Endlicheria
Encyclopedia
Endlicheria is a genus of plant
in family Lauraceae
. Endlicheria is a neotropical genus consisting of approximately 60 species occurring mostly in the norther South America and Amazon region.
of flowering plants, shrubs and trees, mostly hardwood evergreen trees belonging to the family Lauraceae
.
Endlicheria, a South America-centered genus of the Ocotea complex. DNA molecular data showing that its members are nested within Rhodostemonodaphne
and Ocotea
clade forming three genera closely related. Sixty species of Endlicheria are recognized. Two species are transferred to Rhodostemonodaphne. Nine infrageneric species groups are informally recognized in Endlicheria. Of these, the Endlicheria punctulata species group is closer to species of the Ocotea cernua species group than to its congeners, in both molecular and morphological aspects. Representatives of each of the eight remaining species groups are united with a diverse representation of Rhodostemonodaphne in a well-supported but unresolved clade. The Endlicheria-Rhodostemonodaphne relation is manifested. It is suggested that the two-locellate anthers that distinguish Endlicheria from Rhodostemonodaphne evolved repeatedly.
This genus have many high commercial value plant species were supplied by wood industry, be cause there are many more studies on its distribution, biology and ecology to looking for timber.
Endlicheria species are extended mostly in the drainage area of the Amazon
from South America
, and low coast rainforest and mountain tropical forest in Guianian, Colombia, Venezuela, Peru and Ecuador. Also in Andean Cloud forest
in tropical America. The species of Endlicheria occurs in moist forest habitats from elevations of around sea level to 2.500 meters in the Andean and Guianian highlands. At least two species are present in mountain cloud forest and Atlantic forest of south east of Brazil and other tw species in caribean lesser Antillas mountain cloud forest.
The species classified now in Endlicheria were previously spread over the lauraceae genera of Ampelodaphne, Brassiodendron
, Goeppertia, and Huberodaphne. Traditionally, Endlicheria was placed near Aniba
and the other of the Lauraceae with two locellate anthers.
Rhodostemonodaphne
, with four-locellate anthers was classified with Nectandra
, but form a monophylogenetic genus close to Endlicheria. The two genera form a group of approximately 100 known species.
and Aiouea
.
They are dioecious
Lauraceae trees sometimes over 30 m tall or more, others are shrubs. Some species are tomentoses. Evergreen lauroide leaves alternate with the apical mucro, or 'drip tip'. The leaves are elliptics with recurvated margins or narrow bullated. Some species are having pubescent leaves.
The inflorescence are panicle with racemose terminations. The flowers are male or female.
Androecium with three stamens fertile, thinner fillets or undifferentiated anthers, anthers bilocelares.
Fruit is a berry dark or black, is an important food source for birds, usually this birds are from specialized genus: Cotingidae, Columbidae, Rhamphastidae, Trogonidae, Turdidae, etc. Birds eat the whole fruit and regurgitate seeds intact, expanding the seeds in the best conditions for germination (ornitochory
). In some species the seed dispersal
is carried out by monkey
s, chipmunk
s, porcupine
s, Opossums or fish
es.
Plant
Plants are living organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. Precise definitions of the kingdom vary, but as the term is used here, plants include familiar organisms such as trees, flowers, herbs, bushes, grasses, vines, ferns, mosses, and green algae. The group is also called green plants or...
in family Lauraceae
Lauraceae
The Lauraceae or Laurel family comprises a group of flowering plants included in the order Laurales. The family contains about 55 genera and over 3500, perhaps as many as 4000, species world-wide, mostly from warm or tropical regions, especially Southeast Asia and South America...
. Endlicheria is a neotropical genus consisting of approximately 60 species occurring mostly in the norther South America and Amazon region.
Overview
Endlicheria is a neotropical botanical genus with 60 speciesSpecies
In biology, a species is one of the basic units of biological classification and a taxonomic rank. A species is often defined as a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. While in many cases this definition is adequate, more precise or differing measures are...
of flowering plants, shrubs and trees, mostly hardwood evergreen trees belonging to the family Lauraceae
Lauraceae
The Lauraceae or Laurel family comprises a group of flowering plants included in the order Laurales. The family contains about 55 genera and over 3500, perhaps as many as 4000, species world-wide, mostly from warm or tropical regions, especially Southeast Asia and South America...
.
Endlicheria, a South America-centered genus of the Ocotea complex. DNA molecular data showing that its members are nested within Rhodostemonodaphne
Rhodostemonodaphne
Rhodostemonodaphne is a genus of plant in family Lauraceae. Rhodostemonodaphne is a neotropical genus consisting of approximately 41 species occurring mostly in the norther South America and Amazon region.-Overview:...
and Ocotea
Ocotea
Ocotea is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Lauraceae. The genus includes over 200 species of evergreen trees and shrubs, distributed mostly in tropical and subtropical regions of Central and South America, the West Indies, also with a few species in Africa and Madagascar, and...
clade forming three genera closely related. Sixty species of Endlicheria are recognized. Two species are transferred to Rhodostemonodaphne. Nine infrageneric species groups are informally recognized in Endlicheria. Of these, the Endlicheria punctulata species group is closer to species of the Ocotea cernua species group than to its congeners, in both molecular and morphological aspects. Representatives of each of the eight remaining species groups are united with a diverse representation of Rhodostemonodaphne in a well-supported but unresolved clade. The Endlicheria-Rhodostemonodaphne relation is manifested. It is suggested that the two-locellate anthers that distinguish Endlicheria from Rhodostemonodaphne evolved repeatedly.
This genus have many high commercial value plant species were supplied by wood industry, be cause there are many more studies on its distribution, biology and ecology to looking for timber.
Endlicheria species are extended mostly in the drainage area of the Amazon
Amazon Basin
The Amazon Basin is the part of South America drained by the Amazon River and its tributaries that drains an area of about , or roughly 40 percent of South America. The basin is located in the countries of Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, and Venezuela...
from South America
South America
South America is a continent situated in the Western Hemisphere, mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere. The continent is also considered a subcontinent of the Americas. It is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean and on the north and east...
, and low coast rainforest and mountain tropical forest in Guianian, Colombia, Venezuela, Peru and Ecuador. Also in Andean Cloud forest
Cloud forest
A cloud forest, also called a fog forest, is a generally tropical or subtropical evergreen montane moist forest characterized by a persistent, frequent or seasonal low-level cloud cover, usually at the canopy level. Cloud forests often exhibit an abundance of mosses covering the ground and...
in tropical America. The species of Endlicheria occurs in moist forest habitats from elevations of around sea level to 2.500 meters in the Andean and Guianian highlands. At least two species are present in mountain cloud forest and Atlantic forest of south east of Brazil and other tw species in caribean lesser Antillas mountain cloud forest.
The species classified now in Endlicheria were previously spread over the lauraceae genera of Ampelodaphne, Brassiodendron
Brassiodendron
Brassiodendron is a genus of 1 species of plants, in the laurel family Lauraceae. They have a broad distribution across South East Asia, Australia and into the western Pacific Ocean. Its only species, Brassiodendron fragrans CKAllen, is native to Papua New Guinea...
, Goeppertia, and Huberodaphne. Traditionally, Endlicheria was placed near Aniba
Aniba
Aniba is an american neotropical flowering plant genus in the family Lauraceae. They are present in low and mountain cloud forest in Caribbean islands, Central America, and norther to central South America.- Description :...
and the other of the Lauraceae with two locellate anthers.
Rhodostemonodaphne
Rhodostemonodaphne
Rhodostemonodaphne is a genus of plant in family Lauraceae. Rhodostemonodaphne is a neotropical genus consisting of approximately 41 species occurring mostly in the norther South America and Amazon region.-Overview:...
, with four-locellate anthers was classified with Nectandra
Nectandra
Nectandra is a genus of plant in family Lauraceae.-Overview:Plants from this genus have been used in the treatment of several clinical disorders in humans. It has been demonstrated that Nectandra plants have potential analgesic, antiinflammatory, febrifuge, energetic and hypotensive activities...
, but form a monophylogenetic genus close to Endlicheria. The two genera form a group of approximately 100 known species.
Characteristics
Flowers bell-shaped, covered outside with hair-like (pubescent). Flower with 3 fertile stamens. Stamens of the third grade are fertile. Leaves congested at the apex of the branches, flowers in panicles with racemose endings, when present small dome over the fruit and single border. This genus is closely related to LicariaLicaria
Licaria is a flowering plant genus in the family Lauraceae, endemic of Central America and South America. It is a Neotropical genus with near of 40 species.-Overview:...
and Aiouea
Aiouea
Aiouea is a botanical genus of plants in the family of the Lauraceae endemic of Central America and South America. Genus Aiouea is distributed from southern Mexico to southern Brazil and Paraguay...
.
They are dioecious
Dioecious
Dioecy is the property of a group of biological organisms that have males and females, but not members that have organs of both sexes at the same time. I.e., those whose individual members can usually produce only one type of gamete; each individual organism is thus distinctly female or male...
Lauraceae trees sometimes over 30 m tall or more, others are shrubs. Some species are tomentoses. Evergreen lauroide leaves alternate with the apical mucro, or 'drip tip'. The leaves are elliptics with recurvated margins or narrow bullated. Some species are having pubescent leaves.
The inflorescence are panicle with racemose terminations. The flowers are male or female.
Androecium with three stamens fertile, thinner fillets or undifferentiated anthers, anthers bilocelares.
Fruit is a berry dark or black, is an important food source for birds, usually this birds are from specialized genus: Cotingidae, Columbidae, Rhamphastidae, Trogonidae, Turdidae, etc. Birds eat the whole fruit and regurgitate seeds intact, expanding the seeds in the best conditions for germination (ornitochory
Biological dispersal
Biological dispersal refers to species movement away from an existing population or away from the parent organism. Through simply moving from one habitat patch to another, the dispersal of an individual has consequences not only for individual fitness, but also for population dynamics, population...
). In some species the seed dispersal
Seed dispersal
Seed dispersal is the movement or transport of seeds away from the parent plant. Plants have limited mobility and consequently rely upon a variety of dispersal vectors to transport their propagules, including both abiotic and biotic vectors. Seeds can be dispersed away from the parent plant...
is carried out by monkey
Monkey
A monkey is a primate, either an Old World monkey or a New World monkey. There are about 260 known living species of monkey. Many are arboreal, although there are species that live primarily on the ground, such as baboons. Monkeys are generally considered to be intelligent. Unlike apes, monkeys...
s, chipmunk
Chipmunk
Chipmunks are small striped squirrels native to North America and Asia. They are usually classed either as a single genus with three subgenera, or as three genera.-Etymology and taxonomy:...
s, porcupine
Porcupine
Porcupines are rodents with a coat of sharp spines, or quills, that defend or camouflage them from predators. They are indigenous to the Americas, southern Asia, and Africa. Porcupines are the third largest of the rodents, behind the capybara and the beaver. Most porcupines are about long, with...
s, Opossums or fish
Fish
Fish are a paraphyletic group of organisms that consist of all gill-bearing aquatic vertebrate animals that lack limbs with digits. Included in this definition are the living hagfish, lampreys, and cartilaginous and bony fish, as well as various extinct related groups...
es.
Species selected
- Endlicheria acuminata Kosterm.
- Endlicheria anomala (Nees) MezMez- People :* Mez , stage name of Joshua Jerimiah Gomes, Trinidadian born Canadian recording artist, record producer, songwriter.* Internet Artist Mez Breeze Mez Breeze is an Australian-based artist who works with net.art...
- Endlicheria arachnocome Chanderbali
- Endlicheria arenosa Chanderbali
- Endlicheria argentea Chanderbali
- Endlicheria bracteolata, (Meissner)
- Endlicheria bracteata MezMez- People :* Mez , stage name of Joshua Jerimiah Gomes, Trinidadian born Canadian recording artist, record producer, songwriter.* Internet Artist Mez Breeze Mez Breeze is an Australian-based artist who works with net.art...
- Endlicheria citriodoravan der Werff
- Endlicheria chalisea Chanderbali
- Endlicheria browniana Mez
- Endlicheria chrysovelutina Chanderbali
- Endlicheria cocuirey Kostermans
- Endlicheria colombiana (Meissner) Mez
- Endlicheria gracilis Kostermans
- Endlicheria griseo-sericea Chanderbali
- Endlicheria klugii O. C. Schmidt
- Endlicheria krukovii (A. C. Smith) Kostermans
- Endlicheria tschudyana (Lasser) Kostermans
- Endlicheria robusta, (Fr.Elias Magnus Fries-External links:*, Authors of fungal names, Mushroom, the Journal of Wild Mushrooming.*...
Allem.) Taub. - Endlicheria verticillata
- Endlicheria vinotincta C
- Endlicheria williamsii O. C. Schmidt
- Endlicheria xerampela Chanderbali
External links
- http://lauraceae.myspecies.info/category/lauraceae/lauraceae/endlicheria
- Endlicheria en eFlora
- Chanderbali, A. S. 2004. Endlicheria (Lauraceae). Flora Neotropica Monograph 91. The New York Botanical Garden Press, Bronx, New York.