Chinese exclamative particles
Encyclopedia
The Chinese language involves a number of spoken exclamative words and written onomatopoeia which are used in everyday speech and informal writing. Such "exclamations" have their own Chinese character
, but are rarely used in formal written documents. Rather, they are found in movie subtitles, music lyrics
, informal literature and on internet forum
s.
Many exclamatives contain the 口 mouth radical.
The mouth radical
口 found on many exclamative particles represents that the character is a sound, as with onomatopoeia and speech-related words, since Phono-semantic compound subset of Chinese characters are classified through meaning by their radicals. For example, 嘿 hei is derived from the mouth radical 口 and the character 黑 hei, which literally means "black", while 哑 originates from the mouth radical plus the character 亚 ya, meaning Asia
. This practice occurs from adding a radical in front of a same or similar-sounding word, which then introduces a new word with a new meaning, depending on the radical. Most words represented by the mouth radical have something to do with sounds or speech.
Use of exclamative particles is highly informal, and it is advised that they not be used in formal documents or academic papers, unless it is specifically required to do so (such as the case of narrative telling).
While such exclamations are used in subtitles and descriptions of speech, usage is also popular in social circumstances, such as in text messaging
, IM and blogs, where the formality of text is not an issue. Peers may use such particles to address and communicate with each other, just as people in English-speaking regions use words such as "Hey!" to address close friends, or use words like "argh" while online, which are also considered to be informal.
are used to add expression to speech (e.g. adding だな "da na" to emphasize), however particles are used more thoroughly and frequently in Japanese than in Chinese. Some Japanese particles are also more commonly used within informal written texts than their Chinese counterparts.
Exclamative particles are also used in the Korean language
, such as the use of 에 (e) to represent surprise, although such usage is also considered informal.
Chinese character
Chinese characters are logograms used in the writing of Chinese and Japanese , less frequently Korean , formerly Vietnamese , or other languages...
, but are rarely used in formal written documents. Rather, they are found in movie subtitles, music lyrics
Lyrics
Lyrics are a set of words that make up a song. The writer of lyrics is a lyricist or lyrist. The meaning of lyrics can either be explicit or implicit. Some lyrics are abstract, almost unintelligible, and, in such cases, their explication emphasizes form, articulation, meter, and symmetry of...
, informal literature and on internet forum
Internet forum
An Internet forum, or message board, is an online discussion site where people can hold conversations in the form of posted messages. They differ from chat rooms in that messages are at least temporarily archived...
s.
Many exclamatives contain the 口 mouth radical.
Use of exclamative particles
Exclamative particles are used as a method of recording aspects of human speech which may not be based entirely on meaning and definition. Specific characters are used to record exclamations, as with any other form of Chinese vocabulary, some characters exclusively representing the expression (such as 哼), others sharing characters with alternate words and meanings (such as 可). As with all Chinese characters, exclamative particles span only one syllable, and are formed in the same structure as other Chinese words (e.g. words in Mandarin Chinese can only end in -n, -ng, -r or a vowel).The mouth radical
Radical (Chinese character)
A Chinese radical is a component of a Chinese character. The term may variously refer to the original semantic element of a character, or to any semantic element, or, loosely, to any element whatever its origin or purpose...
口 found on many exclamative particles represents that the character is a sound, as with onomatopoeia and speech-related words, since Phono-semantic compound subset of Chinese characters are classified through meaning by their radicals. For example, 嘿 hei is derived from the mouth radical 口 and the character 黑 hei, which literally means "black", while 哑 originates from the mouth radical plus the character 亚 ya, meaning Asia
Asia
Asia is the world's largest and most populous continent, located primarily in the eastern and northern hemispheres. It covers 8.7% of the Earth's total surface area and with approximately 3.879 billion people, it hosts 60% of the world's current human population...
. This practice occurs from adding a radical in front of a same or similar-sounding word, which then introduces a new word with a new meaning, depending on the radical. Most words represented by the mouth radical have something to do with sounds or speech.
Use of exclamative particles is highly informal, and it is advised that they not be used in formal documents or academic papers, unless it is specifically required to do so (such as the case of narrative telling).
While such exclamations are used in subtitles and descriptions of speech, usage is also popular in social circumstances, such as in text messaging
Text messaging
Text messaging, or texting, refers to the exchange of brief written text messages between fixed-line phone or mobile phone and fixed or portable devices over a network...
, IM and blogs, where the formality of text is not an issue. Peers may use such particles to address and communicate with each other, just as people in English-speaking regions use words such as "Hey!" to address close friends, or use words like "argh" while online, which are also considered to be informal.
Parallels in other East Asian languages
Similarly in Japanese, particlesJapanese particles
Japanese particles, or , are suffixes or short words in Japanese grammar that immediately follow the modified noun, verb, adjective, or sentence. Their grammatical range can indicate various meanings and functions, such as speaker affect and assertiveness....
are used to add expression to speech (e.g. adding だな "da na" to emphasize), however particles are used more thoroughly and frequently in Japanese than in Chinese. Some Japanese particles are also more commonly used within informal written texts than their Chinese counterparts.
Exclamative particles are also used in the Korean language
Korean language
Korean is the official language of the country Korea, in both South and North. It is also one of the two official languages in the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture in People's Republic of China. There are about 78 million Korean speakers worldwide. In the 15th century, a national writing...
, such as the use of 에 (e) to represent surprise, although such usage is also considered informal.
List of Chinese exclamations
| Character(s) | Pronunciations (Hanyu Pinyin, others) | Description | Example of usage |
|---|---|---|---|
| ha (various tones, usually hā) | laughing | "哈哈哈，真可笑！" (Haha, very funny!) | |
| hè, "huh (fast, precise)" | used to express anger | "吓，气死我了！" (Grrr... I'm so angry...) | |
| hng, heng | grunt | "哼，好吧。" (*grunt* OK then / I understand.) | |
| wā | exclamation of wonder, similar to "Wow" | "哇！很漂亮！" (Wow! So pretty!) | |
| xī, "sheeh" (the "sh" is brief, latent, and shouldn't be stressed) | expression of force (e.g. used in movie subtitles where an actor is injured or in combat) | (when injured) | |
| hē | yelling, yawning | "呵..." (when yawning) | |
| a (various tones) | yelling, exclamation of surprise | "啊,你怎么了？" (Ah, what's with you?) | |
| a (various tones, used as 啊), yā | used to express discontent | ||
| hēi | equivalent of English "hey" | 嘿,你给我来！ (Hey, come here!) | |
| hāi | "hello", borrowed from Cantonese | 嗨！你还好吧？ (Hello! How are you?) | |
| kě, kè | in numbers, represents chuckling | 可可可,真逗啊 (*chuckles*, so humorous.) | |
| yā (same as 呀) | hoarse voice | ||
| yā | used to express surprise | 呀，你来了！ (Oh, you're here!) (alternatively "so you're here" (not expecting) or "you're finally here" (expecting)) | |
| ya (toneless) | interrogative particle, used to ask a question, but "softer" than 吗 "ma" | ||
| pēi | to spit (in China, parallel to saying "bullshit", i.e. in response to an unlikely statement) | 什么？呸！你认为你是谁？ (What? Bullshit, who do you think you are?) | |
| é, ó, ò | used in instances of surprise, similar to "oh really?" | 哦？是吗？ (Oh? Really?) | |
| nǎ | Usage varies. In "哪..." it is equivalent to "so then...", while in the case where it is placed in front of a question, it is used to emphasize the interrogative (e.g. how, when) | 哪。。。你几岁了？ (So then... how old are you?) | |
| jī | sigh of disapproval | ||
| ài | equivalent of English "hey" or "yo", spoken between friends | 嗳！很久不见！ (Yo! Long time no see!) | |
| ēn, ng | a grunt of acknowledgment, parallel to a phrase such as "I understand" | 嗯。 (I understand.) | |
| éi | Similar to English "what?", an interjection of surprise | 哎，他死了？ (What? He's dead?) | |
| āi | An exclamation of surprise or pain. Alternatively can be used in the context of "Alas" | 唉，好痛啊！ (Ahh! So painful!) OR 唉，原来如此。。。 (Alas, is that so...) | |
| āi | An exclamation of confirmation | 诶，我明白。 (Yes, I understand.) | |
| la (toneless) | Written depiction of singing; 了 le plus 啊 a | 啦啦啦 (Lalala...); 他来啦! tā lái la! ( 他来了 + 啊) | |
| jià | Spoken command for a horse to increase in speed | 驾！驾！驾！ | |
| nu | Expressing anger, similar to "grrr" | 怒... | |
| inhale with a hissing sound (in this context) | Response to an annoyance or problem | 咝，你很慢啊。。。(*inhales*, you are very slow...) | |
| dé | Equivalent of "Uh-oh", i.e. said upon a mistake or misfortune | 嘚... | |
| yí | Expression of surprise | 咦？这是什么？(Eh? What's this?) | |
| zé (actual sound is a click) | A tongue click, as an interjection of approval or admiration. Resembles "tsk tsk tsk". | 啧啧啧... | |
| hè | Beijing dialect Beijing dialect Beijing dialect, or Pekingese , is the dialect of Mandarin spoken in the urban area of Beijing, China. It is the phonological basis of Standard Chinese, which is used by the People's Republic of China, the Republic of China , and Singapore.... , interjection indicating surprise or doubt |
嗬！什么玩意儿！(Hmph, what the hell? (Note: Beijing slang used)) | |
| bo | Informal usage of 吧 (feminine, nagging) | 我们可以去啵？ (We can go, hmmm?) | |
| hm | indicates thinking | 噷，在哪里？ (Hmm, where is it?) | |
| hu | puffing (from tiredness) | 呼。。呼。。呼。。 | |
| xu | shh! | ||
| lo | Informal usage of 了 (excitement) | 你死定咯！ (You're done for!) | |
| m (nasal) | Indication of thought (as in "hmm") or assertion (as with 恩) | 呣，你说什么？ (Hmm? What is this you're on about?) OR 呣，我知道了。 (Hmph, I understand.) | |
| m | expletive interjection | ||
| n | interjection | ||
| ng | interjection | ||
| ǎi, ê | sigh | 欸。。。 (*sigh*) | |
| lou | ? | ? | |
| bei | ? | ? |
See also
- Chinese pronounsChinese pronounsChinese pronouns differ somewhat from their English counterparts. For instance, there is no differentiation between "he", "she" and "it", though a written difference was introduced after contact with the West, and with the exception of the reflexive self, pronouns remain the same whether they are...
- Chinese grammarChinese grammarStandard Chinese shares a similar system of grammar with the many language varieties or dialects of the Chinese language, different from those employed by other language families, and comparable to the similar features found within the Slavic languages or Semitic languages...
- Chinese languageChinese languageThe Chinese language is a language or language family consisting of varieties which are mutually intelligible to varying degrees. Originally the indigenous languages spoken by the Han Chinese in China, it forms one of the branches of Sino-Tibetan family of languages...
- Japanese sound symbolismJapanese sound symbolismThis article describes sound symbolic or mimetic words in the Japanese language. Most languages have such words; for example, "bang", "zap", "ding", "slither", "pop", etc. in English. Sound symbolic words occur more often in Japanese than in English—they are found in formal as well as vernacular...