Cladonychiidae
Encyclopedia
The Cladonychiidae are a small family of harvestman with less than twenty described species, within the suborder Laniatores
.
s and rather short legs, although the second pair can be as long as two centimeter. Most Cladonychiidae are reddish brown to dark brown, but cave-dwelling species are pale yellow. Not all species have eyes.
, ranging from France
to Romania
and Serbia and Montenegro
, with most species found in northern Italy
. All other genera are found in the USA.
. If this is the case, the Cladonychiidae from the eastern US would be basal
to the family.
"branched claw".
Laniatores
Laniatores is the largest suborder of the arachnid order Opiliones with over 4,000 described species worldwide. The majority of the species are highly dependent on humid environments and usually correlated with tropical and temperate forest habitats....
.
Description
Members of this family range from less than two to about four millimeters in body length, with robust, spined pedipalpPedipalp
Pedipalps , are the second pair of appendages of the prosoma in the subphylum Chelicerata. They are traditionally thought to be homologous with mandibles in Crustacea and insects, although more recent studies Pedipalps (commonly shortened to palps or palpi), are the second pair of appendages of the...
s and rather short legs, although the second pair can be as long as two centimeter. Most Cladonychiidae are reddish brown to dark brown, but cave-dwelling species are pale yellow. Not all species have eyes.
Distribution
The genus Holoscotolemon is palearcticPalearctic
The Palearctic or Palaearctic is one of the eight ecozones dividing the Earth's surface.Physically, the Palearctic is the largest ecozone...
, ranging from France
France
The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
to Romania
Romania
Romania is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea...
and Serbia and Montenegro
Serbia and Montenegro
Serbia and Montenegro was a country in southeastern Europe, formed from two former republics of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia : Serbia and Montenegro. Following the breakup of Yugoslavia, it was established in 1992 as a federation called the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia...
, with most species found in northern Italy
Italy
Italy , officially the Italian Republic languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Italy's official name is as follows:;;;;;;;;), is a unitary parliamentary republic in South-Central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and...
. All other genera are found in the USA.
Relationships
Cladonychiidae are possibly related to PentanychidaePentanychidae
The Pentanychidae are a small family of harvestman with about six described species, within the suborder Laniatores.-Description:Pentanychidae range in length from about two to three millimeters...
. If this is the case, the Cladonychiidae from the eastern US would be basal
Basal (phylogenetics)
In phylogenetics, a basal clade is the earliest clade to branch in a larger clade; it appears at the base of a cladogram.A basal group forms an outgroup to the rest of the clade, such as in the following example:...
to the family.
Name
The name of the former type genus Cladonychium (now synonymized with Erebomaster) is derived from Ancient GreekAncient Greek
Ancient Greek is the stage of the Greek language in the periods spanning the times c. 9th–6th centuries BC, , c. 5th–4th centuries BC , and the c. 3rd century BC – 6th century AD of ancient Greece and the ancient world; being predated in the 2nd millennium BC by Mycenaean Greek...
"branched claw".
Species
- Cryptomaster Briggs, 1969
- Cryptomaster leviathan (Briggs, 1969) — OregonOregonOregon is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. It is located on the Pacific coast, with Washington to the north, California to the south, Nevada on the southeast and Idaho to the east. The Columbia and Snake rivers delineate much of Oregon's northern and eastern...
- Erebomaster Cope, 1872
- Erebomaster flavescens Cope, 1872 — caves; VirginiaVirginiaThe Commonwealth of Virginia , is a U.S. state on the Atlantic Coast of the Southern United States. Virginia is nicknamed the "Old Dominion" and sometimes the "Mother of Presidents" after the eight U.S. presidents born there...
, IndianaIndianaIndiana is a US state, admitted to the United States as the 19th on December 11, 1816. It is located in the Midwestern United States and Great Lakes Region. With 6,483,802 residents, the state is ranked 15th in population and 16th in population density. Indiana is ranked 38th in land area and is...
, KentuckyKentuckyThe Commonwealth of Kentucky is a state located in the East Central United States of America. As classified by the United States Census Bureau, Kentucky is a Southern state, more specifically in the East South Central region. Kentucky is one of four U.S. states constituted as a commonwealth...
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-
- Erebomaster flavescens flavescens Cope, 1872
- Erebomaster flavescens weyerensis (Packard, 1888) — Weyer's cave; Virginia
- Erebomaster flavescens coecum (Packard, 1888) — Carter cave
- Erebomaster acanthina (Crosby & Bishop, 1924) — southeastern U.S.
-
- Holoscotolemon Roewer, 1915
- Holoscotolemon unicolor Roewer, 1915 — East TyrolEast TyrolEast Tyrol, or East Tirol , is an exclave of the Austrian state of Tyrol, sharing no border with the main North Tyrol part of the state. It corresponds with the administrative district of Lienz....
- Holoscotolemon jaqueti (Corti, 1905) — RomaniaRomaniaRomania is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea...
- Holoscotolemon querilhaci (Lucas, 1864) — southern FranceFranceThe French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
- Holoscotolemon granulatus Roewer, 1915
- Holoscotolemon franzinii M. Tedeschi & R. Sciaky, 1994 — ItalyItalyItaly , officially the Italian Republic languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Italy's official name is as follows:;;;;;;;;), is a unitary parliamentary republic in South-Central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and...
- Holoscotolemon lessiniense J. Martens, 1978 — Italy
- Holoscotolemon monzinii M. Tedeschi & R. Sciaky, 1994 — Italy
- Holoscotolemon naturae M. Tedeschi & R. Sciaky, 1994 — Italy
- Holoscotolemon oreophilum J. Martens, 1978 — Italy
- Speleomaster Briggs, 1974
- Speleomaster lexi Briggs, 1974 — IdahoIdahoIdaho is a state in the Rocky Mountain area of the United States. The state's largest city and capital is Boise. Residents are called "Idahoans". Idaho was admitted to the Union on July 3, 1890, as the 43rd state....
- Speleomaster pecki Briggs, 1974
- Theromaster Briggs, 1969
- Theromaster archeri (Goodnight & Goodnight, 1942) — AlabamaAlabamaAlabama is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered by Tennessee to the north, Georgia to the east, Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south, and Mississippi to the west. Alabama ranks 30th in total land area and ranks second in the size of its inland...
- Theromaster brunnea (Banks, 1902) — Yancy County, North CarolinaNorth CarolinaNorth Carolina is a state located in the southeastern United States. The state borders South Carolina and Georgia to the south, Tennessee to the west and Virginia to the north. North Carolina contains 100 counties. Its capital is Raleigh, and its largest city is Charlotte...