Dooks
Encyclopedia
Dux was a bicycle
/automobile
/aircraft
factory
in Moscow
, Russia
before and during World War I
. The factory was founded in 1893. The name comes from the latin word dux (leader). Y. A. Meller was owner of the factory which was primarily focused on the building of French
aircraft designs. The factory is still active at its original location and returned to its original name several years ago. However, the company is now focused on air-to-air missile production and some aircraft sub-components. The aircraft production arm was separated from the factory in the early 1920s; it is also active at its original location at the Central Moscow airfield and is named RAC MIG Production Complex #2 or the P.A. Voronin Production Center. Over the years it has also been known as OSOAVIAKHIM Plant #1, GAZ No. 1, Menjinski Plant #39, Orjonikidze Plant #381, Plant #30, MMZ (Moscow Machine-Building Plant) "Znamya Truda" (Banner of Labor), and "Moscow Aircraft Production Organization (MAPO) named after Dementiev" (Petr Dementiev, Minister of Aircraft Industry from 1953 to 1977).
IV with ENV engine, which made its first flight on August 18, 1910. From there, in addition to copies, some improvements were designed for existing models. The first of these was a Farman VII in 1912 with some improvements that were put into production. A more ambitious project was the Dux Meller I which combined a Bleriot main fuselage with a Farman XV nacelle added, all driven by a 100 hp Gnome-Rhone in pusher configuration
. A modified Farman XVI was later produced under the name Dux Meller II and flown in 1913. The following Dux Meller III was a failed attempt to produce a single-engine twin-propeller chain-driven monoplane. Further work went into the Dux No 2 but this was also a failure. While engineering continued on a new twin engine pusher, in the end the factory's primary activity was construction of Western designs.
, Nieuport 24, Farman family of aircraft including models IV, VII
, XVI, XXX, as well as a large number of military bicycles.
the plant was named "Aircraft plant #1 named after OSOAVIAKHIM" or "GAZ No. 1". Farmans and Nieuports were left in production. Polikarpov
became the chief designer in the late 1920s. Production models included I-5
, I-15
, I-15bis, I-153, I-16
, R-5
, and R-Zet
aircraft.
before evacuation in October 1941. After production recovery, Plant #30 produced the IL-2
, and Plant #381 produced the La-5 and later the La7
.
, a small series of I-250, and the first 75 of MiG-15. In 1949 and 1950 two neighboring plants were united into Plant #30. The production of Il-28
began. After this the following aircraft were produced: Su-9, Yak-25, Il-14
, Il-18
with modifications, MiG-21, and MiG-23.
Bicycle
A bicycle, also known as a bike, pushbike or cycle, is a human-powered, pedal-driven, single-track vehicle, having two wheels attached to a frame, one behind the other. A person who rides a bicycle is called a cyclist, or bicyclist....
/automobile
Automobile
An automobile, autocar, motor car or car is a wheeled motor vehicle used for transporting passengers, which also carries its own engine or motor...
/aircraft
Aircraft
An aircraft is a vehicle that is able to fly by gaining support from the air, or, in general, the atmosphere of a planet. An aircraft counters the force of gravity by using either static lift or by using the dynamic lift of an airfoil, or in a few cases the downward thrust from jet engines.Although...
factory
Factory
A factory or manufacturing plant is an industrial building where laborers manufacture goods or supervise machines processing one product into another. Most modern factories have large warehouses or warehouse-like facilities that contain heavy equipment used for assembly line production...
in Moscow
Moscow
Moscow is the capital, the most populous city, and the most populous federal subject of Russia. The city is a major political, economic, cultural, scientific, religious, financial, educational, and transportation centre of Russia and the continent...
, Russia
Russia
Russia or , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
before and during World War I
World War I
World War I , which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939, and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918...
. The factory was founded in 1893. The name comes from the latin word dux (leader). Y. A. Meller was owner of the factory which was primarily focused on the building of French
France
The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
aircraft designs. The factory is still active at its original location and returned to its original name several years ago. However, the company is now focused on air-to-air missile production and some aircraft sub-components. The aircraft production arm was separated from the factory in the early 1920s; it is also active at its original location at the Central Moscow airfield and is named RAC MIG Production Complex #2 or the P.A. Voronin Production Center. Over the years it has also been known as OSOAVIAKHIM Plant #1, GAZ No. 1, Menjinski Plant #39, Orjonikidze Plant #381, Plant #30, MMZ (Moscow Machine-Building Plant) "Znamya Truda" (Banner of Labor), and "Moscow Aircraft Production Organization (MAPO) named after Dementiev" (Petr Dementiev, Minister of Aircraft Industry from 1953 to 1977).
Pre-WWI Aircraft
The majority of types built by Dux were French and other Western aircraft designs. The first aircraft made was a licensed FarmanFarman
Farman Aviation Works was an aeronautic enterprise founded and run by the brothers; Richard, Henri, and Maurice Farman. They designed and constructed aircraft and engines from 1908 until 1936; during the French nationalization and rationalization of its aerospace industry, Farman's assets were...
IV with ENV engine, which made its first flight on August 18, 1910. From there, in addition to copies, some improvements were designed for existing models. The first of these was a Farman VII in 1912 with some improvements that were put into production. A more ambitious project was the Dux Meller I which combined a Bleriot main fuselage with a Farman XV nacelle added, all driven by a 100 hp Gnome-Rhone in pusher configuration
Pusher configuration
In a craft with a pusher configuration the propeller are mounted behind their respective engine. According to Bill Gunston, a "pusher propeller" is one mounted behind engine so that drive shaft is in compression...
. A modified Farman XVI was later produced under the name Dux Meller II and flown in 1913. The following Dux Meller III was a failed attempt to produce a single-engine twin-propeller chain-driven monoplane. Further work went into the Dux No 2 but this was also a failure. While engineering continued on a new twin engine pusher, in the end the factory's primary activity was construction of Western designs.
| Model name | First flight | Number built | Type |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dux Meller I | |||
| Dux Meller II | 1913 | ||
| Dux Meller III | |||
| Dux No 2 | |||
WWI Aircraft
Dux produced Voisin LAS, Nieuport 17Nieuport 17
|-Specifications :-See also:-Bibliography:* Bruce, Jack. "Those Classic Nieuports". Air Enthusiast Quarterly. Number Two, 1976. Bromley, UK:Pilot Press. pp. 137–153....
, Nieuport 24, Farman family of aircraft including models IV, VII
Farman MF.7
|-See also:-External links:* Contemporary technical description of the MF.7 with photographs and drawings....
, XVI, XXX, as well as a large number of military bicycles.
1920s and '30s
After the October RevolutionOctober Revolution
The October Revolution , also known as the Great October Socialist Revolution , Red October, the October Uprising or the Bolshevik Revolution, was a political revolution and a part of the Russian Revolution of 1917...
the plant was named "Aircraft plant #1 named after OSOAVIAKHIM" or "GAZ No. 1". Farmans and Nieuports were left in production. Polikarpov
Nikolai Nikolaevich Polikarpov
Nikolai Nikolaevich Polikarpov was a Soviet aeronautical engineer and aircraft designer, known as "King of Fighters". He designed the I-15 series of fighters, and the I-16 Ishak "Little Donkey" fighter....
became the chief designer in the late 1920s. Production models included I-5
Polikarpov I-5
The Polikarpov I-5 was a single-seat biplane which became the primary Soviet fighter between its introduction in 1931 through 1936, after which it became the standard advanced trainer...
, I-15
Polikarpov I-15
The Polikarpov I-15 was a Soviet biplane fighter aircraft of the 1930s. Nicknamed Chaika because of its gulled upper wings, it was operated in large numbers by the Soviet Air Force, and together with the Polikarpov I-16 monoplane, was one of the standard fighters of the Spanish Republicans during...
, I-15bis, I-153, I-16
Polikarpov I-16
The Polikarpov I-16 was a Soviet fighter aircraft of revolutionary design; it was the world's first cantilever-winged monoplane fighter with retractable landing gear. The I-16 was introduced in the mid-1930s and formed the backbone of the Soviet Air Force at the beginning of World War II...
, R-5
Polikarpov R-5
The Polikarpov R-5 was a Soviet reconnaissance bomber aircraft of the 1930s. It was the standard light bomber and reconnaissance aircraft with the Soviet Air Force for much of the 1930s, while also being used heavily as a civilian light transport, in the order of 7,000 being built in...
, and R-Zet
Polikarpov R-Z
|-See also:-External links:* * *...
aircraft.
Second World War
Plant #1 produced the MiG-3 before evacuation in October 1941. Plant #39 produced the DB-3FIlyushin Il-4
|-See also:-Bibliography:* Gordon, Yefim and Khazanov, Dmitri. Soviet Combat Aircraft of the Second World War, Volume 2: Twin-Engined Fighters, Attack Aircraft and Bombers. Earl Shilton, UK: Midland Publishing Ltd., 2006. ISBN 1-85780-084-2...
before evacuation in October 1941. After production recovery, Plant #30 produced the IL-2
Ilyushin Il-2
The Ilyushin Il-2 was a ground-attack aircraft in the Second World War, produced by the Soviet Union in very large numbers...
, and Plant #381 produced the La-5 and later the La7
Lavochkin La-7
The Lavochkin La-7 was a piston-engined Soviet fighter developed during World War II by the Lavochkin Design Bureau . It was a development and refinement of the Lavochkin La-5, and the last in a family of aircraft that had begun with the LaGG-1 in 1938. Its first flight was in early 1944 and it...
.
Post-war period
Plant #381 produced the Il-12Ilyushin Il-12
The Ilyushin Il-12 was a Soviet twin-engine cargo aircraft, developed in the mid-1940s for small and medium-haul airline routes and as a military transport.-Design and development:...
, a small series of I-250, and the first 75 of MiG-15. In 1949 and 1950 two neighboring plants were united into Plant #30. The production of Il-28
Il-28
IL28 or IL-28 may be:* Ilyushin Il-28, a Cold War era Soviet ground attack aircraft* Interleukin 28, a cytokine for stimulating the growth of T cell lymphocytes...
began. After this the following aircraft were produced: Su-9, Yak-25, Il-14
Il-14
IL-14 can refer to:*Ilyushin Il-14, a Soviet twin-engine aircraft*Interleukin 14, a protein important in immunology*Illinois's 14th congressional district*Illinois Route 14...
, Il-18
Ilyushin Il-18
The Ilyushin Il-18 is a large turboprop airliner that became one of the best known Soviet aircraft of its era as well as one of the most popular and durable, having first flown in 1957 and still in use over 50 years later. The Il-18 was one of the world's principal airliners for several decades...
with modifications, MiG-21, and MiG-23.