Edward Glover (psychoanalyst)
Encyclopedia
Edward George Glover was a British
psychoanalyst
. He first studied medicine and surgery, and it was his elder brother, James Glover (1882–1926) who attracted him towards psychoanalysis. Both brothers were analyzed in Berlin by Karl Abraham
; indeed, the 'list of Karl Abraham's analysands reads like a roster of psychoanalytic eminence: the leading English analysts Edward and James Glover' at the top. He then settled down in London where he became an influential member of the British Psycho-Analytical Society in 1921. He was also close to Ernest Jones
.
He was the third son of a highly gifted country schoolmaster who was a professed Darwinian agnostic. At the time of this birth, Sigmund Freud
was still practicing as a neurologist in Vienna and had not published many of his significant findings. Freud's seminal writings on dreams
and the unconscious, on infantile (and adult) sexuality, on guilt and self-punishment and the later theories of transference - in short the whole psychoanalytic canon - did not yet exist.
He suffered family tragedies throughout his life. His second brother died at the age of 6 when Edward was 4, and James, his much-admired elder brother, died in his 30s. Later in life his first wife died in childbirth along with their child. From his second marriage he had a daughter who suffered from Down’s Syndrome
, whom Glover and his wife cared for at home for many years.
Glover entered the medical school
in Glasgow at the age of 16 and graduated at 21 with distinction. It is reported that as a student he was prominent in socialist politics and was involved in a revolutionary move to propose Keir Hardie
as rector of the university. There followed several years of academic medicine, working first in Glasgow with the professor of medicine and paediatrics and then in pulmonary medicine in London. With the outbreak of the First World War he was appointed medical superintendent of a sanatorium for the treatment of early chest diseases in Birmingham.
Amongst Edward Glover's most lasting achievements in the combined field of psychotherapy and criminology - aside from his clinical work and extensive publications - are his roles as: co-founder of the Psychopathic Clinic (renamed the Portman Clinic in 1937) and the Institute for the Study and Treatment of Delinquency, joint founder of the British Journal of Criminology - he was co-editor until his death - and co-founder of the British Society of Criminology. He was one-time chairman of the medical section of the British Psychological Society
. He is publicly remembered in the annual Glover lecture, delivered under the auspices of the Portman Clinic. He seems to have been a man of the most exceptional intellectual energy.
'Glover once [1931] wrote a very interesting paper in which he investigated the ways in which incomplete or inexact interpretations, and also other psychotherapeutic procedures, influence the patient's mind...[as] artificial substitute symptoms, which may make the spontaneous symptoms superfluous. Lacan
would make use of Glover's findings to support his exploration of "The function and field of speech and language in psychoanalysis" on more than one occasion: 'Mr Edward Glover in a remarkable paper...[suggests] not only is every spoken intervention received by the subject in terms of his structure, but the intervention takes on a structuring function in him in proprtion to its form'. Thus 'Glover...finds interpretation everywhere, being unable to stop it anywhere, even in the banality of a medical prescription'.
Glover's "Lectures on Technique in Psychoanalysis"(1927-8) would seem to have offered a dry, neutral, asceptic classical psychoanalysis. Thus on the question of whether analysis should close with a "cooling-off" period, he followed the classical line 'that "to the very end we continue the analytic process", as the English analyst Edward Glover wrote in The Technique of Psychoanalysis, first published in 1928 and revised in 1955. Glover sternly continues, "In the first session we laid down the association rule, and this remains in force to the last minute of the last session2'.
Similarly on the question of the early "deep interpretation" favoured for example by Melanie Klein
, Glover argued: 'Once the analyst departs from sparing, provisional interpretations, he not only disturbs the listening situation but has made it difficult to re-establish it'.
In the early 1920s, when Abraham 'feared that Ferenczi and, far worse, Rank, were caught in an act of "scientific regression"...English psychoanalysts, notably Ernest Jones and the brothers Edward and James Glover, wholly agreed with Abraham'.
In the later 1920s, when Freud made something of a minority stand over Lay analysis
, 'some of the British psychoanalysts, among them Edward Glover and John Rickman, saw no harm in nonmedical therapists conducting analysis, provided one kept therapy "sharply divided from diagnosis: the latter must be left to medically qualified persons"'.
In the thirties, Glover found himself increasingly opposed to the innovations and influence of Melanie Klein, who found 'from 1934 onwards, a hostility within the British Psycho-Analytic Society' led by 'Glover [who] was scientific secretary of the British Society' - hostility which lasted for the best part of a decade until the 'vituperative opposition from Edward Glover and Melitta Schmideberg had vanished when Glover gave up his membership of the British Psycho-analytical Society in 1944'. At this point, Glover declared that 'The British Psycho-Analytical Society is no longer a Freudian society...deviation from psychoanalysis'; and the following year, the fundamental Kleinian position paper by Susan Sutherland Isaacs
on "Phantasy" was publicly 'attacked by Glover (1945)', in the first volume of The Psychoanalytic Study of the child, where he described what he called "the Klein System of Child Psychology" as 'a bio-religious system which depends on faith rather than science...a variant of the doctrine of Original Sin'.
In the following decade, Glover turned his fire from Klein to Jung: his book, ' Freud or Jung? (1956) is a partisan Freudian - though...defensible - polemic'. In it he argued (incidentally) for the firm conceptual separation of art and psychopathology. 'Glover put this view most trenchantly: "Whatever its original unconscious aim, the work of art represents a forward urge of the libido seeking to maintain its hold on the world of objects...not the result of a pathological breakdown'.
In the Sixties, Glover aroused the ire of Lacan by way of his attack on Franz Alexander
's concept of the corrective emotional experience: 'When I read in the Psychoanalytic Quarterly an article like the one by Mr Edward Glover, entitled Freudian or Neo-Freudian, directed entirely against the constructions of Mr Alexander, I sense a sordid smell of stuffiness, at...Alexander being counter-attacked in the name of obsolete criteria'.
Glover's sterling early work with Jones in the BMA in obtaining the so-called "Psycho-Analytical Charter" - 'Edward Glover and myself had for over three years fought at heavy odds against our twenty-five bitter opponents' - should also not be forgotten.
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandIn the United Kingdom and Dependencies, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages...
psychoanalyst
Psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis is a psychological theory developed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud. Psychoanalysis has expanded, been criticized and developed in different directions, mostly by some of Freud's former students, such as Alfred Adler and Carl Gustav...
. He first studied medicine and surgery, and it was his elder brother, James Glover (1882–1926) who attracted him towards psychoanalysis. Both brothers were analyzed in Berlin by Karl Abraham
Karl Abraham
-Further reading:* Freud, S. . Mourning and Melancholia. Standard Edition, 14, 305-307.* May-Tolzmann, U. . The Discovery of the Bad Mother: Abraham’s contribution to the theory of Depression...
; indeed, the 'list of Karl Abraham's analysands reads like a roster of psychoanalytic eminence: the leading English analysts Edward and James Glover' at the top. He then settled down in London where he became an influential member of the British Psycho-Analytical Society in 1921. He was also close to Ernest Jones
Ernest Jones
Alfred Ernest Jones was a British neurologist and psychoanalyst, and Sigmund Freud’s official biographer. Jones was the first English-speaking practitioner of psychoanalysis and became its leading exponent in the English-speaking world where, as President of both the British Psycho-Analytical...
.
He was the third son of a highly gifted country schoolmaster who was a professed Darwinian agnostic. At the time of this birth, Sigmund Freud
Sigmund Freud
Sigmund Freud , born Sigismund Schlomo Freud , was an Austrian neurologist who founded the discipline of psychoanalysis...
was still practicing as a neurologist in Vienna and had not published many of his significant findings. Freud's seminal writings on dreams
On Dreams
On Dreams is one of the short treatises that make up Aristotle's Parva Naturalia.-External links:*, translated by J. I. Beare*HTML Greek text: ,...
and the unconscious, on infantile (and adult) sexuality, on guilt and self-punishment and the later theories of transference - in short the whole psychoanalytic canon - did not yet exist.
He suffered family tragedies throughout his life. His second brother died at the age of 6 when Edward was 4, and James, his much-admired elder brother, died in his 30s. Later in life his first wife died in childbirth along with their child. From his second marriage he had a daughter who suffered from Down’s Syndrome
Down syndrome
Down syndrome, or Down's syndrome, trisomy 21, is a chromosomal condition caused by the presence of all or part of an extra 21st chromosome. It is named after John Langdon Down, the British physician who described the syndrome in 1866. The condition was clinically described earlier in the 19th...
, whom Glover and his wife cared for at home for many years.
Glover entered the medical school
Medical school
A medical school is a tertiary educational institution—or part of such an institution—that teaches medicine. Degree programs offered at medical schools often include Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine, Bachelor/Doctor of Medicine, Doctor of Philosophy, master's degree, or other post-secondary...
in Glasgow at the age of 16 and graduated at 21 with distinction. It is reported that as a student he was prominent in socialist politics and was involved in a revolutionary move to propose Keir Hardie
Keir Hardie
James Keir Hardie, Sr. , was a Scottish socialist and labour leader, and was the first Independent Labour Member of Parliament elected to the Parliament of the United Kingdom...
as rector of the university. There followed several years of academic medicine, working first in Glasgow with the professor of medicine and paediatrics and then in pulmonary medicine in London. With the outbreak of the First World War he was appointed medical superintendent of a sanatorium for the treatment of early chest diseases in Birmingham.
Amongst Edward Glover's most lasting achievements in the combined field of psychotherapy and criminology - aside from his clinical work and extensive publications - are his roles as: co-founder of the Psychopathic Clinic (renamed the Portman Clinic in 1937) and the Institute for the Study and Treatment of Delinquency, joint founder of the British Journal of Criminology - he was co-editor until his death - and co-founder of the British Society of Criminology. He was one-time chairman of the medical section of the British Psychological Society
British Psychological Society
The British Psychological Society is a representative body for psychologists and psychology in the United Kingdom. The BPS is also a Registered Charity and, along with advantages, this also imposes certain constraints on what the society can and cannot do...
. He is publicly remembered in the annual Glover lecture, delivered under the auspices of the Portman Clinic. He seems to have been a man of the most exceptional intellectual energy.
Early texts (1924-1939)
Between 1924 and 1939 Glover published his first book as well as some eighteen articles on psychoanalytic subjects ranging from "Notes on Oral Character" through "The Screening Function of Traumatic Memories" to "A Note on Idealisation".'Glover once [1931] wrote a very interesting paper in which he investigated the ways in which incomplete or inexact interpretations, and also other psychotherapeutic procedures, influence the patient's mind...[as] artificial substitute symptoms, which may make the spontaneous symptoms superfluous. Lacan
Lacan
Lacan is surname of:* Jacques Lacan , French psychoanalyst and psychiatrist** The Seminars of Jacques Lacan** From Bakunin to Lacan: Anti-Authoritarianism and the Dislocation of Power, a book on political philosophy by Saul Newman** Lacan at the Scene* Judith Miller, née Lacan...
would make use of Glover's findings to support his exploration of "The function and field of speech and language in psychoanalysis" on more than one occasion: 'Mr Edward Glover in a remarkable paper...[suggests] not only is every spoken intervention received by the subject in terms of his structure, but the intervention takes on a structuring function in him in proprtion to its form'. Thus 'Glover...finds interpretation everywhere, being unable to stop it anywhere, even in the banality of a medical prescription'.
Glover's "Lectures on Technique in Psychoanalysis"(1927-8) would seem to have offered a dry, neutral, asceptic classical psychoanalysis. Thus on the question of whether analysis should close with a "cooling-off" period, he followed the classical line 'that "to the very end we continue the analytic process", as the English analyst Edward Glover wrote in The Technique of Psychoanalysis, first published in 1928 and revised in 1955. Glover sternly continues, "In the first session we laid down the association rule, and this remains in force to the last minute of the last session2'.
Similarly on the question of the early "deep interpretation" favoured for example by Melanie Klein
Melanie Klein
Melanie Reizes Klein was an Austrian-born British psychoanalyst who devised novel therapeutic techniques for children that had an impact on child psychology and contemporary psychoanalysis...
, Glover argued: 'Once the analyst departs from sparing, provisional interpretations, he not only disturbs the listening situation but has made it difficult to re-establish it'.
Psychoanalytic controversies
Glover was a combative intellectual personality who took a principled stand on many of the variegated controversies of the first psychoanalytic half-century, promoting 'his pure Freudianism...versions of orthodox Freudianism'.In the early 1920s, when Abraham 'feared that Ferenczi and, far worse, Rank, were caught in an act of "scientific regression"...English psychoanalysts, notably Ernest Jones and the brothers Edward and James Glover, wholly agreed with Abraham'.
In the later 1920s, when Freud made something of a minority stand over Lay analysis
Lay analysis
A lay analysis is a psychoanalysis performed by someone who is not a trained physician; a person who performs such an analysis is a lay analyst....
, 'some of the British psychoanalysts, among them Edward Glover and John Rickman, saw no harm in nonmedical therapists conducting analysis, provided one kept therapy "sharply divided from diagnosis: the latter must be left to medically qualified persons"'.
In the thirties, Glover found himself increasingly opposed to the innovations and influence of Melanie Klein, who found 'from 1934 onwards, a hostility within the British Psycho-Analytic Society' led by 'Glover [who] was scientific secretary of the British Society' - hostility which lasted for the best part of a decade until the 'vituperative opposition from Edward Glover and Melitta Schmideberg had vanished when Glover gave up his membership of the British Psycho-analytical Society in 1944'. At this point, Glover declared that 'The British Psycho-Analytical Society is no longer a Freudian society...deviation from psychoanalysis'; and the following year, the fundamental Kleinian position paper by Susan Sutherland Isaacs
Susan Sutherland Isaacs
Susan Sutherland Isaacs, CBE was a Lancashire-born educational psychologist and psychoanalyst. She published studies on the intellectual and social development of children and promoted the nursery school movement...
on "Phantasy" was publicly 'attacked by Glover (1945)', in the first volume of The Psychoanalytic Study of the child, where he described what he called "the Klein System of Child Psychology" as 'a bio-religious system which depends on faith rather than science...a variant of the doctrine of Original Sin'.
In the following decade, Glover turned his fire from Klein to Jung: his book, ' Freud or Jung? (1956) is a partisan Freudian - though...defensible - polemic'. In it he argued (incidentally) for the firm conceptual separation of art and psychopathology. 'Glover put this view most trenchantly: "Whatever its original unconscious aim, the work of art represents a forward urge of the libido seeking to maintain its hold on the world of objects...not the result of a pathological breakdown'.
In the Sixties, Glover aroused the ire of Lacan by way of his attack on Franz Alexander
Franz Alexander
Franz Gabriel Alexander was a Hungarian-American psychoanalyst and physician, who is considered one of the founders of psychosomatic medicine and psychoanalytic criminology.- Life :...
's concept of the corrective emotional experience: 'When I read in the Psychoanalytic Quarterly an article like the one by Mr Edward Glover, entitled Freudian or Neo-Freudian, directed entirely against the constructions of Mr Alexander, I sense a sordid smell of stuffiness, at...Alexander being counter-attacked in the name of obsolete criteria'.
Glover's sterling early work with Jones in the BMA in obtaining the so-called "Psycho-Analytical Charter" - 'Edward Glover and myself had for over three years fought at heavy odds against our twenty-five bitter opponents' - should also not be forgotten.
Publications
- Freud or JungJungCarl Jung was a Swiss psychiatrist, an influential thinker and the founder of analytical psychology.Jung may also refer to:* Jung * JUNG, Java Universal Network/Graph Framework-See also:...
?, Publisher: Meridian Books, NY, 1957 - Psycho-Analysis, Publisher: Roberts Press, 2007, ISBN 1406747335
Further reading
- Paul RoazenPaul RoazenPaul Roazen was a political scientist who became a preeminent historian of psychoanalysis.Roazen studied at Harvard University and in Chicago and Oxford. Later he returned to Harvard. The subject of his dissertation was Freud's political thinking...
: Oedipus in Britain: Edward Glover and the Struggle over Melanie KleinMelanie KleinMelanie Reizes Klein was an Austrian-born British psychoanalyst who devised novel therapeutic techniques for children that had an impact on child psychology and contemporary psychoanalysis...
, Publisher: Other Press, 2001, ISBN 1892746662 - Franz Alexander et al., Psychoanalytic Pioneers (1995)
- Pearl King/Riccardo Steiner, The Freud-Klein Controversies (London 1992)