Y chromosome

Y chromosome

The Y chromosome is one of the two sex-determining chromosomes in most mammals, including humans. In mammals, it contains the gene SRY, which triggers testis development if present. The human Y chromosome is composed of about 60 million base pairs...

 haplogroup

Haplogroup

In the study of molecular evolution, a haplogroup is a group of similar haplotypes that share a common ancestor having the same single nucleotide polymorphism mutation in both haplotypes. Because a haplogroup consists of similar haplotypes, this is what makes it possible to predict a haplogroup...

s are a frequent topic of discussion in human population genetics

Population genetics

Population genetics is the study of allele frequency distribution and change under the influence of the four main evolutionary processes: natural selection, genetic drift, mutation and gene flow. It also takes into account the factors of recombination, population subdivision and population...

 and genetic genealogy

Genetic genealogy

Genetic genealogy is the application of genetics to traditional genealogy. Genetic genealogy involves the use of genealogical DNA testing to determine the level of genetic relationship between individuals.-History:...

. Men in the same Y DNA haplogroup share a set of differences, or markers, on their Y chromosome, which distinguish them from men in other haplogroups. Often these UEPs, or markers used to define haplogroups, are SNP mutation

Mutation

In molecular biology and genetics, mutations are changes in a genomic sequence: the DNA sequence of a cell's genome or the DNA or RNA sequence of a virus. They can be defined as sudden and spontaneous changes in the cell. Mutations are caused by radiation, viruses, transposons and mutagenic...

s. Y Chromosome Haplogroups all form "family tree

Family tree

A family tree, or pedigree chart, is a chart representing family relationships in a conventional tree structure. The more detailed family trees used in medicine, genealogy, and social work are known as genograms.-Family tree representations:...

s" or "phylogenies", with both branches or sub-clade

Clade

A clade is a group consisting of a species and all its descendants. In the terms of biological systematics, a clade is a single "branch" on the "tree of life". The idea that such a "natural group" of organisms should be grouped together and given a taxonomic name is central to biological...

s diverging from a common haplogroup ancestor, and also with all haplogroups themselves linked into one family tree which traces back ultimately to the most recent shared male line ancestor

Ancestor

An ancestor is a parent or the parent of an ancestor ....

 of all men alive today, the so-called "Y Chromosome Adam".

In 2002, the Y chromosome consortium

Y chromosome consortium

The Y Chromosome Consortium is a collection of scientists who work toward the understanding of human Y chromosomal phylogenetics and evolution. The consortium has the following objectives: web resources that communicate information relating to the non-recombinant region of the Y-chromosome...

 published a widely used proposal to standardize the naming of all Y chromosome haplogroups. The below table is mainly based upon this work, but with updates from a later (2007) publication by the same team, as well as the widely cited webpage of the International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG), which keeps an updated summary.

YCC / ISOGG 2002	Jobling	Kaladjieva	Hammer	Semino	Su	NGO and Lucotte
A1	7	I	1A	–	H1
A2*	27	I	2	–	H1
A2a	27	I	2	–	H1
A2b	27	I	2	–	H1
A3a	7	I	1A	–	H1
A3b1	7	I	1A	–	H1
A3b2*	7	I	1A	Eu1	H1
A3b2a	7	I	1A	Eu1	H1
A3b2b	7	I	1A	Eu1	H1
B*	2	II	1B	-	H1
B1	2	II	1B	-	H1
B2a*	2	II	1B	-	H1
B2a1	2	II	1B	-	H1
B2a2*	2	II	1B	-	H1
B2a2a	2	II	1B	-	H1
B2b*	6	II	1B	-	H1
B2b1	6	II	1B	-	H1
B2b2	6	II	1B	-	H1
B2b3*	6	II	1B	-	H1
B2b3a	6	II	1B	-	H1
B2b4*	6	II	1B	-	H1
B2b4a	6	II	1B	-	H1
B2b4b	6	II	1B	-	H1
C*	10	V	1F	Eu6	H1
C1	10	V	1F	Eu6	H1
C2*	10	V	1F	Eu6	H1
C2a	10	V	1F	Eu6	H1
C3*	10	V	1F	Eu6	H1
C3a	10	V	1F	Eu6	H1
C3b	10	V	1F	Eu6	H1
C3c	36	V	1F	Eu6	H1
D1	4	IV	3G	Eu5	H3
D2a	4	IV	3G	Eu5	H2
D2b*	4	IV	3G	Eu5	H2
D2b1	4	IV	3G	Eu5	H2
D2b2	4	IV	3G	Eu5	H2
E*	25	III	3A	Eu3	H2
E1*	25	III	3A	Eu3	H2
E1a	25	III	3A	Eu3	H2
E2a	25	III	3A	Eu3	H2
E2b	25	III	3A	Eu3	H2
E3*	25	III	4	Eu3	H2
E3a*	8	III	5	Eu2	H2
E3a1	8	III	5	Eu2	H2
E3a2	8	III	5	Eu2	H2
E3a3	8	III	5	Eu2	H2
E3a4	8	III	5	Eu2	H2
E3a5	8	III	5	Eu2	H2
E3a6	8	III	5	Eu2	H2
E3b*	21	III	4	Eu4	H2
E3b1*	21	III	4	Eu4	H2
E3b1a	21	III	4	Eu4	H2
E3b2*	21	III	4	Eu4	H2
E3b2a	21	III	4	Eu4	H2
E3b2b	21	III	4	Eu4	H2
E3b3*	21	III	4	Eu4	H2
E3b3a*	21	III	4	Eu4	H2
E3ba1	21	III	4	Eu4	H2
F*	2	VI	1R	Eu10	H4
F1	15	VI	1R	Eu10	H4
G*	2	VI	1R	Eu11	H4
G1	2	VI	1R	Eu11	H4
G2*	2	VI	1Ha	Eu11	H4
G2a*	2	VI	1Hb	Eu11	H4
G2a1	2	VI	1Hb	Eu11	H4
H*	35	VI	1R	Eu12	H4
H1*	35	VI	1R	Eu12	H4
H1a	35	VI	1R	Eu12	H4
H1b	35	VI	1R	Eu12	H4
H1c	35	VI	1R	Eu12	H4
I*	2	VI	1R	Eu7	H4
I1*	2	VI	1R	Eu7	H4
I1a*	2	VI	1R	Eu7	H4
I1a1	2	VI	1R	Eu7	H4
I1a2	2	VI	1R	Eu7	H4
I1a3	2	VI	1R	Eu7	H4
I1b*	2	VI	1R	Eu7	H4
I1b1	2	VI	1R	Eu7	H4
I1b2*	2	VI	1R	Eu8	H4
I1b2a	2	VI	1R	Eu8	H4
J*	9	VI	Med	Eu10	H4
J1	9	VI	Med	Eu10	H4
J2*	9	VI	Med	Eu9	H4
J2a	9	VI	Med	Eu9	H4
J2b	9	VI	Med	Eu9	H4
J2c	9	VI	Med	Eu9	H4
J2d	9	VI	Med	Eu9	H4
J2e*	9	VI	Med	Eu9	H4
J2e1*	9	VI	Med	Eu9	H4
J2e1a	9	VI	Med	Eu9	H4
J2f*	9	VI	Med	Eu9	H4
J2f1	9	VI	Med	Eu9	H4
J2f2	9	VI	Med	Eu9	H4
K*	26	VIII	1U	Eu16	H5
K1	23	VIII	1E	Eu16	H5
K2	26	VIII	1U	Eu15	H5
K3	26	VIII	1U	Eu16	H5
L*	28	VIII	1U	Eu17	H5
L1	28	VIII	1U	Eu17	H5
M*	24	VIII	1U	Eu16	H17
M1	24	VIII	1U	Eu16	H17
M2*	24	VIII	1U	Eu16	H17
M2a	24	VIII	1U	Eu16	H17
M2b	24	VIII	1U	Eu16	H17
N*	12	VIII	1U	Eu16	H5
N1	12	VIII	1U	Eu16	H5
N2	12	VIII	1U	Eu16	H5
N3*	12	VIII	1I	Eu13	H5
N3a*	16	VIII	1I	Eu14	H5
N3a1	16	VIII	1I	Eu14	H5
O*	26	VII	1U	Eu16	H9
O1*	26	VII	1U	Eu16	H9
O1a	26	VII	1U	Eu16	H9
O1b	26	VII	1U	Eu16	H10
O2*	26	VII	1U	Eu16	H5
O2a*	26	VII	1U	Eu16	H11
O2a1	26	VII	1U	Eu16	H12
O2b*	20	VII	1U	Eu16	H5
O2b1	5	VII	1U	Eu16	H5
O3*	26	VII	1U	Eu16	H6
O3a	26	VII	1U	Eu16	H6
O3b	26	VII	1U	Eu16	H6
O3c	13	VII	1U	Eu16	H6
O3d*	26	VII	1U	Eu16	H7
O3d1	26	VII	1U	Eu16	H7
O3e*	26	VII	1U	Eu16	H8
O3e1*	26	VII	1U	Eu16	H8
O3e1a	26	VII	1U	Eu16	H8
P*	1	X	1C	Eu20	H14
P1	1	X	1C	Eu21	H14
Q*	1	X	1C	Eu20	H14
Q1	1	X	1C	Eu20	H13
Q2	1	X	1C	Eu22	H14
Q3*	18	X	1G	Eu22	H15
Q3a	18	X	1G	Eu22	H15
Q3b	18	X	1G	Eu22	H15
Q3c	18	X	1G	Eu22	H15
R*	1	IX	1C	Eu20	H14
R1*	1	IX	1C	Eu18	H14
R1a*	29	IX	1C	Eu18	H14
R1a1*	3	IX	1D	Eu19	H16
R1a1a	3	IX	1D	Eu19	H16
R1a1b (ISOGG: R1a1a2)	3	IX	1D	Eu19	H16
R1a1c (ISOGG: R1a1a3)	3	IX	1D	Eu19	H16
R1b*	1	IX	1L	Eu18	H14
R1b1	1	IX	1L	Eu18	H14
R1b2	1	IX	1L	Eu18	H14
R1b3	1	IX	1L	Eu18	H14
R1b4	1	IX	1L	Eu18	H14
R1b5	1	IX	1L	Eu18	H14
R1b6	1	IX	1L	Eu18	H14
R1b7	1	IX	1L	Eu18	H14
R1b8	22	IX	1L	Eu18	H14