Cadherin
Encyclopedia
Transmembrane protein
A transmembrane protein is a protein that goes from one side of a membrane through to the other side of the membrane. Many TPs function as gateways or "loading docks" to deny or permit the transport of specific substances across the biological membrane, to get into the cell, or out of the cell as...
s. They play important roles in cell adhesion
Cell adhesion
Cellular adhesion is the binding of a cell to a surface, extracellular matrix or another cell using cell adhesion molecules such as selectins, integrins, and cadherins. Correct cellular adhesion is essential in maintaining multicellular structure...
, ensuring that cells within tissues are bound together. They are dependent on calcium
Calcium
Calcium is the chemical element with the symbol Ca and atomic number 20. It has an atomic mass of 40.078 amu. Calcium is a soft gray alkaline earth metal, and is the fifth-most-abundant element by mass in the Earth's crust...
(Ca2+) ion
Ion
An ion is an atom or molecule in which the total number of electrons is not equal to the total number of protons, giving it a net positive or negative electrical charge. The name was given by physicist Michael Faraday for the substances that allow a current to pass between electrodes in a...
s to function, hence their name.
The cadherin superfamily includes cadherins, protocadherins, desmogleins, and desmocollins, and more. In structure, they share cadherin repeats, which are the extracellular Ca2+-binding domains. There are multiple classes of cadherin molecule, each designated with a prefix (in general, noting the type of tissue with which it is associated). It has been observed that cells containing a specific cadherin subtype tend to cluster together to the exclusion of other types, both in cell culture and during development
Developmental biology
Developmental biology is the study of the process by which organisms grow and develop. Modern developmental biology studies the genetic control of cell growth, differentiation and "morphogenesis", which is the process that gives rise to tissues, organs and anatomy.- Related fields of study...
. For example, cells containing N-cadherin tend to cluster with other N-cadherin-expressing cells. However, it has been noted that the mixing speed in the cell culture experiments can have an effect on the extent of homotypic specificity. In addition, several groups have observed heterotypic binding affinity (i.e., binding of different types of cadherin together) in various assays. One current model proposes that cells distinguish cadherin subtypes based on kinetic specificity rather than thermodynamic specificity, as different types of cadherin homotypic bonds have different lifetimes.
Types
Cadherins can be classified into four groups: classical, desmosomal, protocadherins, and unconventional.Classical
Different members of the cadherin family are found in different locations.- CDH1CDH1 (gene)Cadherin-1 also known as CAM 120/80 or epithelial cadherin or uvomorulin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CDH1 gene. CDH1 has also been designated as CD324 . It is a tumor suppressor gene.- Function :Cadherin-1 is a classical member of the cadherin superfamily...
- E-cadherin (epithelial): E-cadherins are found in epithelial tissue - CDH2CDH2Cadherin-2 , also known as neural cadherin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CDH2 gene. CDH2 has also been designated as CD325 .- Function :...
- N-cadherin (neural): N-cadherins are found in neurons - CDH12CDH12Cadherin-12 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CDH12 gene.-Further reading:...
- cadherin 12, type 2 (N-cadherin 2) - CDH3CDH3 (gene)Cadherin-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CDH3 gene.-Interactions:CDH3 has been shown to interact with CDH1, Beta-catenin, Plakoglobin, Nephrin and Catenin , alpha 1.-Further reading:...
- P-cadherin (placental): P-cadherins are found in the placenta.
Desmosomal
- DesmogleinDesmogleinThe desmogleins are a family of cadherins consisting of proteins DSG1, DSG2, DSG3, and DSG4. They play a role in the formation of desmosomes that join cells to one another....
(DSG1Desmoglein 1Desmoglein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DSG1 gene.-Interactions:Desmoglein 1 has been shown to interact with PKP3 and PKP2.-Further reading:...
, DSG2Desmoglein 2Desmoglein-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DSG2 gene.-Interactions:Desmoglein 2 has been shown to interact with DSC1, Plakoglobin and PKP3.-External links:* *...
, DSG3Desmoglein 3Desmoglein-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DSG3 gene.-Interactions:Desmoglein 3 has been shown to interact with PKP3.-Further reading:...
, DSG4DSG4Desmoglein-4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DSG4 gene.-Further reading:...
) - DesmocollinDesmocollinDesmocollin is a type of cadherin.Specifically, it can refer to one of the following human genes :* DSC1* DSC2* DSC3...
(DSC1DSC1Desmocollin-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DSC1 gene.-Interactions:DSC1 has been shown to interact with Desmoglein 2.-Further reading:...
, DSC2DSC2Desmocollin-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DSC2 gene.-External links:* *...
, DSC3DSC3Desmocollin-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DSC3 gene.- Gene :The desmosomal family members are arranged in two clusters on chromosome 18, occupying less than 650 kb combined...
)
Protocadherins
- ProtocadherinProtocadherinProtocadherins were discovered by Shintaro Suzuki's group, when they used PCR to find new members of the cadherin family. The PCR fragments that corresponded to Protocadherins were found in vertebrate and invertebrate species...
s
- PCDH1PCDH1Protocadherin-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PCDH1 gene.-Further reading:...
; PCDH10PCDH10Protocadherin-10 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PCDH10 gene.-Further reading:...
; PCDH11XPCDH11XProtocadherin 11 X-linked, also known as PCDH11X, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the PCDH11X gene.- Function :This gene belongs to the protocadherin gene family, a subfamily of the cadherin superfamily...
; PCDH11Y; PCDH12PCDH12Protocadherin-12 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PCDH12 gene.-Further reading:...
;
PCDH15
PCDH15
Protocadherin-15 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PCDH15 gene.-External Links:* -Further reading:...
; PCDH17
PCDH17
Protocadherin-17 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PCDH17 gene.-Further reading:...
; PCDH18
PCDH18
Protocadherin-18 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PCDH18 gene.-Further reading:...
; PCDH19; PCDH20
PCDH20
Protocadherin-20 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PCDH20 gene.-Further reading:...
; PCDH7
PCDH7
Protocadherin-7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PCDH7 gene.-Further reading:...
; PCDH8
PCDH8
Protocadherin-8 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PCDH8 gene.-Further reading:...
; PCDH9;
PCDHA1
PCDHA1
Protocadherin alpha-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PCDHA1 gene.-Further reading:...
; PCDHA10; PCDHA11; PCDHA12
PCDHA12
Protocadherin alpha-12 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PCDHA12 gene.-Further reading:...
; PCDHA13; PCDHA2
PCDHA2
Protocadherin alpha-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PCDHA2 gene.-Further reading:...
; PCDHA3
PCDHA3
Protocadherin alpha-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PCDHA3 gene.-Further reading:...
; PCDHA4
PCDHA4
Protocadherin alpha-4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PCDHA4 gene.-Further reading:...
;
PCDHA5
PCDHA5
Protocadherin alpha-5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PCDHA5 gene.-Further reading:...
; PCDHA6
PCDHA6
Protocadherin alpha-6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PCDHA6 gene.-Further reading:...
; PCDHA7; PCDHA8; PCDHA9
PCDHA9
Protocadherin alpha-9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PCDHA9 gene.-Further reading:...
; PCDHAC1; PCDHAC2
PCDHAC2
Protocadherin alpha-C2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PCDHAC2 gene.-Further reading:...
; PCDHB1;
PCDHB10
PCDHB10
Protocadherin beta-10 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PCDHB10 gene.-Further reading:...
; PCDHB11
PCDHB11
Protocadherin beta-11 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PCDHB11 gene.-Further reading:...
; PCDHB12
PCDHB12
Protocadherin beta-12 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PCDHB12 gene.-Further reading:...
; PCDHB13
PCDHB13
Protocadherin beta-13 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PCDHB13 gene.- Function :This gene is a member of the protocadherin beta gene cluster, one of three related gene clusters tandemly linked on chromosome five. The gene clusters demonstrate an unusual genomic organization similar to...
; PCDHB14
PCDHB14
Protocadherin beta-14 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PCDHB14 gene.-Further reading:...
; PCDHB15
PCDHB15
Protocadherin beta-15 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PCDHB15 gene.-Further reading:...
; PCDHB16
PCDHB16
Protocadherin beta-16 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PCDHB16 gene.-Further reading:...
; PCDHB17;
PCDHB18; PCDHB2
PCDHB2
Protocadherin beta-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PCDHB2 gene.-Further reading:...
; PCDHB3
PCDHB3
Protocadherin beta-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PCDHB3 gene.-Further reading:...
; PCDHB4
PCDHB4
Protocadherin beta-4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PCDHB4 gene.-Further reading:...
; PCDHB5
PCDHB5
Protocadherin beta-5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PCDHB5 gene.-Further reading:...
; PCDHB6; PCDHB7
PCDHB7
Protocadherin beta-7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PCDHB7 gene.-Further reading:...
; PCDHB8;
PCDHB9
PCDHB9
Protocadherin beta-9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PCDHB9 gene.-Further reading:...
; PCDHGA1; PCDHGA10; PCDHGA11
PCDHGA11
Protocadherin gamma-A11 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PCDHGA11 gene.-Further reading:...
; PCDHGA12
PCDHGA12
Protocadherin gamma-A12 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PCDHGA12 gene.-Further reading:...
; PCDHGA2; PCDHGA3; PCDHGA4;
PCDHGA5; PCDHGA6; PCDHGA7; PCDHGA8; PCDHGA9; PCDHGB1; PCDHGB2; PCDHGB3;
PCDHGB4; PCDHGB5; PCDHGB6; PCDHGB7
PCDHGB7
Protocadherin gamma-B7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PCDHGB7 gene.-Further reading:...
; PCDHGC3
PCDHGC3
Protocadherin gamma-C3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PCDHGC3 gene.-Further reading:...
; PCDHGC4; PCDHGC5
FAT
FAT (gene)
Protocadherin Fat 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FAT1 gene.-Further reading:...
; FAT2; FAT4
FAT4
Protocadherin Fat 4, also known as cadherin family member 14 or FAT tumor suppressor homolog 4 , is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FAT4 gene.FAT4 is associated with the Hippo signaling pathway....
;
Unconventional/ungrouped
- CDH9CDH9Cadherin 9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CDH9 gene....
- cadherin 9, type 2 (T1-cadherin) - CDH10CDH10Cadherin 10 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CDH10 gene....
- cadherin 10, type 2 (T2-cadherin) - CDH4CDH4Cadherin-4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CDH4 gene.-Further reading:...
- R-cadherin (retinal) - CDH5VE-cadherinCadherin 5, type 2 or VE-cadherin also known as CD144 , is a type of cadherin...
- VE-cadherin (vascular endothelial) - CDH6CDH6Cadherin-6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CDH6 gene.-Further reading:...
- K-cadherin (kidney) - CDH7 - cadherin 7, type 2
- CDH8CDH8Cadherin-8 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CDH8 gene.-Further reading:...
- cadherin 8, type 2 - CDH11CDH11Cadherin-11 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CDH11 gene.-Further reading:...
- OB-cadherin (osteoblast) - CDH13T-cadherinT-cadherin also known as cadherin 13, H-cadherin is a unique member of cadherin superfamily because it lacks the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains and is anchored to the cells membrane through the GPI anchor...
- T-cadherin - H-cadherin (heart) - CDH15CDH15Cadherin-15 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CDH15 gene.-Further reading:...
- M-cadherin (myotubule) - CDH16CDH16Cadherin-16 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CDH16 gene.-Further reading:...
- KSP-cadherin - CDH17CDH17Cadherin-17 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CDH17 gene.-Further reading:...
- LI cadherin (liver-intestine) - CDH18 - cadherin 18, type 2
- CDH19 - cadherin 19, type 2
- CDH20 - cadherin 20, type 2
- CDH23CDH23Cadherin-23 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CDH23 gene.-Further reading:...
- cadherin 23, (neurosensory epithelium)
- CDH10CDH10Cadherin 10 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CDH10 gene....
; CDH11CDH11Cadherin-11 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CDH11 gene.-Further reading:...
; CDH13; CDH15CDH15Cadherin-15 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CDH15 gene.-Further reading:...
; CDH16CDH16Cadherin-16 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CDH16 gene.-Further reading:...
; CDH17CDH17Cadherin-17 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CDH17 gene.-Further reading:...
;
CDH18; CDH19; CDH20; CDH22; CDH23
CDH23
Cadherin-23 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CDH23 gene.-Further reading:...
; CDH24; CDH26;
CDH28; CDH4
CDH4
Cadherin-4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CDH4 gene.-Further reading:...
; CDH5; CDH6
CDH6
Cadherin-6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CDH6 gene.-Further reading:...
; CDH7; CDH8
CDH8
Cadherin-8 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CDH8 gene.-Further reading:...
; CDH9
CDH9
Cadherin 9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CDH9 gene....
;
CELSR1
CELSR1
Cadherin EGF LAG seven-pass G-type receptor 1 also known as flamingo homolog 2 or cadherin family member 9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CELSR1 gene.- Function :...
; CELSR2
CELSR2
Cadherin EGF LAG seven-pass G-type receptor 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CELSR2 gene.-Further reading:...
; CELSR3
CELSR3
Cadherin EGF LAG seven-pass G-type receptor 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CELSR3 gene.- Further reading :...
; CLSTN1
CLSTN1
Calsyntenin-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CLSTN1 gene.-Interactions:CLSTN1 has been shown to interact with APBA2 and Amyloid precursor protein.-Further reading:...
; CLSTN2; CLSTN3; DCHS1
DCHS1
Protein dachsous homolog 1, also known as protocadherin-16 or cadherin-19 or cadherin-25 or fibroblast cadherin-1 , is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DCHS1 gene.- Function :...
; DCHS2
DCHS2
Protein dachsous homolog 2, also known as protocadherin-23 or cadherin-27 , is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DCHS2 gene....
; LOC389118;
- PCLKCPCLKCProtocadherin-24 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PCDH24 gene.-Further reading:...
; RESDA1; RETRET proto-oncogeneThe RET proto-oncogene encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase for members of the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor family of extracellular signalling molecules....
;
External links
- view cadherin structure in interactive 3D- Cadherin domain in PROSITEPROSITEPROSITE is a protein database. It consists of entries describing the protein families, domains and functional sites as well as amino acid patterns, signatures, and profiles in them. These are manually curated by a team of the Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics and tightly integrated into Swiss-Prot...
- The cadherin family
- Alberts, Bruce. Molecular Biology of the Cell
- The Cadherin Resource
- http://www.copewithcytokines.org/cope.cgi?key=N-cadherin