Edward Evans, 1st Baron Mountevans
Encyclopedia
Admiral Edward Ratcliffe Garth Russell Evans, 1st Baron Mountevans, KCB
, DSO
(28 October 1881 – 20 August 1957), known as "Teddy" Evans, was a British naval officer and Antarctic
explorer. He served as second-in-command on Robert Falcon Scott
's ill-fated expedition
to the South Pole
in 1910–1913 and as captain of the expedition ship Terra Nova
.
for truancy, he eventually completed sufficient schooling to make his way onto the Mercantile Marine training ship HMS Worcester and obtain, two years later, a naval cadetship in 1896. He attended the Royal Naval College from 1900-1902. In 1900 he was promoted to Acting Sub-Lieutenant, then Sub-Lieutenant and Lieutenant in 1902 and the same year served as second officer of the Morning
, the relief vessel of Scott's first Antarctic expedition
in 1901-1904.
. However, it was an uneasy working relationship, as Scott continued to regard Evans as a rival.
In Antarctica, Evans was initially in charge of Scott's motor-sledge party. After the sledges broke down, he continued south, man-hauling, as the leader of the last supporting party to accompany Scott to the pole. After hearing from Scott that he was not going to be one of the men making the final push to the South Pole, Evans turned back on 4 January 1912, within 150 miles of the pole, leaving another of his party, Henry R. Bowers, to join Scott's Polar party. On the return journey, Evans became seriously ill with scurvy
and by February 11, still 100 miles from base camp, could no longer stand unaided and had to be pulled on the sledge by his remaining two companions, Tom Crean and William Lashly
. Evans ordered them to leave him behind as he feared all three would otherwise die, but they refused. Evans would later say that this was the only time in his naval career where his orders were disobeyed. Evans declining condition was chronicled in the journal of Lashly, who observed that Evans was "turning black and blue and several other colours as well", and later that he was in great pain and unable to stand. Evans later wrote: "Very seriously and sadly they re-erected our tent and put me once again inside. I thought I was being put into my grave....". At this point, with not enough supplies to last the 3 men for the remaining 35 miles, Crean volunteered to go alone to fetch help. On February 19, after walking for 18 hours non-stop, Crean reached Hut Point
where he found two members of the expedition, physician Edward L. Atkinson
and dog-handler Dimitri Gerov, who set off on dog sleds and rescued Evans and Lashly. Altogether, the three had marched about 1500 miles.
Because of his illness, Evans was sent home in the expedition's ship Terra Nova
in March 1912, but he recovered and returned the following year in command of the ship to take off the expedition's survivors.
On 20 April 1917, while on night patrol of the Dover Barrage near Goodwin Sands
, he commanded the destroyer HMS Broke
in an action against six German destroyers of the Kaiserliche Marine
that had started to bombard Dover. Along with , Evans engaged the German destroyers in what became known as the Battle of Dover Strait
. A torpedo from HMS Swift sank one of the enemy destroyers, G-85. Then the Broke deliberately rammed another, G-42, almost breaking it in two. The two ships became locked together and for a while there was close-quarters fighting on Broke's deck until the Broke managed to break free. The German destroyer sank while the remaining German warships escaped. The badly damaged Broke was towed home, while the equally damaged Swift made her own way back. The action gained him immediate promotion to the rank of Captain
and his DSO
and made Evans a popular hero, feted in the British press as "Evans of the Broke". Evans wrote an account of his activities on the Dover Patrol
in his book "Keeping the Seas" (1920).
Evans married Norwegian Elsa Andvord in 1916.
While in command of HMS Carlisle
on the China Station
, Evans rescued 200 survivors from the SS Hong Moh
. His actions, including swimming to give direction on the sinking ship, gained several awards for life-saving.
In February 1928 he was promoted to Rear-Admiral commanding the Royal Australian Navy
Fleet (formal title was "Rear Admiral Commanding HM Australian Squadron"). In November 1932 he was made Vice-Admiral. He was commander-in-chief of the Africa Station
and Deputy High Commissioner
of the British Protectorates from 1933-35. He was made a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB) in 1935. He was Commander-in-Chief, The Nore from 1935–1939 and was promoted to Admiral
in July 1936. Recalled in 1939, the following year he participated in the Norwegian Campaign
, after which he retired from the Royal Navy on 9 January 1941. During the remainder of the Second World War he served as London Regional Commissioner for Civil Defence. In December 1945, he was created a baron
, Lord Mountevans of the Broke. He was Rector of the University of Aberdeen
from 1936-1942.
He wrote several books about Antarctica:
entries, where available):
Companion of the Order of the Bath (LG 16 May 1913, p. 3507)
Distinguished Service Order (LG 10 May 1917, p. 4481)
Polar Medal "Antarctic, 1910-1913" Silver Medal (LG 25 Jul 1913, p. 5322).
Commander of the Order of the Crown - Belgium (LG 8 Apr 1921, p. 2797).
Officer of the Legion of Honour - France (LG 20 Jul 1917, p. 7427)
Officer of the Order of Leopold (Belgium) (LG 1 Jan 1917, p. 11)
Order of the Tower and Sword 2nd Class - Portugal (LG 17 Jan 1919, p. 887)
Navy Cross - United States (LG 16 Sep 1919, p. 11583)
Croix de Guerre - France (LG 22 Jun 1917, p. 6257)
Medaille Civique
- Belgium (LG 12 Dec 1919, p. 15432)
Evans was made Freeman
of various communities: Calgary
, Canada (1914); Dover
(1938); Chatham (1939); Kingston upon Thames
(1945); the City of London
(1945); and Chelsea
(1945).
Various awards in recognition of his part in the Hong Moh disaster in the South China Sea
: Médaille Civique of Belgium, 1st Class for saving life at sea (1919); Board of Trade Silver Medal for Saving Life at Sea
(1921); special gold medal by Lloyd
's for saving life (1921).
For his part in expeditions: King Edward VII and King George V medal for Antarctic Exploration; Silver Polar Medal
(24 Jul 1913); Gold Medallist of Royal Hungarian and Royal Belgian Geographical Societies; Livingstone Gold Medallist, Royal Scottish Geographical Society
; gold medals from the cities of Paris and Rouen, and from the Geographical Societies of Marseilles, Rouen, and Newcastle; Honorary Member of many Geographical Societies.
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Order of the Bath
The Most Honourable Order of the Bath is a British order of chivalry founded by George I on 18 May 1725. The name derives from the elaborate mediæval ceremony for creating a knight, which involved bathing as one of its elements. The knights so created were known as Knights of the Bath...
, DSO
Distinguished Service Order
The Distinguished Service Order is a military decoration of the United Kingdom, and formerly of other parts of the British Commonwealth and Empire, awarded for meritorious or distinguished service by officers of the armed forces during wartime, typically in actual combat.Instituted on 6 September...
(28 October 1881 – 20 August 1957), known as "Teddy" Evans, was a British naval officer and Antarctic
Antarctic
The Antarctic is the region around the Earth's South Pole, opposite the Arctic region around the North Pole. The Antarctic comprises the continent of Antarctica and the ice shelves, waters and island territories in the Southern Ocean situated south of the Antarctic Convergence...
explorer. He served as second-in-command on Robert Falcon Scott
Robert Falcon Scott
Captain Robert Falcon Scott, CVO was a Royal Navy officer and explorer who led two expeditions to the Antarctic regions: the Discovery Expedition, 1901–04, and the ill-fated Terra Nova Expedition, 1910–13...
's ill-fated expedition
Terra Nova Expedition
The Terra Nova Expedition , officially the British Antarctic Expedition 1910, was led by Robert Falcon Scott with the objective of being the first to reach the geographical South Pole. Scott and four companions attained the pole on 17 January 1912, to find that a Norwegian team led by Roald...
to the South Pole
South Pole
The South Pole, also known as the Geographic South Pole or Terrestrial South Pole, is one of the two points where the Earth's axis of rotation intersects its surface. It is the southernmost point on the surface of the Earth and lies on the opposite side of the Earth from the North Pole...
in 1910–1913 and as captain of the expedition ship Terra Nova
Terra Nova (ship)
The Terra Nova was built in 1884 for the Dundee whaling and sealing fleet. She worked for 10 years in the annual seal fishery in the Labrador Sea, proving her worth for many years before she was called upon for expedition work.Terra Nova was ideally suited to the polar regions...
.
Early life
Edward Evans was born in London in 1881, the son of barrister, Frank Evans. Expelled from Merchant Taylors' School, LondonMerchant Taylors' School, Northwood
Merchant Taylors' School is a British independent day school for boys, originally located in the City of London. Since 1933 it has been located at Sandy Lodge in the Three Rivers district of Hertfordshire ....
for truancy, he eventually completed sufficient schooling to make his way onto the Mercantile Marine training ship HMS Worcester and obtain, two years later, a naval cadetship in 1896. He attended the Royal Naval College from 1900-1902. In 1900 he was promoted to Acting Sub-Lieutenant, then Sub-Lieutenant and Lieutenant in 1902 and the same year served as second officer of the Morning
SY Morning
SY Morning is most famous for her role as a relief vessel to Scott's British National Antarctic Expedition . She made two voyages to the Antarctic to resupply the expedition.-Acquisition for the British National Antarctic Expedition:...
, the relief vessel of Scott's first Antarctic expedition
Discovery Expedition
The British National Antarctic Expedition, 1901–04, generally known as the Discovery Expedition, was the first official British exploration of the Antarctic regions since James Clark Ross's voyage sixty years earlier...
in 1901-1904.
Scott's Second Antarctic Expedition (1910-1913)
Scott offered Evans the position with his second expedition as a means of persuading him to drop plans for his own competing expedition to explore King Edward VII LandEdward VII Peninsula
King Edward VII Land or King Edward VII Peninsula is a large, ice-covered peninsula which forms the northwestern extremity of Marie Byrd Land. The peninsula projects into the Ross Sea between Sulzberger Bay and the northeast corner of the Ross Ice Shelf, and forms part of the Ross Dependency...
. However, it was an uneasy working relationship, as Scott continued to regard Evans as a rival.
In Antarctica, Evans was initially in charge of Scott's motor-sledge party. After the sledges broke down, he continued south, man-hauling, as the leader of the last supporting party to accompany Scott to the pole. After hearing from Scott that he was not going to be one of the men making the final push to the South Pole, Evans turned back on 4 January 1912, within 150 miles of the pole, leaving another of his party, Henry R. Bowers, to join Scott's Polar party. On the return journey, Evans became seriously ill with scurvy
Scurvy
Scurvy is a disease resulting from a deficiency of vitamin C, which is required for the synthesis of collagen in humans. The chemical name for vitamin C, ascorbic acid, is derived from the Latin name of scurvy, scorbutus, which also provides the adjective scorbutic...
and by February 11, still 100 miles from base camp, could no longer stand unaided and had to be pulled on the sledge by his remaining two companions, Tom Crean and William Lashly
William Lashly
William Lashly was a Royal Navy seaman who was a member of both of Robert Falcon Scott's Antarctic expeditions.-Early life:The son of a farm worker, Lashly was born in Hambledon, Hampshire, a village near Portsmouth, England...
. Evans ordered them to leave him behind as he feared all three would otherwise die, but they refused. Evans would later say that this was the only time in his naval career where his orders were disobeyed. Evans declining condition was chronicled in the journal of Lashly, who observed that Evans was "turning black and blue and several other colours as well", and later that he was in great pain and unable to stand. Evans later wrote: "Very seriously and sadly they re-erected our tent and put me once again inside. I thought I was being put into my grave....". At this point, with not enough supplies to last the 3 men for the remaining 35 miles, Crean volunteered to go alone to fetch help. On February 19, after walking for 18 hours non-stop, Crean reached Hut Point
Hut Point Peninsula
Hut Point Peninsula is a long, narrow land mass from 2 to 3 miles wide and 15 miles long, projecting southwest from the slopes of Mount Erebus on Ross Island....
where he found two members of the expedition, physician Edward L. Atkinson
Edward L. Atkinson
Edward Leicester Atkinson DSO AM RN was a Royal naval surgeon and Antarctic explorer who was a member of the scientific staff of Captain Scott's Terra Nova Expedition, 1910–13. He was in command of the expedition's base at Cape Evans for much of 1912, and led the party which found the tent...
and dog-handler Dimitri Gerov, who set off on dog sleds and rescued Evans and Lashly. Altogether, the three had marched about 1500 miles.
Because of his illness, Evans was sent home in the expedition's ship Terra Nova
Terra Nova (ship)
The Terra Nova was built in 1884 for the Dundee whaling and sealing fleet. She worked for 10 years in the annual seal fishery in the Labrador Sea, proving her worth for many years before she was called upon for expedition work.Terra Nova was ideally suited to the polar regions...
in March 1912, but he recovered and returned the following year in command of the ship to take off the expedition's survivors.
Post-Antarctic service
Following his Antarctic service, Evans had a successful naval career. At the outbreak of the First World War in 1914 he was promoted to Commander.On 20 April 1917, while on night patrol of the Dover Barrage near Goodwin Sands
Goodwin Sands
The Goodwin Sands is a 10-mile-long sand bank in the English Channel, lying six miles east off Deal in Kent, England. The Brake Bank lying shorewards is part of the same geological unit. As the shoals lie close to major shipping channels, more than 2,000 ships are believed to have been wrecked...
, he commanded the destroyer HMS Broke
HMS Broke (1914)
HMS Broke was a Faulknor-class destroyer leader of the Royal Navy, initially built for the Chilean Navy as the Almirante Lynch-class destroyer Almirante Goni. The outbreak of the First World War led to her being purchased by the Admiralty in August 1914 shortly after her launching, and renamed HMS...
in an action against six German destroyers of the Kaiserliche Marine
Kaiserliche Marine
The Imperial German Navy was the German Navy created at the time of the formation of the German Empire. It existed between 1871 and 1919, growing out of the small Prussian Navy and Norddeutsche Bundesmarine, which primarily had the mission of coastal defense. Kaiser Wilhelm II greatly expanded...
that had started to bombard Dover. Along with , Evans engaged the German destroyers in what became known as the Battle of Dover Strait
Battle of Dover Strait
The Second Battle of Dover Strait was a naval battle of the First World War, fought in the Dover Strait in April 1917 and should not be confused with the major Battle of Dover Strait in 1916...
. A torpedo from HMS Swift sank one of the enemy destroyers, G-85. Then the Broke deliberately rammed another, G-42, almost breaking it in two. The two ships became locked together and for a while there was close-quarters fighting on Broke's deck until the Broke managed to break free. The German destroyer sank while the remaining German warships escaped. The badly damaged Broke was towed home, while the equally damaged Swift made her own way back. The action gained him immediate promotion to the rank of Captain
Captain (naval)
Captain is the name most often given in English-speaking navies to the rank corresponding to command of the largest ships. The NATO rank code is OF-5, equivalent to an army full colonel....
and his DSO
Distinguished Service Order
The Distinguished Service Order is a military decoration of the United Kingdom, and formerly of other parts of the British Commonwealth and Empire, awarded for meritorious or distinguished service by officers of the armed forces during wartime, typically in actual combat.Instituted on 6 September...
and made Evans a popular hero, feted in the British press as "Evans of the Broke". Evans wrote an account of his activities on the Dover Patrol
Dover Patrol
The Dover Patrol was a Royal Navy command of the First World War, notable for its involvement in the Zeebrugge Raid on 22 April 1918. The Dover Patrol formed a discrete unit of the Royal Navy based at Dover and Dunkirk for the duration of the First World War...
in his book "Keeping the Seas" (1920).
Evans married Norwegian Elsa Andvord in 1916.
While in command of HMS Carlisle
HMS Carlisle (D67)
HMS Carlisle was a C-class light cruiser of the Royal Navy, named after the English City of Carlisle. She was the name ship of the Carlisle group of the C-class of cruisers...
on the China Station
China Station
The China Station was a historical formation of the British Royal Navy. It was formally the units and establishments responsible to the Commander-in-Chief, China....
, Evans rescued 200 survivors from the SS Hong Moh
SS Hong Moh
SS Hong Moh was a passenger steamship owned by the Hong Kong Steamship Company which was wrecked on 3 March 1921 with the loss of about 1,000 lives....
. His actions, including swimming to give direction on the sinking ship, gained several awards for life-saving.
In February 1928 he was promoted to Rear-Admiral commanding the Royal Australian Navy
Royal Australian Navy
The Royal Australian Navy is the naval branch of the Australian Defence Force. Following the Federation of Australia in 1901, the ships and resources of the separate colonial navies were integrated into a national force: the Commonwealth Naval Forces...
Fleet (formal title was "Rear Admiral Commanding HM Australian Squadron"). In November 1932 he was made Vice-Admiral. He was commander-in-chief of the Africa Station
Cape of Good Hope Station
The Cape of Good Hope Station was one of the geographical divisions into which the British Royal Navy divided its worldwide responsibilities. It was formally the units and establishments responsible to the Commander-in-Chief, Cape of Good Hope....
and Deputy High Commissioner
High Commissioner
High Commissioner is the title of various high-ranking, special executive positions held by a commission of appointment.The English term is also used to render various equivalent titles in other languages.-Bilateral diplomacy:...
of the British Protectorates from 1933-35. He was made a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB) in 1935. He was Commander-in-Chief, The Nore from 1935–1939 and was promoted to Admiral
Admiral
Admiral is the rank, or part of the name of the ranks, of the highest naval officers. It is usually considered a full admiral and above vice admiral and below admiral of the fleet . It is usually abbreviated to "Adm" or "ADM"...
in July 1936. Recalled in 1939, the following year he participated in the Norwegian Campaign
Norwegian Campaign
The Norwegian Campaign was a military campaign that was fought in Norway during the Second World War between the Allies and Germany, after the latter's invasion of the country. In April 1940, the United Kingdom and France came to Norway's aid with an expeditionary force...
, after which he retired from the Royal Navy on 9 January 1941. During the remainder of the Second World War he served as London Regional Commissioner for Civil Defence. In December 1945, he was created a baron
Baron
Baron is a title of nobility. The word baron comes from Old French baron, itself from Old High German and Latin baro meaning " man, warrior"; it merged with cognate Old English beorn meaning "nobleman"...
, Lord Mountevans of the Broke. He was Rector of the University of Aberdeen
Rector of the University of Aberdeen
The Lord Rector of the University of Aberdeen is the students' representative and chairman in the University Court of the University of Aberdeen. The position is rarely known by its full title and most often referred to simply as "Rector". The Rector is elected by students of the University and...
from 1936-1942.
He wrote several books about Antarctica:
- South with Scott (1921)
- British Polar explorers (1944)
- The desolate Antarctic (1950)
Honours and awards
Orders and Decorations were awarded to Edward Evans for his efforts in the Antarctic, for military service and for life saving (given with London GazetteLondon Gazette
The London Gazette is one of the official journals of record of the British government, and the most important among such official journals in the United Kingdom, in which certain statutory notices are required to be published...
entries, where available):
Companion of the Order of the Bath (LG 16 May 1913, p. 3507)
Distinguished Service Order (LG 10 May 1917, p. 4481)
Polar Medal "Antarctic, 1910-1913" Silver Medal (LG 25 Jul 1913, p. 5322).
Commander of the Order of the Crown - Belgium (LG 8 Apr 1921, p. 2797).
Officer of the Legion of Honour - France (LG 20 Jul 1917, p. 7427)
Officer of the Order of Leopold (Belgium) (LG 1 Jan 1917, p. 11)
Order of the Tower and Sword 2nd Class - Portugal (LG 17 Jan 1919, p. 887)
Navy Cross - United States (LG 16 Sep 1919, p. 11583)
Croix de Guerre - France (LG 22 Jun 1917, p. 6257)
Medaille Civique
Civic Decoration (Belgium)
The Civic Decoration is a civil decoration of Belgium. It was created on 21 July 1867 to reward the services rendered to the country after a long and meritorious career in the administration, whether national, provincial or local, as well as for exceptional acts of bravery, devotion or humanity...
- Belgium (LG 12 Dec 1919, p. 15432)
Evans was made Freeman
Freedom of the City
Freedom of the City is an honour bestowed by some municipalities in Australia, Canada, Ireland, France, Italy, New Zealand, South Africa, Spain, the United Kingdom, Gibraltar and Rhodesia to esteemed members of its community and to organisations to be honoured, often for service to the community;...
of various communities: Calgary
Calgary
Calgary is a city in the Province of Alberta, Canada. It is located in the south of the province, in an area of foothills and prairie, approximately east of the front ranges of the Canadian Rockies...
, Canada (1914); Dover
Dover
Dover is a town and major ferry port in the home county of Kent, in South East England. It faces France across the narrowest part of the English Channel, and lies south-east of Canterbury; east of Kent's administrative capital Maidstone; and north-east along the coastline from Dungeness and Hastings...
(1938); Chatham (1939); Kingston upon Thames
Kingston upon Thames
Kingston upon Thames is the principal settlement of the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames in southwest London. It was the ancient market town where Saxon kings were crowned and is now a suburb situated south west of Charing Cross. It is one of the major metropolitan centres identified in the...
(1945); the City of London
City of London
The City of London is a small area within Greater London, England. It is the historic core of London around which the modern conurbation grew and has held city status since time immemorial. The City’s boundaries have remained almost unchanged since the Middle Ages, and it is now only a tiny part of...
(1945); and Chelsea
Chelsea, London
Chelsea is an area of West London, England, bounded to the south by the River Thames, where its frontage runs from Chelsea Bridge along the Chelsea Embankment, Cheyne Walk, Lots Road and Chelsea Harbour. Its eastern boundary was once defined by the River Westbourne, which is now in a pipe above...
(1945).
Various awards in recognition of his part in the Hong Moh disaster in the South China Sea
South China Sea
The South China Sea is a marginal sea that is part of the Pacific Ocean, encompassing an area from the Singapore and Malacca Straits to the Strait of Taiwan of around...
: Médaille Civique of Belgium, 1st Class for saving life at sea (1919); Board of Trade Silver Medal for Saving Life at Sea
Sea Gallantry Medal
The Sea Gallantry Medal , is an award for civil gallantry at sea in Great Britain and the Commonwealth. The Merchant Shipping Act 1854 permitted the issue of this award and SGMs were first struck in 1855...
(1921); special gold medal by Lloyd
Lloyd's of London
Lloyd's, also known as Lloyd's of London, is a British insurance and reinsurance market. It serves as a partially mutualised marketplace where multiple financial backers, underwriters, or members, whether individuals or corporations, come together to pool and spread risk...
's for saving life (1921).
For his part in expeditions: King Edward VII and King George V medal for Antarctic Exploration; Silver Polar Medal
Polar Medal
The Polar Medal is a medal awarded by the Sovereign of the United Kingdom. It was instituted in 1857 as the Arctic Medal and renamed the Polar Medal in 1904.-History:...
(24 Jul 1913); Gold Medallist of Royal Hungarian and Royal Belgian Geographical Societies; Livingstone Gold Medallist, Royal Scottish Geographical Society
Royal Scottish Geographical Society
The Royal Scottish Geographical Society is a learned society founded in 1884 and based in Perth. The Society has a membership of 2500 and aims to advance the science of geography worldwide by supporting education, research, expeditions, through its journal , its newsletter and other publications...
; gold medals from the cities of Paris and Rouen, and from the Geographical Societies of Marseilles, Rouen, and Newcastle; Honorary Member of many Geographical Societies.
See also
- Cape EvansCape EvansCape Evans is a rocky cape on the west side of Ross Island, forming the north side of the entrance to Erebus Bay.The cape was discovered by the Discovery expedition under Robert Falcon Scott, who named it the Skuary. Scott's second expedition, the British Antarctic Expedition , built its...
- Comparison of the Amundsen and Scott ExpeditionsComparison of the Amundsen and Scott ExpeditionsThe reasons for Roald Amundsen's success with his South Pole expedition and the reason for Robert Falcon Scott's failure in returning from the simultaneous Terra Nova Expedition to the pole have always been the subject of discussion and controversy. The contrasting fates of the two teams seeking...
Sources
- Cherry-Garrard, ApsleyApsley Cherry-GarrardApsley George Benet Cherry-Garrard was an English explorer of Antarctica. He was a survivor of the Terra Nova Expedition and is acclaimed for his historical account of this expedition, The Worst Journey in the World....
: The Worst Journey in the World. ISBN 0-88184-478-0 - Evans E.R.G.R. South With Scott Collins, London, 1921. (On demand reprint: Tutis Digital Publishing Pvt. Limited, ISBN 8-132-01052-3)
- Fiennes, RanulphRanulph FiennesSir Ranulph Twisleton-Wykeham-Fiennes, 3rd Baronet, OBE , better known as Ranulph Fiennes, is a British adventurer and holder of several endurance records. He is also a prolific writer. Fiennes served in the British Army for eight years including a period on counter-insurgency service while...
(2003). Captain Scott. Hodder & Stoughton Ltd. ISBN 0-340-82697-5. - Huntford, RolandRoland HuntfordRoland Huntford is an author, principally of biographies of Polar explorers. He lives in Cambridge, and was formerly Scandinavian correspondent of The Observer, also acting as their winter sports correspondent...
: The Last Place on Earth. ISBN 0-689-70701-0 - Preston, Diana: A First Rate Tragedy. ISBN 0-618-00201-4
External links
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