Dolores Jiménez y Muro
Encyclopedia
Colonel
Dolores Jiménez y Muro (June 7, 1848 – October 15, 1925) was a Mexican
schoolteacher and revolutionary. A native of Aguascalientes
, Ags., she rose to prominence during the Mexican Revolution
as a Socialist activist and reformer and as a supporter and associate of General Emiliano Zapata
.
Jiménez y Muro was a notable contributor to the Complot de Tacubaya, which sought to depose President Porfirio Díaz
in favor of Francisco I. Madero
. She is credited with writing "The Political and Social Plan", published on March 18, 1911, which outlined the ideas and aims of the conspirators. The "Plan" advocated a continuation of the demands the Mexican Liberal Party
had made in 1906, including fair wages, affordable housing, improved working conditions, and curbs on foreign investment. It also promoted the decentralization of the country's education system, on the premise that a school's needs are best met when it is locally funded and controlled.
She was an editor for La Mujer Mexicana ("Mexican Women") as well as the president of Las Hijas de Cuauhtémoc ("The Daughters of Cuauhtemoc"). She was a radical activist and in 1910 because of the group's extreme opposition to Díaz, she and other members were arrested. She continued to be politically active in jail and founded Regeneración y Concordia. Through this she sought to further the changes that she desired to see in Mexico. She envisioned a country were there were significant improvements to the economy and land reforms. She also wanted changes to improve the living conditions of women.
Unlike earlier revolutionary theorists, however, Jiménez insisted that wage should be increased for women as well as for men. Previously, women's wages had not been of major concern to most reformers, since, according to a 1910 census, women accounted for only 8.8% of Mexico's workforce. Jiménez argued that this statistic was misleading, since it overlooked the many women unofficially employed as street vendors, artisans, and small-scale commercial farmers. Mexico's women, she said, were a vital part of the economy, and therefore they deserved to benefit from Mexico's economic reforms.
Jiménez y Muro's writings soon garnered the attention of Emiliano Zapata, who adopted some of her proposed reforms and invited her to join him in Morelos
to further their shared aims. She did so in 1913, and remained an active part of Zapata's organization until his assassination in 1919. She died on October 15, 1925, in Mexico City
, at the age of 77.
Colonel
Colonel , abbreviated Col or COL, is a military rank of a senior commissioned officer. It or a corresponding rank exists in most armies and in many air forces; the naval equivalent rank is generally "Captain". It is also used in some police forces and other paramilitary rank structures...
Dolores Jiménez y Muro (June 7, 1848 – October 15, 1925) was a Mexican
Mexico
The United Mexican States , commonly known as Mexico , is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of...
schoolteacher and revolutionary. A native of Aguascalientes
Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes
The city of Aguascalientes is the capital of the state of Aguascalientes in western central Mexico. It stands on the banks of the Río Aguascalientes, 1880 meters above sea level, at...
, Ags., she rose to prominence during the Mexican Revolution
Mexican Revolution
The Mexican Revolution was a major armed struggle that started in 1910, with an uprising led by Francisco I. Madero against longtime autocrat Porfirio Díaz. The Revolution was characterized by several socialist, liberal, anarchist, populist, and agrarianist movements. Over time the Revolution...
as a Socialist activist and reformer and as a supporter and associate of General Emiliano Zapata
Emiliano Zapata
Emiliano Zapata Salazar was a leading figure in the Mexican Revolution, which broke out in 1910, and which was initially directed against the president Porfirio Díaz. He formed and commanded an important revolutionary force, the Liberation Army of the South, during the Mexican Revolution...
.
Jiménez y Muro was a notable contributor to the Complot de Tacubaya, which sought to depose President Porfirio Díaz
Porfirio Díaz
José de la Cruz Porfirio Díaz Mori was a Mexican-American War volunteer and French intervention hero, an accomplished general and the President of Mexico continuously from 1876 to 1911, with the exception of a brief term in 1876 when he left Juan N...
in favor of Francisco I. Madero
Francisco I. Madero
Francisco Ignacio Madero González was a politician, writer and revolutionary who served as President of Mexico from 1911 to 1913. As a respectable upper-class politician, he supplied a center around which opposition to the dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz could coalesce...
. She is credited with writing "The Political and Social Plan", published on March 18, 1911, which outlined the ideas and aims of the conspirators. The "Plan" advocated a continuation of the demands the Mexican Liberal Party
Mexican Liberal Party
The Mexican Liberal Party was an anarchist group co-founded by Ricardo Flores Magón in 1906, in opposition to the rule of Porfirio Díaz. The MLP was involved in strikes and uprisings in Mexico from 1906 to 1911. The party controlled most parts of Baja California in 1911, including Tijuana,...
had made in 1906, including fair wages, affordable housing, improved working conditions, and curbs on foreign investment. It also promoted the decentralization of the country's education system, on the premise that a school's needs are best met when it is locally funded and controlled.
She was an editor for La Mujer Mexicana ("Mexican Women") as well as the president of Las Hijas de Cuauhtémoc ("The Daughters of Cuauhtemoc"). She was a radical activist and in 1910 because of the group's extreme opposition to Díaz, she and other members were arrested. She continued to be politically active in jail and founded Regeneración y Concordia. Through this she sought to further the changes that she desired to see in Mexico. She envisioned a country were there were significant improvements to the economy and land reforms. She also wanted changes to improve the living conditions of women.
Unlike earlier revolutionary theorists, however, Jiménez insisted that wage should be increased for women as well as for men. Previously, women's wages had not been of major concern to most reformers, since, according to a 1910 census, women accounted for only 8.8% of Mexico's workforce. Jiménez argued that this statistic was misleading, since it overlooked the many women unofficially employed as street vendors, artisans, and small-scale commercial farmers. Mexico's women, she said, were a vital part of the economy, and therefore they deserved to benefit from Mexico's economic reforms.
Jiménez y Muro's writings soon garnered the attention of Emiliano Zapata, who adopted some of her proposed reforms and invited her to join him in Morelos
Morelos
Morelos officially Estado Libre y Soberano de Morelos is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided in 33 municipalities and its capital city is Cuernavaca....
to further their shared aims. She did so in 1913, and remained an active part of Zapata's organization until his assassination in 1919. She died on October 15, 1925, in Mexico City
Mexico City
Mexico City is the Federal District , capital of Mexico and seat of the federal powers of the Mexican Union. It is a federal entity within Mexico which is not part of any one of the 31 Mexican states but belongs to the federation as a whole...
, at the age of 77.