Ewen Whitaker
Encyclopedia
Ewen A. Whitaker is a British
-born astronomer
who specialized in Lunar
studies.
He was an astronomer at the Royal Greenwich Observatory, becoming the director of the Lunar Section of the British Astronomical Association. He then emigrated to the United States
and joined the staff of the Yerkes Observatory
. In 1960 he left Yerkes, along with Gerard P. Kuiper
, helping found the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory
at the University of Arizona
, eventually becoming research scientist emeritus.
He worked on several NASA
missions, and was successful in locating the landing site of the Surveyor 3
. (This was used to determine the landing site for the Apollo 12
mission.) He has been considered by some to be the world's leading expert on
mapping the Moon
and lunar nomenclature. He was a member of the IAU's
Task Group for Lunar Nomenclature. In 1999 he published a book on the history of lunar mapping and nomenclature, titled "Mapping and Naming the Moon"
He lives in Tucson, Arizona
with his wife, Beryl.
This has been completely re-written by Mister Ewen A. Whitaker himself and typed in by a friend and temporary house guest of the Whitakers on 29 May 2010.
Ewen A. Whitaker is a British-born (22 June 1922) astronomer who has specialized in lunar studies since 1951.
During WW2 he was engaged in quality control—by UV spectrographic analysis—of the lead sheathing of hollow cables strung under the English Channel (secret Project PLUTO—Pipe Line Under The Ocean) to supply gasoline to Allied vehicles in France.
He obtained a position at the Royal Greenwich Observatory, engaged in UV spectra of stars, but became interested in lunar studies as a sideline, and drew and published in 1954 the first ever accurate chart of the South Polar area of the moon. After meeting Dr Gerard P. Kuiper, Director of Yerkes Observatory, Wisconsin, USA, at an International Astronomical Union congress in Dublin in 1955, he was invited to join Kuiper's fledgling Lunar Project at Yerkes, to work on producing the best photographic atlas of the moon available.
Russian Sputniks heralded the dawn of the Space Age in 1957, and the Lunar Project was soon in NASA's limelight. The Photographic Lunar Atlas, Orthographic Atlas of the Moon (giving accurate positions on the lunar surface), and rectified Lunar Atlas (giving astronauts-eye views of the whole lunar nearside) proved to be invaluable for the planning and operational stages of later spacecraft missions to the moon. The small Lunar Project moved to the University of Arizona in 1960 and became the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, now numbering over 300 scientists, technicians, and supporting staff.
Ewen Whitaker retired from the LPL in 1978, but is still a member of the Task Group for Lunar Nomenclature of the IAU. He, his wife Beryl, and their family, live in Tucson, Arizona.
NASA TEAMS
Co-investigator with G. P. Kuiper, H. Urey, G. Shoemaker, and R. Heacock, on Lunar Ranger Project; Whitaker chose impact points for Rangers 6 and 7, the latter being the first spacecraft to obtain closeups of the moon's surface.
Member of Lunar Surveyor TV Investigator Team. Located landed positions of four Surveyors, including Surveyor 3, which was chosen as the landing site for the Apollo 12 astronauts.
Member of Lunar Orbiter 5 Scientific Site Selection Team; he chose four of the sall list of sites.
Member of Apollo Orbital Science Photo Team. He briefed orbiting astronauts and their backups for Missions 13, 15, and 16.
OTHER ACHIEVEMENTS
First to apply the Zwicky technique of differential UV/Red photography to the Moon, which maps areas of differing chemical composition of the lunar surface. Results used in Apollo site choices.
Discovery and approximate determination of the orbital eccentricity and inclination of Miranda, Uranus's 5th satellite, made possible by a simple plate-measuring method that he devised, which gave a tenfold increase in precision (from plates taken decades earlier).
With colleague D. W. Arthur. ad about 60 new names to anonymous craters near the edge of the moon that had been brought into prominence in the Rectified Atlas. The names were adopted internationally. More recently, he chose 14 favorably located farside craters to commemorate the Challenger and Columbia astronauts who lost their lives in the two disasters. These were also adopted internationally over competing suggestions.
Whitaker determined, with considerable confidence, the dates on which Galileo made his drawings of the Moon and composed the various relevant sections of his "Sidereus Nuncius."
He devised a logical lettering system for designating unnamed craters on the Moon's farside. This was adopted unanimously for universal use by the IAU in 2006, as was the corrected list of letters for nearside craters which L. E. Anderson and he compiled in 1982.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Over 130 atlases, reports, papers, articles, reviews, chapters for books, letters, etc. A selection of the more important given below.
Photographic Lunar Atlas, ed. G. P. Kuiper, with 3 others (1960)
Orthographic Atlas of the Moon, ed. G. P. Kuiper with 1 other (1960/61)
Rectified Lunar Atlas, with 3 others (1963)
Consolidated Lunar Atlas, with 4 others (1967)
Location of the Surveyor Spacecraft (1968)
An Investigation of the Lunar Heiligenschein (1969)
Mare Imbrium Lava Flows and their Relationship to Color Boundaries (1972)
Artificial Lunar Impact Craters; 4 New Identifications (1972)
Eccentricity and Inclination of Miranda's orbit, with 1 other (1973)
Populations of Impacting Bodies in the Inner Solar System, with 1 other (1976)
Galileo's Lunar Observations and the dating of the composition of "Siderius Nuncius" (1978)
The Lunar Procellarum Basin (1981)
NASA Catalogue of Lunar Nomenclature, with 1 other (1982)
The University of Arizona's Lunar and Planetary Laboratory; its Founding and Early Years (1986)
Selenography in the 17th Century (1989)
Mapping and Naming the Moon (242 page book) (1999)
Mare Orientale; The Eastern Sea in the West (2007)
The Digges-Bourne Telescope Revisited (2007)
Representations and Maps of the Moon—The First Two Centuries (2009)
OTHER RECOGNITIONS
1969 Personal letter of commendation from President Nixon for finding landed position of
Surveyor 3, enabling the Apollo 12 astronauts to land nearby and retrieve parts for
laboratory examination.
1982 Walter Goodacre Medal and Prize from British Atronomical Association for contributions to
knowledge of the Moon.
2000 Asteroid 7948 (1992HY) named "Whitaker" for same reason.
2008 Asked by Director of Instituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza in Florence to write a 4,500 word illustrated article on the history of Moon observation and mapping from Leonardo da Vinci to 1800, together with an update on his 1978 paper on dating Galileo's Moon drawings, to accompany those original drawings from 1609! All of this for a major exhibition planned for March - September 2009 in the Palazzo Strozzi there.
Sources of above information:-
1. Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona
(Curriculum Vitae and Publiications list for E. A. Whitaker)
2. Who's Who in America" 2010 Edition
3. The biography himself
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandIn the United Kingdom and Dependencies, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages...
-born astronomer
Astronomer
An astronomer is a scientist who studies celestial bodies such as planets, stars and galaxies.Historically, astronomy was more concerned with the classification and description of phenomena in the sky, while astrophysics attempted to explain these phenomena and the differences between them using...
who specialized in Lunar
Moon
The Moon is Earth's only known natural satellite,There are a number of near-Earth asteroids including 3753 Cruithne that are co-orbital with Earth: their orbits bring them close to Earth for periods of time but then alter in the long term . These are quasi-satellites and not true moons. For more...
studies.
He was an astronomer at the Royal Greenwich Observatory, becoming the director of the Lunar Section of the British Astronomical Association. He then emigrated to the United States
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
and joined the staff of the Yerkes Observatory
Yerkes Observatory
Yerkes Observatory is an astronomical observatory operated by the University of Chicago in Williams Bay, Wisconsin. The observatory, which calls itself "the birthplace of modern astrophysics," was founded in 1897 by George Ellery Hale and financed by Charles T. Yerkes...
. In 1960 he left Yerkes, along with Gerard P. Kuiper
Gerard Kuiper
Gerard Peter Kuiper , Netherlands – December 24, 1973, Mexico City) was a Dutch-American astronomer after whom the Kuiper belt was named.-Early life:...
, helping found the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory
Lunar and Planetary Laboratory
The Lunar and Planetary Laboratory is a research center for planetary science located in Tucson, Arizona. It is also a graduate school, constituting the Department of Planetary Sciences at the University of Arizona...
at the University of Arizona
University of Arizona
The University of Arizona is a land-grant and space-grant public institution of higher education and research located in Tucson, Arizona, United States. The University of Arizona was the first university in the state of Arizona, founded in 1885...
, eventually becoming research scientist emeritus.
He worked on several NASA
NASA
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is the agency of the United States government that is responsible for the nation's civilian space program and for aeronautics and aerospace research...
missions, and was successful in locating the landing site of the Surveyor 3
Surveyor 3
Surveyor 3 was the third lander of the American unmanned Surveyor program sent to explore the surface of the Moon. Launched on April 17, 1967, Surveyor 3 landed on April 20, 1967 at the Mare Cognitum portion of the Oceanus Procellarum...
. (This was used to determine the landing site for the Apollo 12
Apollo 12
Apollo 12 was the sixth manned flight in the American Apollo program and the second to land on the Moon . It was launched on November 14, 1969 from the Kennedy Space Center, Florida, four months after Apollo 11. Mission commander Charles "Pete" Conrad and Lunar Module Pilot Alan L...
mission.) He has been considered by some to be the world's leading expert on
mapping the Moon
Moon
The Moon is Earth's only known natural satellite,There are a number of near-Earth asteroids including 3753 Cruithne that are co-orbital with Earth: their orbits bring them close to Earth for periods of time but then alter in the long term . These are quasi-satellites and not true moons. For more...
and lunar nomenclature. He was a member of the IAU's
International Astronomical Union
The International Astronomical Union IAU is a collection of professional astronomers, at the Ph.D. level and beyond, active in professional research and education in astronomy...
Task Group for Lunar Nomenclature. In 1999 he published a book on the history of lunar mapping and nomenclature, titled "Mapping and Naming the Moon"
He lives in Tucson, Arizona
Tucson, Arizona
Tucson is a city in and the county seat of Pima County, Arizona, United States. The city is located 118 miles southeast of Phoenix and 60 miles north of the U.S.-Mexico border. The 2010 United States Census puts the city's population at 520,116 with a metropolitan area population at 1,020,200...
with his wife, Beryl.
This has been completely re-written by Mister Ewen A. Whitaker himself and typed in by a friend and temporary house guest of the Whitakers on 29 May 2010.
Ewen A. Whitaker is a British-born (22 June 1922) astronomer who has specialized in lunar studies since 1951.
During WW2 he was engaged in quality control—by UV spectrographic analysis—of the lead sheathing of hollow cables strung under the English Channel (secret Project PLUTO—Pipe Line Under The Ocean) to supply gasoline to Allied vehicles in France.
He obtained a position at the Royal Greenwich Observatory, engaged in UV spectra of stars, but became interested in lunar studies as a sideline, and drew and published in 1954 the first ever accurate chart of the South Polar area of the moon. After meeting Dr Gerard P. Kuiper, Director of Yerkes Observatory, Wisconsin, USA, at an International Astronomical Union congress in Dublin in 1955, he was invited to join Kuiper's fledgling Lunar Project at Yerkes, to work on producing the best photographic atlas of the moon available.
Russian Sputniks heralded the dawn of the Space Age in 1957, and the Lunar Project was soon in NASA's limelight. The Photographic Lunar Atlas, Orthographic Atlas of the Moon (giving accurate positions on the lunar surface), and rectified Lunar Atlas (giving astronauts-eye views of the whole lunar nearside) proved to be invaluable for the planning and operational stages of later spacecraft missions to the moon. The small Lunar Project moved to the University of Arizona in 1960 and became the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, now numbering over 300 scientists, technicians, and supporting staff.
Ewen Whitaker retired from the LPL in 1978, but is still a member of the Task Group for Lunar Nomenclature of the IAU. He, his wife Beryl, and their family, live in Tucson, Arizona.
NASA TEAMS
Co-investigator with G. P. Kuiper, H. Urey, G. Shoemaker, and R. Heacock, on Lunar Ranger Project; Whitaker chose impact points for Rangers 6 and 7, the latter being the first spacecraft to obtain closeups of the moon's surface.
Member of Lunar Surveyor TV Investigator Team. Located landed positions of four Surveyors, including Surveyor 3, which was chosen as the landing site for the Apollo 12 astronauts.
Member of Lunar Orbiter 5 Scientific Site Selection Team; he chose four of the sall list of sites.
Member of Apollo Orbital Science Photo Team. He briefed orbiting astronauts and their backups for Missions 13, 15, and 16.
OTHER ACHIEVEMENTS
First to apply the Zwicky technique of differential UV/Red photography to the Moon, which maps areas of differing chemical composition of the lunar surface. Results used in Apollo site choices.
Discovery and approximate determination of the orbital eccentricity and inclination of Miranda, Uranus's 5th satellite, made possible by a simple plate-measuring method that he devised, which gave a tenfold increase in precision (from plates taken decades earlier).
With colleague D. W. Arthur. ad about 60 new names to anonymous craters near the edge of the moon that had been brought into prominence in the Rectified Atlas. The names were adopted internationally. More recently, he chose 14 favorably located farside craters to commemorate the Challenger and Columbia astronauts who lost their lives in the two disasters. These were also adopted internationally over competing suggestions.
Whitaker determined, with considerable confidence, the dates on which Galileo made his drawings of the Moon and composed the various relevant sections of his "Sidereus Nuncius."
He devised a logical lettering system for designating unnamed craters on the Moon's farside. This was adopted unanimously for universal use by the IAU in 2006, as was the corrected list of letters for nearside craters which L. E. Anderson and he compiled in 1982.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Over 130 atlases, reports, papers, articles, reviews, chapters for books, letters, etc. A selection of the more important given below.
Photographic Lunar Atlas, ed. G. P. Kuiper, with 3 others (1960)
Orthographic Atlas of the Moon, ed. G. P. Kuiper with 1 other (1960/61)
Rectified Lunar Atlas, with 3 others (1963)
Consolidated Lunar Atlas, with 4 others (1967)
Location of the Surveyor Spacecraft (1968)
An Investigation of the Lunar Heiligenschein (1969)
Mare Imbrium Lava Flows and their Relationship to Color Boundaries (1972)
Artificial Lunar Impact Craters; 4 New Identifications (1972)
Eccentricity and Inclination of Miranda's orbit, with 1 other (1973)
Populations of Impacting Bodies in the Inner Solar System, with 1 other (1976)
Galileo's Lunar Observations and the dating of the composition of "Siderius Nuncius" (1978)
The Lunar Procellarum Basin (1981)
NASA Catalogue of Lunar Nomenclature, with 1 other (1982)
The University of Arizona's Lunar and Planetary Laboratory; its Founding and Early Years (1986)
Selenography in the 17th Century (1989)
Mapping and Naming the Moon (242 page book) (1999)
Mare Orientale; The Eastern Sea in the West (2007)
The Digges-Bourne Telescope Revisited (2007)
Representations and Maps of the Moon—The First Two Centuries (2009)
OTHER RECOGNITIONS
1969 Personal letter of commendation from President Nixon for finding landed position of
Surveyor 3, enabling the Apollo 12 astronauts to land nearby and retrieve parts for
laboratory examination.
1982 Walter Goodacre Medal and Prize from British Atronomical Association for contributions to
knowledge of the Moon.
2000 Asteroid 7948 (1992HY) named "Whitaker" for same reason.
2008 Asked by Director of Instituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza in Florence to write a 4,500 word illustrated article on the history of Moon observation and mapping from Leonardo da Vinci to 1800, together with an update on his 1978 paper on dating Galileo's Moon drawings, to accompany those original drawings from 1609! All of this for a major exhibition planned for March - September 2009 in the Palazzo Strozzi there.
Sources of above information:-
1. Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona
(Curriculum Vitae and Publiications list for E. A. Whitaker)
2. Who's Who in America" 2010 Edition
3. The biography himself