Prussia
Frederick William II was the King of Prussia, reigning from 1786 until his death. He was in personal union the Prince-Elector of Brandenburg and the sovereign prince of the Principality of Neuchâtel.-Early life:...
invaded the Dutch Republic, Frederick left Utrecht three days later, without giving battle. His regiment retreated through Amsterdam to Weesp
Weesp
Weesp is a town and a municipality in the Netherlands, in the province of North Holland. It has a population of 17,533 .Weesp lies next to the rivers de Vecht and Smal Weesp and also next to the Amsterdam-Rhine Canal. It is in an area called the "Vechtstreek"...
, and Frederick endured heavy criticism.
There are different versions of what happened next. He may have remained hidden for a few months in the house of Henry Hope
Henry Hope
Henry Hope was an Amsterdam merchant banker born in Boston, in Britain's Massachusetts Bay Colony in North America.-Early years:...
. Possibly he secretly left the city of Amsterdam within a week and stopped in Jever
Jever
Jever is the capital of the district of Friesland in Lower Saxony, Germany. The name Jever is usually associated with a major brand of beer which is produced here, the city is also a popular holiday resort. Jever was granted city status in 1536. Unofficially Jever is sometimes referred to as...
, but as East-Frisia was Prussia
Prussia
Prussia was a German kingdom and historic state originating out of the Duchy of Prussia and the Margraviate of Brandenburg. For centuries, the House of Hohenzollern ruled Prussia, successfully expanding its size by way of an unusually well-organized and effective army. Prussia shaped the history...
n, not very likely. He may have fled to his brother at Grumbach
Grumbach
Grumbach is a municipality in the district of Kusel, in Rhineland-Palatinate, western Germany....
in the Rhineland-Palatinate
Rhineland-Palatinate
Rhineland-Palatinate is one of the 16 states of the Federal Republic of Germany. It has an area of and about four million inhabitants. The capital is Mainz. English speakers also commonly refer to the state by its German name, Rheinland-Pfalz ....
In the summer of 1788 one of the leading patriots Pieter Paulus
Pieter Paulus
Pieter Paulus was a Dutch jurist, admiral-fiscal and politician. He was one of the ideologues of the Patriot movement and is considered by many Dutch as the founder of their democracy and political unity.-Life:His father was Axel's mill-builder, schepen and mayor...
refused to admit him on a visit to Paris. In 1791 Quint Ondaatje
Quint Ondaatje
Pieter Philips Jurriaan Quint Ondaatje was a Dutch patriot and politician. He is called the champion of Dutch democracy.-Life:...
, his personal assistant, wrote him an apology.
In 1794 Von Salm was guillotine
Guillotine
The guillotine is a device used for carrying out :executions by decapitation. It consists of a tall upright frame from which an angled blade is suspended. This blade is raised with a rope and then allowed to drop, severing the head from the body...
d together with Alexandre de Beauharnais, the lover of Amalie Zephyrine van Salm-Kyrburg, for their ties with the "Ancien Regime".
Legacy
Légion d'honneur
The Legion of Honour, or in full the National Order of the Legion of Honour is a French order established by Napoleon Bonaparte, First Consul of the Consulat which succeeded to the First Republic, on 19 May 1802...
resided in the Hôtel, but it was destroyed by fire in 1871. The villa was rebuilt and is named Palais de la Légion d'Honneur
Palais de la Légion d'Honneur
The Palais de la Légion d'Honneur is the building on the west bank of the River Seine in Paris that houses the Musée national de la Légion d'Honneur et des Ordres de Chevalerie and is the seat of the Légion d'honneur, the highest order of chivalry of France...
. Henry Hope
Henry Hope
Henry Hope was an Amsterdam merchant banker born in Boston, in Britain's Massachusetts Bay Colony in North America.-Early years:...
wanted to copy the Hôtel de Salm in Haarlem, for his Villa Welgelegen
Villa Welgelegen
Villa Welgelegen is a historical building in Haarlem, the Netherlands, which currently houses the offices of the provincial executives of North Holland. Located at the north end of a public park in the city, it is an example of neoclassical architecture, unusual for its style in the...
.
Marriage and issue
Frederick married in 1781 Princess Johanna Francesca of Hohenzollern-SigmaringenHohenzollern-Sigmaringen
-Noble jurisdictions:Prince Karl Eitel of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, and descendants of his nephew Ferdinand ruled over the Kingdom of Romania, as Karl Eitel did not have children...
. They had four children, of whom only one lived to adulthood:
- Hereditary Prince Frederick Henry Otto (1785–1786)
- Prince Frederick Emmanuel Otto Louis Philip Conrad (1786)
- Prince Frederick IV Ernest Otto Philip Anton FurnibertFrederick IV, Prince of Salm-KyrburgFrederik IV Ernst Otto Philip Anton Furnibert was prince of Salm-Kyrburg, Ahaus and Bocholt from 1794 to 1813. He was the son and successor to Frederick III and his wife Johanna Franciska of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen...
(1789–1859), his father's successor - Princess Philippine Friederike Wilhelmine (1783–1786)