Emil Georg Bührle
Encyclopedia
Emil Georg Bührle was an industrialist, art collector and patron. His art collection is now housed in the Foundation E.G. Bührle
.
After studying philosophy
, literature
, history
and art history
in Freiburg, Bührle went to Munich
. From 1914 to 1919 he was a German cavalry
officer in the imperial army. In 1919 he joined the Magdeburg Werkzeugmaschinenfabrik and rose up to the attorney. The Magdeburger Werkzeugmaschinenfabrik bought the Werkzeugmaschinenfabrik Oerlikon in 1923, and Bührle became the CEO the following year. In the same year he was moved to Zurich. In 1929, Bührle became the majority shareholder of Werkzeugmaschinenfabrik Oerlikon in 1936 and sole owner of the company (later Oerlikon-Bührle Holding AG). Also in 1936, Bührle obtained Swiss citizenship.
From the 1920 marriage with Charlotte closed Schalk came two children. The following foundations are Emil Bührle attributed G.: "Emil Bührle Foundation for the Swiss literature" (1943), "Goethe Foundation for Art and Science" (1944) and the Foundation of the cultivation of the Kunsthaus Zurich (1954).
into a thriving company converted, on the other hand, arms production and arms exports morally always under pressure. The Independent Commission of Experts Switzerland - Second World War "has detailed examinations and assessments. Thus, before the second world war the Republican Spain (i.e. Franco opponents) and the independent Abyssinia (in the colonial war against fascist Italy) as supplies, as the Baltic countries, Czechoslovakia, Greece, China, Turkey, France, Holland and England. In the period from 1940 - 1944 (Switzerland was now completely fascist countries (Italy, Germany) and fascist-occupied countries (Austria, France) included) supplied the company Oerlikon-Bührle at the request of the Swiss government also supplied weapons to Germany and Italy . From the independent commission of experts, these weapons deliveries as not kriegsentscheidend or not kriegsverlängernd classified.
, 1924 where a picture of Maurice de Vlaminck
was followed. Der eigentliche Aufbau der Sammlung Bührle begann ab 1936, als die finanziellen Voraussetzungen geschaffen waren. The actual construction of the collection Bührle started from 1936, when the financial conditions were. Den größten Teil seiner Sammlung (ca.75%) erwarb der Sammler in der Zeit von 1951 bis 1956. The largest part of his collection (ca.75%) acquired the collectors in the period from 1951 to 1956. Advised was Bührle Others Nathan Fritz, gallery owners and a small circle of international dealers in Paris
, London
and New York
, in addition to which Georges Wildenstein
, Paul Rosenberg
, Max Kaganovitch and Frank Lloyd
by the Company Ltd. Marlborough included.
The collection includes medieval sculptures and paintings of old masters pictures mainly of French Impressionism
and classical modernism
, including masterpieces by Paul Cézanne
(The Boy with a Red Vest), Pierre-Auguste Renoir
(La petite Irène) and Vincent van Gogh
(The Sower (after Millet))).
Bührle was in the tradition of collectors in Germany, Scandinavia, Britain and the USA, before the First World War and in the inter-war years, the French modernism at the center of their debate. This preference also coined many collections in Switzerland, such as a comparison with the incurred after 1920 collection "Am Römerholz" by Oskar Reinhart
in nearby Winterthur
. Two-thirds of the collection now displayed were acquired in 1960 by the heirs to the E.G. Bührle Foundation collection, and have since been introduced to the public. Also, the family-owned remaining works of art were always shown in exhibitions. At an exhibition featuring works of the collection in 1990 in Washington D.C. led to protests and discussions in the media due to Bührle's role as a weapons exporter in the Second World War and the sometimes not fully clarified origin of the pictures, some formerly Jewish-owned. Also on this issue, there was an "Independent Commission of Experts Switzerland - Second World War". Bührle had 13 paintings from French-Jewish property after the Second World War to return to the former owners or their second-generation descendants.
Foundation E.G. Bührle
The Foundation E.G. Bührle Collection was established by the Bührle family in Zürich, Switzerland to bring to public viewing Emil Georg Bührle's important collection of European sculptures and paintings...
.
After studying philosophy
Philosophy
Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems, such as those connected with existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. Philosophy is distinguished from other ways of addressing such problems by its critical, generally systematic approach and its reliance on rational...
, literature
Literature
Literature is the art of written works, and is not bound to published sources...
, history
History
History is the discovery, collection, organization, and presentation of information about past events. History can also mean the period of time after writing was invented. Scholars who write about history are called historians...
and art history
Art history
Art history has historically been understood as the academic study of objects of art in their historical development and stylistic contexts, i.e. genre, design, format, and style...
in Freiburg, Bührle went to Munich
Munich
Munich The city's motto is "" . Before 2006, it was "Weltstadt mit Herz" . Its native name, , is derived from the Old High German Munichen, meaning "by the monks' place". The city's name derives from the monks of the Benedictine order who founded the city; hence the monk depicted on the city's coat...
. From 1914 to 1919 he was a German cavalry
Cavalry
Cavalry or horsemen were soldiers or warriors who fought mounted on horseback. Cavalry were historically the third oldest and the most mobile of the combat arms...
officer in the imperial army. In 1919 he joined the Magdeburg Werkzeugmaschinenfabrik and rose up to the attorney. The Magdeburger Werkzeugmaschinenfabrik bought the Werkzeugmaschinenfabrik Oerlikon in 1923, and Bührle became the CEO the following year. In the same year he was moved to Zurich. In 1929, Bührle became the majority shareholder of Werkzeugmaschinenfabrik Oerlikon in 1936 and sole owner of the company (later Oerlikon-Bührle Holding AG). Also in 1936, Bührle obtained Swiss citizenship.
From the 1920 marriage with Charlotte closed Schalk came two children. The following foundations are Emil Bührle attributed G.: "Emil Bührle Foundation for the Swiss literature" (1943), "Goethe Foundation for Art and Science" (1944) and the Foundation of the cultivation of the Kunsthaus Zurich (1954).
Industrialist
Emil George Bührle's role as industrialist is controversial and has been in recent decades. First, he has the standing before the bankruptcy Werkzeugmaschinenfabrik OerlikonOerlikon Contraves
Rheinmetall Air Defence AG is a division of German armament manufacturer Rheinmetall, created when the company's Oerlikon Contraves unit was renamed on 1 January 2009 and integrated with Rheinmetall's other air-defence products...
into a thriving company converted, on the other hand, arms production and arms exports morally always under pressure. The Independent Commission of Experts Switzerland - Second World War "has detailed examinations and assessments. Thus, before the second world war the Republican Spain (i.e. Franco opponents) and the independent Abyssinia (in the colonial war against fascist Italy) as supplies, as the Baltic countries, Czechoslovakia, Greece, China, Turkey, France, Holland and England. In the period from 1940 - 1944 (Switzerland was now completely fascist countries (Italy, Germany) and fascist-occupied countries (Austria, France) included) supplied the company Oerlikon-Bührle at the request of the Swiss government also supplied weapons to Germany and Italy . From the independent commission of experts, these weapons deliveries as not kriegsentscheidend or not kriegsverlängernd classified.
Art collector
Bührles first acquisitions were two 1920 watercolours by Erich HeckelErich Heckel
Erich Heckel was a German painter and printmaker, and a founding member of the Die Brücke group which existed 1905-1913.-Biography:Heckel was born in Döbeln . His parents were born in Saxony...
, 1924 where a picture of Maurice de Vlaminck
Maurice de Vlaminck
Maurice de Vlaminck was a French painter. Along with André Derain and Henri Matisse he is considered one of the principal figures in the Fauve movement, a group of modern artists who from 1904 to 1908 were united in their use of intense color.-Life:Maurice de Vlaminck was born in Paris to a family...
was followed. Der eigentliche Aufbau der Sammlung Bührle begann ab 1936, als die finanziellen Voraussetzungen geschaffen waren. The actual construction of the collection Bührle started from 1936, when the financial conditions were. Den größten Teil seiner Sammlung (ca.75%) erwarb der Sammler in der Zeit von 1951 bis 1956. The largest part of his collection (ca.75%) acquired the collectors in the period from 1951 to 1956. Advised was Bührle Others Nathan Fritz, gallery owners and a small circle of international dealers in Paris
Paris
Paris is the capital and largest city in France, situated on the river Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the Île-de-France region...
, London
London
London is the capital city of :England and the :United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom, and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. Located on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its...
and New York
New York
New York is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. It is the nation's third most populous state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east...
, in addition to which Georges Wildenstein
Georges Wildenstein
Georges Wildenstein was a French gallery owner, art collector, editor and art historian.-Life:Georges' father was Nathan Wildenstein, who came from a family of Jewish cattle-dealers but had in 1870 left Alsace aged twenty when it was annexed in the Franco-Prussian War and moved to Paris...
, Paul Rosenberg
Paul Rosenberg
Paul Rosenberg was a French art dealer, renowned for representing Pablo Picasso, Braque, and Henri Matisse.He started his career in France in his father's antiques business. He opened an art gallery at 21 rue de la Boétie in Paris in 1911 and another in England in 1935. He moved in 1940 to the...
, Max Kaganovitch and Frank Lloyd
Frank Lloyd
Frank Lloyd was a film director, scriptwriter and producer...
by the Company Ltd. Marlborough included.
The collection includes medieval sculptures and paintings of old masters pictures mainly of French Impressionism
Impressionism
Impressionism was a 19th-century art movement that originated with a group of Paris-based artists whose independent exhibitions brought them to prominence during the 1870s and 1880s...
and classical modernism
Modernism
Modernism, in its broadest definition, is modern thought, character, or practice. More specifically, the term describes the modernist movement, its set of cultural tendencies and array of associated cultural movements, originally arising from wide-scale and far-reaching changes to Western society...
, including masterpieces by Paul Cézanne
Paul Cézanne
Paul Cézanne was a French artist and Post-Impressionist painter whose work laid the foundations of the transition from the 19th century conception of artistic endeavour to a new and radically different world of art in the 20th century. Cézanne can be said to form the bridge between late 19th...
(The Boy with a Red Vest), Pierre-Auguste Renoir
Pierre-Auguste Renoir
Pierre-Auguste Renoir was a French artist who was a leading painter in the development of the Impressionist style. As a celebrator of beauty, and especially feminine sensuality, it has been said that "Renoir is the final representative of a tradition which runs directly from Rubens to...
(La petite Irène) and Vincent van Gogh
Vincent van Gogh
Vincent Willem van Gogh , and used Brabant dialect in his writing; it is therefore likely that he himself pronounced his name with a Brabant accent: , with a voiced V and palatalized G and gh. In France, where much of his work was produced, it is...
(The Sower (after Millet))).
Bührle was in the tradition of collectors in Germany, Scandinavia, Britain and the USA, before the First World War and in the inter-war years, the French modernism at the center of their debate. This preference also coined many collections in Switzerland, such as a comparison with the incurred after 1920 collection "Am Römerholz" by Oskar Reinhart
Oskar Reinhart
Oskar Reinhart was a Swiss arts patron and art collector. His collection is now on show at his former home, Am Römerholz, in his birthplace.- External links :* *...
in nearby Winterthur
Winterthur
Winterthur is a city in the canton of Zurich in northern Switzerland. It has the country's sixth largest population with an estimate of more than 100,000 people. In the local dialect and by its inhabitants, it is usually abbreviated to Winti...
. Two-thirds of the collection now displayed were acquired in 1960 by the heirs to the E.G. Bührle Foundation collection, and have since been introduced to the public. Also, the family-owned remaining works of art were always shown in exhibitions. At an exhibition featuring works of the collection in 1990 in Washington D.C. led to protests and discussions in the media due to Bührle's role as a weapons exporter in the Second World War and the sometimes not fully clarified origin of the pictures, some formerly Jewish-owned. Also on this issue, there was an "Independent Commission of Experts Switzerland - Second World War". Bührle had 13 paintings from French-Jewish property after the Second World War to return to the former owners or their second-generation descendants.
Literature
- Christen, Ruedi: Die Bührle-Saga. Zürich 1981 ISBN 3-85791-033-X
- Esther Tisa Francini, Anja Heuss, Georg Kreis: Fluchtgut – Raubgut. Der Transfer von Kulturgütern in und über die Schweiz 1933–1945 und die Frage der Restitution. Zürich 2001 ISBN 3-0340-0601-2
- Heller, Daniel: Zwischen Unternehmertum, Politik und Überleben. Emil G. Bührle und die Werkzeugmaschinenfabrik Oerlikon, Bührle & Co. 1924–1945. Frauenfeld, Stuttgart & Wien 2002 ISBN 3-7193-1277-1
- Hug, Peter: Schweizer Rüstungsindustrie und Kriegsmaterialhandel zur Zeit des Nationalsozialismus: Unternehmensstrategien – Marktentwicklung – politische Überwachung. Zürich 2002 ISBN 3-0340-0611-X
- Katalog Washington D.C.: The Passionate Eye, Impressionist and other Master Paintings from the E. G. Bührle Collection. Zürich 1990 ISBN 0-8478-1215-4
- Lukas Gloor: Stiftung Sammlung E. G. Bührle: Katalog I–III. Silvana 2004–2005, ISBN 88-87582-95-5 (1), ISBN 88-87582-88-2 (2), ISBN 88-87582-73-4 (3).
- Emil Maurer: Stiftung Sammlung E. G. Bührle, Zürich. Bern 1992 ISBN 3-85782-526-X
External links
- Official Foundation E.G. Bührle Website in German and in English