Fejervarya
Encyclopedia
Fejervarya is one of the Asia
n genera
of true frog
s. First proposed in 1915 by István József Bolkay, a Jugoslavian (at that time Austrian-Hungarian) naturalist
of Hungarian descent also known as Stephan Bolkay, the genus did not see widespread adoption at first. As late as the 1990s
it was generally included in Rana
, but more recent studies have confirmed its distinctness.
These frogs are remarkable for being extremely euryhaline
by amphibian
standards. Species such as the Crab-eating Frog (F. cancrivora) and F. raja
can thrive in brackish water, and the tadpole
s of the latter can even survive in pure seawater
.
is suspected to be paraphyletic. Any or all of Euphlyctis
, Hoplobatrachus
, Nannophrys
and Sphaerotheca are closer relatives of some species included in Feyervarya sensu lato than the latter are to their supposed congener
s. Hence, it seems necessary to split up this genus, but too few species
have been studied in sufficient detail to reliably draw a boundary at present. As it seems however, the dividing line runs essentially between South Asia
n and Southeast Asia
n species, but there are some exceptions, speciation
by hybridization – widespread among frogs – is liable to make molecular phylogenetic studies less reliable than elsewhere, and a few populations – e.g. F. nicobariensis
and an undescribed but highly distinct lineage from Vietnam
– do not easily fit into this scheme.
Provisionally, the two suspected lineages are referred to as "F. limnocharis
group" or Fejervarya sensu stricto – as F. limnocharis is the type species
of Fejervarya – and "F. syhadrensis
group". The widespread Cricket Frog (F. limnocharis) and some others have also been suspected to be cryptic species complex
es since at least the 1970s, and indeed a few populations have been identified that almost certainly constitute undescribed species.
F. limnocharis group (mainly Southeast Asia)
– Crab-eating Frog Fejervarya iskandari
Fejervarya limnocharis
– Cricket Frog
Fejervarya orissaensis
Fejervarya vittigera
Fejervarya cf. limnocharis/orissaensis 'Thailand'
F. syhadrensis group (mainly South Asia)
Incertae sedis
Asia
Asia is the world's largest and most populous continent, located primarily in the eastern and northern hemispheres. It covers 8.7% of the Earth's total surface area and with approximately 3.879 billion people, it hosts 60% of the world's current human population...
n genera
Genera
Genera is a commercial operating system and development environment for Lisp machines developed by Symbolics. It is essentially a fork of an earlier operating system originating on the MIT AI Lab's Lisp machines which Symbolics had used in common with LMI and Texas Instruments...
of true frog
True frog
The true frogs, family Ranidae, have the widest distribution of any frog family. They are abundant throughout most of the world, occurring on most continents except Antarctica...
s. First proposed in 1915 by István József Bolkay, a Jugoslavian (at that time Austrian-Hungarian) naturalist
Naturalist
Naturalist may refer to:* Practitioner of natural history* Conservationist* Advocate of naturalism * Naturalist , autobiography-See also:* The American Naturalist, periodical* Naturalism...
of Hungarian descent also known as Stephan Bolkay, the genus did not see widespread adoption at first. As late as the 1990s
1990s
File:1990s decade montage.png|From left, clockwise: The Hubble Space Telescope floats in space after it was taken up in 1990; American F-16s and F-15s fly over burning oil fields and the USA Lexie in Operation Desert Storm, also known as the 1991 Gulf War; The signing of the Oslo Accords on...
it was generally included in Rana
Rana (genus)
Rana is a genus of frogs. Species include such archetypal pond frogs as the common frog of Europe, brown frogs, and the New and Old World true frogs, including the various species of leopard frogs and the American bullfrog. Members of this genus are found through much of Eurasia, North America,...
, but more recent studies have confirmed its distinctness.
These frogs are remarkable for being extremely euryhaline
Euryhaline
Euryhaline organisms are able to adapt to a wide range of salinities. An example of a euryhaline fish is the molly which can live in fresh, brackish, or salt water. The European shore crab is an example of a euryhaline invertebrate that can live in salt and brackish water...
by amphibian
Amphibian
Amphibians , are a class of vertebrate animals including animals such as toads, frogs, caecilians, and salamanders. They are characterized as non-amniote ectothermic tetrapods...
standards. Species such as the Crab-eating Frog (F. cancrivora) and F. raja
Fejervarya raja
Fejervarya raja is a species of frog in the Ranidae family.It is found in Malaysia and Thailand.Its natural habitats are coastal saline lagoons, urban areas, and canals and ditches. Adults can survive in salt water with salinity as high as 2.8%, and tadpoles can survive salinities as high as...
can thrive in brackish water, and the tadpole
Tadpole
A tadpole or polliwog is the wholly aquatic larval stage in the life cycle of an amphibian, particularly that of a frog or toad.- Appellation :...
s of the latter can even survive in pure seawater
Seawater
Seawater is water from a sea or ocean. On average, seawater in the world's oceans has a salinity of about 3.5% . This means that every kilogram of seawater has approximately of dissolved salts . The average density of seawater at the ocean surface is 1.025 g/ml...
.
Systematics and taxonomy
As delimited here, the genusGenus
In biology, a genus is a low-level taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms, which is an example of definition by genus and differentia...
is suspected to be paraphyletic. Any or all of Euphlyctis
Euphlyctis
Euphlyctis is a genus of true frogs.-Species:* Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis .* Euphlyctis ehrenbergii .* Euphlyctis ghoshi .* Euphlyctis hexadactylus ....
, Hoplobatrachus
Hoplobatrachus
Hoplobatrachus is a genus of true frogs which has four described species.-Species:* Hoplobatrachus chinensis .* Hoplobatrachus crassus .* Hoplobatrachus occipitalis ....
, Nannophrys
Nannophrys
Nannophrys is a genus of true frogs from Sri Lanka.-Species:* Nannophrys ceylonensis Günther, 1869.* Nannophrys guentheri Boulenger, 1882. * Nannophrys marmorata Kirtisinghe, 1946....
and Sphaerotheca are closer relatives of some species included in Feyervarya sensu lato than the latter are to their supposed congener
Congener
Congener has several different meanings depending on the field in which it is used. Colloquially, it is used to mean a person or thing like another, in character or action.-Biology:In biology, congeners are organisms within the same genus...
s. Hence, it seems necessary to split up this genus, but too few species
Species
In biology, a species is one of the basic units of biological classification and a taxonomic rank. A species is often defined as a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. While in many cases this definition is adequate, more precise or differing measures are...
have been studied in sufficient detail to reliably draw a boundary at present. As it seems however, the dividing line runs essentially between South Asia
South Asia
South Asia, also known as Southern Asia, is the southern region of the Asian continent, which comprises the sub-Himalayan countries and, for some authorities , also includes the adjoining countries to the west and the east...
n and Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia, South-East Asia, South East Asia or Southeastern Asia is a subregion of Asia, consisting of the countries that are geographically south of China, east of India, west of New Guinea and north of Australia. The region lies on the intersection of geological plates, with heavy seismic...
n species, but there are some exceptions, speciation
Speciation
Speciation is the evolutionary process by which new biological species arise. The biologist Orator F. Cook seems to have been the first to coin the term 'speciation' for the splitting of lineages or 'cladogenesis,' as opposed to 'anagenesis' or 'phyletic evolution' occurring within lineages...
by hybridization – widespread among frogs – is liable to make molecular phylogenetic studies less reliable than elsewhere, and a few populations – e.g. F. nicobariensis
Fejervarya nicobariensis
Fejervarya nicobariensis, the Nicobar Cricket-frog, is a species of frog found in southern Asia. It is found in Malaysia, Indonesia, the southern part of Thailand, on the island of Palawan in the Philippines, and the Little Nicobar, and Great Nicobar Islands of India. There have been reports of...
and an undescribed but highly distinct lineage from Vietnam
Vietnam
Vietnam – sometimes spelled Viet Nam , officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam – is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. It is bordered by China to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, and the South China Sea –...
– do not easily fit into this scheme.
Provisionally, the two suspected lineages are referred to as "F. limnocharis
Fejervarya limnocharis
The Cricket Frog is a species of frog found widely distributed in South Asia. Molecular studies of the species complex suggest that there may be multiple species involved.-Description:...
group" or Fejervarya sensu stricto – as F. limnocharis is the type species
Type species
In biological nomenclature, a type species is both a concept and a practical system which is used in the classification and nomenclature of animals and plants. The value of a "type species" lies in the fact that it makes clear what is meant by a particular genus name. A type species is the species...
of Fejervarya – and "F. syhadrensis
Fejervarya syhadrensis
The Long-legged Cricket frog , also called the Syhadra frog, is a true frog species of the Ranidae family and native to the Western Ghats, peninsular India, Pakistan, Nepal and Bangladesh...
group". The widespread Cricket Frog (F. limnocharis) and some others have also been suspected to be cryptic species complex
Cryptic species complex
In biology, a cryptic species complex is a group of species which satisfy the biological definition of species—that is, they are reproductively isolated from each other—but whose morphology is very similar ....
es since at least the 1970s, and indeed a few populations have been identified that almost certainly constitute undescribed species.
Species
Fejerverya sensu lato contains almost 40 described species, as well as some putative but undescribed species:Fejervarya cancrivora
The Crab-eating Frog , formerly , is a frog native to south-eastern Asia including the Philippines and more rarely as far west as Orissa in India. It inhabits mangrove swamps and marshes and is the only known modern amphibian which can tolerate salt water...
– Crab-eating Frog
Fejervarya iskandari
Fejervarya iskandari is a species of frog in the Ranidae family.It is endemic to Indonesia.Its natural habitat is irrigated land.-References:* Iskandar, D. & Mumpuni 2004. . Downloaded on 23 July 2007....
Fejervarya limnocharis
The Cricket Frog is a species of frog found widely distributed in South Asia. Molecular studies of the species complex suggest that there may be multiple species involved.-Description:...
– Cricket Frog
Cricket frog
Cricket frogs, genus Acris, are small, North American frogs of the family Hylidae. They are more aquatic than other members of the family and are generally associated with permanent bodies of water with surface vegetation. The common and scientific names refer to their call, which resembles that...
Fejervarya orissaensis
Fejervarya orissaensis is a species of frog widely distributed in Orissa in eastern India. It has been recorded at elevations between 100 and 500m and is generally associated with grasslands and agricultural areas. There is little information available on breeding biology or larval ecology.----...
Fejervarya vittigera
Fejervarya vittigera is a species of frog in the Ranidae family.It is endemic to the Philippines.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist shrubland, subtropical or tropical seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland, freshwater lakes, intermittent freshwater lakes, freshwater...
F. syhadrensis group (mainly South Asia)
- Fejervarya brevipalmataFejervarya brevipalmataFejervarya brevipalmata is a species of frog found in Asia....
- Fejervarya asmatiFejervarya asmatiThe Bangladeshi Cricket Frog is a species of frog found in the Chittagong of Bangladesh. It was described by Mohammad Sajid Ali Howlader in 2011.-Description:...
Howlader, 2011 - Fejervarya caperata Kuramoto, Joshy, Kurabayashi & Sumida, 2007
- Fejervarya granosa Kuramoto, Joshy, Kurabayashi & Sumida, 2007
- Fejervarya greeniiFejervarya greeniiFejervarya greenii is a species of frog found in Asia....
- Fejervarya kirtisingheiFejervarya kirtisingheiFejervarya kirtisinghei is a species of frog in the Ranidae family.It is endemic to Sri Lanka.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montanes, moist savanna, subtropical or tropical dry lowland grassland, subtropical or tropical...
- Fejervarya kudremukhensis Kuramoto, Joshy, Kurabayashi & Sumida, 2007
- Fejervarya mudduraja Kuramoto, Joshy, Kurabayashi & Sumida, 2007
- Fejervarya nilagiricaFejervarya nilagiricaFejervarya nilagirica is a species of frog found in India....
- Fejervarya rufescensFejervarya rufescensFejervarya rufescens is a species of frog found in India....
- Fejervarya cf. granosa/syhadrensis 'Bangladesh Small Type 5/6'
- Fejervarya cf. limnocharis 'Bangladesh Medium Type/Myanmar'
- Fejervarya sp. 'hpB'
- Fejervarya sp. 'Pilok, Thailand'
Incertae sedis
Incertae sedis
, is a term used to define a taxonomic group where its broader relationships are unknown or undefined. Uncertainty at specific taxonomic levels is attributed by , , and similar terms.-Examples:*The fossil plant Paradinandra suecica could not be assigned to any...
- Fejervarya altilabrisFejervarya altilabrisFejervarya altilabris is a species of frog in the Ranidae family.It is endemic to Burma.Its natural habitats are freshwater marshes and intermittent freshwater marches.-Source:* Wogan, G. 2004. . Downloaded on 23 July 2007....
- Fejervarya andamanensisFejervarya andamanensisFejervarya andamanensis is a species of frog found in Asia....
- Fejervarya assimilisFejervarya assimilisFejervarya assimilis is a species of frog found in Asia....
- Fejervarya bramaFejervarya bramaFejervarya brama is a species of frog found in Asia....
- Fejervarya frithiFejervarya frithiFejervarya frithi is a species of frog in the Ranidae family.It is endemic to India.Its natural habitats are freshwater marshes and intermittent freshwater marches.-Source:* Ohler, A. 2004. . Downloaded on 23 July 2007....
- Fejervarya keralensisFejervarya keralensisThe Verrucose Frog is a species of frog found in the Western Ghats of India.-Description:This species has vomerine teeth in two strong oblique series starting from the inner anterior corners of the choanae. The head is moderately sized with the snout appearing pointed. The inter-orbital space is...
- Fejervarya moodieiFejervarya moodieiFejervarya moodiei is a species of frog in the Ranidae family.It is endemic to the Philippines.Its natural habitats are freshwater marshes and intermittent freshwater marches.-Source:* Ohler, A. 2004. . Downloaded on 23 July 2007....
- Fejervarya multistriataFejervarya multistriataFejervarya multistriata is a species of frog in the Ranidae family. It is endemic to Hong Kong, Taiwan and Okinawa.Its natural habitats are freshwater marshes and intermittent freshwater marches. Its status is insufficiently known.-Source:...
- Fejervarya murthiiFejervarya murthiiFejervarya murthii is a species of frog found in Asia....
- Fejervarya mysorensisFejervarya mysorensisFejervarya mysorensis is a species of frog found in India....
- Fejervarya nepalensisFejervarya nepalensisThe Nepal Cricket Frog , is a small-sized frog native to south Asia including India, Bangladesh & Nepal...
- Fejervarya nicobariensisFejervarya nicobariensisFejervarya nicobariensis, the Nicobar Cricket-frog, is a species of frog found in southern Asia. It is found in Malaysia, Indonesia, the southern part of Thailand, on the island of Palawan in the Philippines, and the Little Nicobar, and Great Nicobar Islands of India. There have been reports of...
– Nicobar Cricket-frog - Fejervarya parambikulamanaFejervarya parambikulamanaFejervarya parambikulamana is a species of frog found in India....
- Fejervarya pierreiFejervarya pierreiFejervarya pierrei is a species of frog in the Ranidae family.It is found in Nepal and possibly India.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland, intermittent rivers, and irrigated land.-References:*...
- Fejervarya pullaFejervarya pullaFejervarya pulla is a species of frog in the Ranidae family.It is endemic to Malaysia.Its natural habitats are freshwater marshes and intermittent freshwater marches.-Source:* Ohler, A. 2004. . Downloaded on 23 July 2007.-External links:*...
- Fejervarya rajaFejervarya rajaFejervarya raja is a species of frog in the Ranidae family.It is found in Malaysia and Thailand.Its natural habitats are coastal saline lagoons, urban areas, and canals and ditches. Adults can survive in salt water with salinity as high as 2.8%, and tadpoles can survive salinities as high as...
- Fejervarya sahyadris
- Fejervarya sakishimensis Matsui, Toda & Ota, 2007
- Fejervarya sauricepsFejervarya sauricepsFejervarya sauriceps is a species of frog found in India....
- Fejervarya schlueteriFejervarya schlueteriFejervarya schlueteri is a species of frog in the Ranidae family.Its natural habitats are rivers, freshwater marshes, and intermittent freshwater marches.-Source:* Inger, R. 2004. . Downloaded on 23 July 2007....
- Fejervarya syhadrensisFejervarya syhadrensisThe Long-legged Cricket frog , also called the Syhadra frog, is a true frog species of the Ranidae family and native to the Western Ghats, peninsular India, Pakistan, Nepal and Bangladesh...
- Fejervarya teraiensisFejervarya teraiensisFejervarya teraiensis is a species of frog found in India....
- Fejervarya trioraFejervarya trioraFejervarya triora is a species of frog belonging to the family Ranidae. It is only known from Phu Jong-Na Yoi National Park, Ubon Ratchathani Province in the far east of Thailand....
- Fejervarya verruculosaFejervarya verruculosaFejervarya verruculosa is a species of frog in the Ranidae family.It is found in Indonesia and East Timor.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, subtropical or tropical moist shrubland, swamps, freshwater marshes, intermittent freshwater marches, rural gardens, irrigated...
- Fejervarya cf. limnocharis 'Vietnam-2'