Calsyntenin
Encyclopedia
Calsyntenins are type I transmembrane protein
s that belong to the cadherin
superfamily
. Their name comes from their ability to bind Calcium
. In bird
s and mammal
s, they consist of three family members (Cst1, 2 and 3) , in nematode
s one ortholog (CASY-1, originally CDH-11) is known . Calsyntenins are also termed Alcadeins .
Cst1 (CLSTN1
) was first shown to be predominantly expressed in postsynaptic membranes
of excitatory neurons , Cst2 and 3 were found in an increased manner in inhibitory GABAergic neurons . The Calsyntenins were shown to interact with numerous proteins such as with kinesin
-1 and the APP
-linker protein X11L/Mint2 ,,) and were shown to have multi-purpose functions within and outside the nervous system ,,,,.
When the Calsyntenins were discovered, a rule in regulation of the postsynaptic calcium
concentration was first described . Later it was found that another key-function is to link vesicles to kinesin
light chain (KLC) and thus to co-determine transport of distinct cargo
, .
Transmembrane protein
A transmembrane protein is a protein that goes from one side of a membrane through to the other side of the membrane. Many TPs function as gateways or "loading docks" to deny or permit the transport of specific substances across the biological membrane, to get into the cell, or out of the cell as...
s that belong to the cadherin
Cadherin
Cadherins are a class of type-1 transmembrane proteins. They play important roles in cell adhesion, ensuring that cells within tissues are bound together. They are dependent on calcium ions to function, hence their name.The cadherin superfamily includes cadherins, protocadherins, desmogleins, and...
superfamily
Taxonomic rank
In biological classification, rank is the level in a taxonomic hierarchy. Examples of taxonomic ranks are species, genus, family, and class. Each rank subsumes under it a number of less general categories...
. Their name comes from their ability to bind Calcium
Calcium
Calcium is the chemical element with the symbol Ca and atomic number 20. It has an atomic mass of 40.078 amu. Calcium is a soft gray alkaline earth metal, and is the fifth-most-abundant element by mass in the Earth's crust...
. In bird
Bird
Birds are feathered, winged, bipedal, endothermic , egg-laying, vertebrate animals. Around 10,000 living species and 188 families makes them the most speciose class of tetrapod vertebrates. They inhabit ecosystems across the globe, from the Arctic to the Antarctic. Extant birds range in size from...
s and mammal
Mammal
Mammals are members of a class of air-breathing vertebrate animals characterised by the possession of endothermy, hair, three middle ear bones, and mammary glands functional in mothers with young...
s, they consist of three family members (Cst1, 2 and 3) , in nematode
Nematode
The nematodes or roundworms are the most diverse phylum of pseudocoelomates, and one of the most diverse of all animals. Nematode species are very difficult to distinguish; over 28,000 have been described, of which over 16,000 are parasitic. It has been estimated that the total number of nematode...
s one ortholog (CASY-1, originally CDH-11) is known . Calsyntenins are also termed Alcadeins .
Cst1 (CLSTN1
CLSTN1
Calsyntenin-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CLSTN1 gene.-Interactions:CLSTN1 has been shown to interact with APBA2 and Amyloid precursor protein.-Further reading:...
) was first shown to be predominantly expressed in postsynaptic membranes
Cell membrane
The cell membrane or plasma membrane is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment. The cell membrane is selectively permeable to ions and organic molecules and controls the movement of substances in and out of cells. It basically protects the cell...
of excitatory neurons , Cst2 and 3 were found in an increased manner in inhibitory GABAergic neurons . The Calsyntenins were shown to interact with numerous proteins such as with kinesin
Kinesin
A kinesin is a protein belonging to a class of motor proteins found in eukaryotic cells. Kinesins move along microtubule filaments, and are powered by the hydrolysis of ATP . The active movement of kinesins supports several cellular functions including mitosis, meiosis and transport of cellular...
-1 and the APP
Amyloid precursor protein
Amyloid precursor protein is an integral membrane protein expressed in many tissues and concentrated in the synapses of neurons. Its primary function is not known, though it has been implicated as a regulator of synapse formation, neural plasticity and iron export...
-linker protein X11L/Mint2 ,,) and were shown to have multi-purpose functions within and outside the nervous system ,,,,.
When the Calsyntenins were discovered, a rule in regulation of the postsynaptic calcium
Calcium
Calcium is the chemical element with the symbol Ca and atomic number 20. It has an atomic mass of 40.078 amu. Calcium is a soft gray alkaline earth metal, and is the fifth-most-abundant element by mass in the Earth's crust...
concentration was first described . Later it was found that another key-function is to link vesicles to kinesin
Kinesin
A kinesin is a protein belonging to a class of motor proteins found in eukaryotic cells. Kinesins move along microtubule filaments, and are powered by the hydrolysis of ATP . The active movement of kinesins supports several cellular functions including mitosis, meiosis and transport of cellular...
light chain (KLC) and thus to co-determine transport of distinct cargo
Cargo
Cargo is goods or produce transported, generally for commercial gain, by ship, aircraft, train, van or truck. In modern times, containers are used in most intermodal long-haul cargo transport.-Marine:...
, .
External links
- http://www.researchportal.ch/unizh/p2466.htm
- http://www.rndsystems.com/molecule_detail.aspx?m=4184