Bâsca Roziliei River
Encyclopedia
The Bâsca Roziliei River, also called Bâsca Rusilei, Bâsca Rosiliei or simply Bâsca , is a main tributary
(discharge and watershed) of the Buzău River
, from Romania
.
has a surface of 785.1 km² (data obtained using the Topographic Maps of Romania at scale 1:25,000). It lies at an average altitude of 1,081 m between the Lăcăuţi Peak (1,777 m altitude
) and the confluence with the Buzău River (385 m altitude).
flysch
is predominant, including: sandstones (Tarcău sandstones Facies), marl
, conglomerates
.
This area is characterised by tectonic uplift and by severe seismicity related to the Vrancea Epicentral Area, being affected by deep-seated landslides (Ielenicz, 1984). Lithology
is dominated by the presence of the hardest and hard rocks
, covering 96.7% of the catchment surface.
of the Bâsca Catchment is temperate-continental
. Föhn phenomena moderate the characteristics parameters of climatic elements, e.g. average multiannual atmospheric temperature
between 1.2°C at the Lăcăuţi meteorological station between 1961 and 2000, see Table, and 2.4°C at the Penteleu station (1988–2007), combined with precipitations
of 664.3 mm at Penteleu and 830.1 mm at Lăcăuţi.
The following rivers are tributaries to the Bâsca River:
On the Bâsca River the project "Hydropower Siriu
– Surduc Development”, has been developed (being now in construction stage). This project includes a permanent water reservoir
"Cireşu" on the upper part of the Bâsca River and an underground derivation
"Surduc - Nehoiaşu", from Cireşu Accumulation and Bâsca River towards the "CHE Nehoiaşu II”
hydroelectric power station.
dynamics, landslides and falls
. The frequency analysis of the maximum monthly discharge
indicates that the month with the highest flood potential is July
, followed by June
. In July were recorded the highest floods. Among them, remarkable for their socio-economic consequences where those from 1969, 1975, 2002. The annual maximum flow of the Bâsca River varied between 39.4 m³/s (year 1986) and 960 m³/s (year 1975, July 2). Exceptionally floods were recorded in the years: 1975 (960 m³/s), 1969 (697 m³/s), 1991 (530 m³/s) and 1985 (515 m³/s). Multiannual average flow at this station is about 12 m³/s. Damaging effects caused by floods and flooding have determined property damage, such as flooded homes (e.g. on July 20, 2002, Păltiniş River
inundated homes in the area of the confluence
with the Bâsca River), landslides and slope
destabilization of versants; destruction of undermining and hydrotechnical works
, affecting sections of the roads and humans casualties.
Tributary
A tributary or affluent is a stream or river that flows into a main stem river or a lake. A tributary does not flow directly into a sea or ocean...
(discharge and watershed) of the Buzău River
Buzau River
Buzău is a river in eastern Romania, tributary of the Siret River. Its total length is 302 km. Its source is in the south-eastern Carpathian Mountains, east of Braşov. The Buzău flows through the Romanian counties Braşov, Covasna, Buzău and Brăila...
, from Romania
Romania
Romania is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea...
.
Geographyc position
Positioned in the external region of the curvature of Carpathians (subunit of Eastern Carpathians), the Bâsca River CatchmentDrainage basin
A drainage basin is an extent or an area of land where surface water from rain and melting snow or ice converges to a single point, usually the exit of the basin, where the waters join another waterbody, such as a river, lake, reservoir, estuary, wetland, sea, or ocean...
has a surface of 785.1 km² (data obtained using the Topographic Maps of Romania at scale 1:25,000). It lies at an average altitude of 1,081 m between the Lăcăuţi Peak (1,777 m altitude
Altitude
Altitude or height is defined based on the context in which it is used . As a general definition, altitude is a distance measurement, usually in the vertical or "up" direction, between a reference datum and a point or object. The reference datum also often varies according to the context...
) and the confluence with the Buzău River (385 m altitude).
Geology
From the geological point of view, the Bâsca River Catchment overlaps the orogenic unit of the Eastern Carpathians, where the external PaleogenePaleogene
The Paleogene is a geologic period and system that began 65.5 ± 0.3 and ended 23.03 ± 0.05 million years ago and comprises the first part of the Cenozoic Era...
flysch
Flysch
Flysch is a sequence of sedimentary rocks that is deposited in a deep marine facies in the foreland basin of a developing orogen. Flysch is typically deposited during an early stage of the orogenesis. When the orogen evolves the foreland basin becomes shallower and molasse is deposited on top of...
is predominant, including: sandstones (Tarcău sandstones Facies), marl
Marl
Marl or marlstone is a calcium carbonate or lime-rich mud or mudstone which contains variable amounts of clays and aragonite. Marl was originally an old term loosely applied to a variety of materials, most of which occur as loose, earthy deposits consisting chiefly of an intimate mixture of clay...
, conglomerates
Conglomerate (geology)
A conglomerate is a rock consisting of individual clasts within a finer-grained matrix that have become cemented together. Conglomerates are sedimentary rocks consisting of rounded fragments and are thus differentiated from breccias, which consist of angular clasts...
.
This area is characterised by tectonic uplift and by severe seismicity related to the Vrancea Epicentral Area, being affected by deep-seated landslides (Ielenicz, 1984). Lithology
Lithology
The lithology of a rock unit is a description of its physical characteristics visible at outcrop, in hand or core samples or with low magnification microscopy, such as colour, texture, grain size, or composition. It may be either a detailed description of these characteristics or be a summary of...
is dominated by the presence of the hardest and hard rocks
Geological resistance
Geological resistance is a measure of how well minerals resist erosive factors, and is primarily based on hardness, chemical reactivity and cohesion. The more hardness, less reactivity and more cohesion a mineral has, the less susceptible it will be to erosion...
, covering 96.7% of the catchment surface.
Climate
The climateClimate
Climate encompasses the statistics of temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, rainfall, atmospheric particle count and other meteorological elemental measurements in a given region over long periods...
of the Bâsca Catchment is temperate-continental
Continental climate
Continental climate is a climate characterized by important annual variation in temperature due to the lack of significant bodies of water nearby...
. Föhn phenomena moderate the characteristics parameters of climatic elements, e.g. average multiannual atmospheric temperature
Temperature
Temperature is a physical property of matter that quantitatively expresses the common notions of hot and cold. Objects of low temperature are cold, while various degrees of higher temperatures are referred to as warm or hot...
between 1.2°C at the Lăcăuţi meteorological station between 1961 and 2000, see Table, and 2.4°C at the Penteleu station (1988–2007), combined with precipitations
Precipitation (meteorology)
In meteorology, precipitation In meteorology, precipitation In meteorology, precipitation (also known as one of the classes of hydrometeors, which are atmospheric water phenomena is any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapor that falls under gravity. The main forms of precipitation...
of 664.3 mm at Penteleu and 830.1 mm at Lăcăuţi.
Hydrography
- Major river tributaries
The following rivers are tributaries to the Bâsca River:
- - left: Deluşor, Ghiurca Mare, Slobod, Pătac, Bâsculiţa, Cernat, Milei, Bâsca MicăBâsca Mica RiverThe Bâsca Mică River is a headwater forming the Bâsca Roziliei River in Romania.-References:* Administraţia Naţională Apelor Române - Cadastrul Apelor - Bucureşti* Institutul de Meteorologie şi Hidrologie - Rîurile României - Bucureşti 1971...
(whith GiurgiuGiurgiu River (Bâsca Mică)The Giurgiu River is a tributary of the Bâsca Mică River in Romania.-References:* Administraţia Naţională Apelor Române - Cadastrul Apelor - Bucureşti* Institutul de Meteorologie şi Hidrologie - Rîurile României - Bucureşti 1971- Map :...
, Fagul Alb, Ciulianoş, Bălescuţu, Şapte IzvoareSapte Izvoare RiverThe Şapte Izvoare River is a tributary of the Bâsca Mică in Romania.-References:* Administraţia Naţională Apelor Române - Cadastrul Apelor - Bucureşti* Institutul de Meteorologie şi Hidrologie - Rîurile României - Bucureşti 1971...
, Secuiul, BrebuBrebu River (Bâsca)The Brebu River is a tributary of the Bâsca Mică in Romania.-References:* Administraţia Naţională Apelor Române - Cadastrul Apelor - Bucureşti* Institutul de Meteorologie şi Hidrologie - Rîurile României - Bucureşti 1971- Map :* Harta Munţii Buzăului...
and Boul), VarlaamVarlaam RiverThe Varlaam River is a tributary of the Bâsca Roziliei River in Romania.-References:* Administraţia Naţională Apelor Române - Cadastrul Apelor - Bucureşti* Institutul de Meteorologie şi Hidrologie - Rîurile României - Bucureşti 1971- Map :...
, TigvaTigva RiverThe Tigva River is a tributary of the Bâsca Roziliei River in Romania.-References:* Administraţia Naţională Apelor Române - Cadastrul Apelor - Bucureşti* Institutul de Meteorologie şi Hidrologie - Rîurile României - Bucureşti 1971...
, FulgerişFulgeris River (Bâsca)The Fulgeriş River is a tributary of the Bâsca Roziliei River in Romania.-References:* Administraţia Naţională Apelor Române - Cadastrul Apelor - Bucureşti* Institutul de Meteorologie şi Hidrologie - Rîurile României - Bucureşti 1971- Map :...
, TainiţăTainita RiverThe Tainiţa River is a tributary of the Bâsca Roziliei River in Romania.-References:* Administraţia Naţională Apelor Române - Cadastrul Apelor - Bucureşti* Institutul de Meteorologie şi Hidrologie - Rîurile României - Bucureşti 1971...
, GotişGotis RiverThe Gotiş River is a tributary of the Bâsca Roziliei River in Romania.-References:* Administraţia Naţională Apelor Române - Cadastrul Apelor - Bucureşti* Institutul de Meteorologie şi Hidrologie - Rîurile României - Bucureşti 1971...
, HânsaruHânsaru RiverThe Hânsaru River is a tributary of the Bâsca Roziliei River in Romania.-References:* Administraţia Naţională Apelor Române - Cadastrul Apelor - Bucureşti* Institutul de Meteorologie şi Hidrologie - Rîurile României - Bucureşti 1971...
, Valea LargăValea Largă River (Bâsca Roziliei)The Valea Largă River is a tributary of the Bâsca Roziliei River in Romania.-References:* Administraţia Naţională Apelor Române - Cadastrul Apelor - Bucureşti* Institutul de Meteorologie şi Hidrologie - Rîurile României - Bucureşti 1971...
, AninişAniniş River (Bâsca Roziliei)The Aniniş River is a tributary of the Bâsca Roziliei River in Romania.-References:* Administraţia Naţională Apelor Române - Cadastrul Apelor - Bucureşti* Institutul de Meteorologie şi Hidrologie - Rîurile României - Bucureşti 1971...
; - - right: Topliţa, Ruginosul, Saroş, Dârnăul Mare, Cireş, Corongoş, Surduc, Coceanul, Piciorul Milei, Braţul, TegaTega RiverThe Tega River is a tributary of the Bâsca Roziliei River in Romania.-References:* Administraţia Naţională Apelor Române - Cadastrul Apelor - Bucureşti* Institutul de Meteorologie şi Hidrologie - Rîurile României - Bucureşti 1971...
, PăltinişPaltinis River (Bâsca)The Păltiniş River is a tributary of the Bâsca Roziliei River in Romania. It starts at the junction of headwaters Păltinişul Mare and Păltinişul Mic-References:* Administraţia Naţională Apelor Române - Cadastrul Apelor - Bucureşti...
, VineţişuVineţişu RiverThe Vineţiţu River is a tributary of the Bâsca Roziliei River in Romania.-References:* Administraţia Naţională Apelor Române - Cadastrul Apelor - Bucureşti* Institutul de Meteorologie şi Hidrologie - Rîurile României - Bucureşti 1971...
.- Reservoirs
On the Bâsca River the project "Hydropower Siriu
Lake Siriu
Lake Siriu is an artificial dam lake in Romania, on the Buzău River valley. Construction of the dam started in 1982, and the 42 MW Nehoiaşu hydroelectric plant was opened in 1994....
– Surduc Development”, has been developed (being now in construction stage). This project includes a permanent water reservoir
Reservoir
A reservoir , artificial lake or dam is used to store water.Reservoirs may be created in river valleys by the construction of a dam or may be built by excavation in the ground or by conventional construction techniques such as brickwork or cast concrete.The term reservoir may also be used to...
"Cireşu" on the upper part of the Bâsca River and an underground derivation
Water tunnel (physical infrastructure)
Water tunnels are tunnels used to transport water to areas with large populations or agriculture. They are part of aqueducts.-See also:*Metropolitan Water District of Southern California*Moffat Tunnel...
"Surduc - Nehoiaşu", from Cireşu Accumulation and Bâsca River towards the "CHE Nehoiaşu II”
Nehoiasu Hydro Power Plant
Nehoiaşu Hydro Power Plant is a large power plant on the Bâsca Mare River or simply Bâsca River situated in Romania. The project was started in 1998 and it was made up by the construction of a dam with 8 mobile segments each 12 m high, which will be equipped with two vertical turbines, the...
hydroelectric power station.
- Morphometrical features of the Bâsca River Catchment and its main sub-catchments
River Catchment surface (km²) River length (km) Bâsculiţa Bâsculita RiverThe Bâsculiţa River is a tributary of the Bâsca Mare River in Romania. The river starts at the junction of headwaters Izvorul Gropii and Tămăşoiu-References:* Administraţia Naţională Apelor Române - Cadastrul Apelor - Bucureşti...40,0 11 Popliţa Topliţa River (Bâsca Mare)The Topliţa River is a tributary of the Bâsca Mare River in Romania.-References:* Administraţia Naţională Apelor Române - Cadastrul Apelor - Bucureşti* Institutul de Meteorologie şi Hidrologie - Rîurile României - Bucureşti 1971-Map:...35 9 Cireş Cireşu River (Bâsca Mare)The Cireşu River is a tributary of the Bâsca Mare River in Romania.-References:* Administraţia Naţională Apelor Române - Cadastrul Apelor - Bucureşti* Institutul de Meteorologie şi Hidrologie - Rîurile României - Bucureşti 1971-Map:...33 9 Păltiniş Paltinis River (Bâsca)The Păltiniş River is a tributary of the Bâsca Roziliei River in Romania. It starts at the junction of headwaters Păltinişul Mare and Păltinişul Mic-References:* Administraţia Naţională Apelor Române - Cadastrul Apelor - Bucureşti...25 10 Ghiurca Mare 24 8 Dârnăul Mare Dârnăul Mare RiverThe Dârnăul Mare River is a tributary of the Bâsca Mare River in Romania.-References:* Administraţia Naţională Apelor Române - Cadastrul Apelor - Bucureşti* Institutul de Meteorologie şi Hidrologie - Rîurile României - Bucureşti 1971-Map:...22 10 Deluşor 21 7 Pătac Patacu RiverThe Patacu River is a tributary of the Bâsca Mare River in Romania.-References:* Administraţia Naţională Apelor Române - Cadastrul Apelor - Bucureşti* Institutul de Meteorologie şi Hidrologie - Rîurile României - Bucureşti 1971- Map :...18 10 Giurgiu Giurgiu River (Bâsca Mică)The Giurgiu River is a tributary of the Bâsca Mică River in Romania.-References:* Administraţia Naţională Apelor Române - Cadastrul Apelor - Bucureşti* Institutul de Meteorologie şi Hidrologie - Rîurile României - Bucureşti 1971- Map :...16 6 Şapte Izvoare Sapte Izvoare RiverThe Şapte Izvoare River is a tributary of the Bâsca Mică in Romania.-References:* Administraţia Naţională Apelor Române - Cadastrul Apelor - Bucureşti* Institutul de Meteorologie şi Hidrologie - Rîurile României - Bucureşti 1971...16 6 Milei 16 6 Saroş 16 7 Corongoş 13 5 Brebu Brebu River (Bâsca)The Brebu River is a tributary of the Bâsca Mică in Romania.-References:* Administraţia Naţională Apelor Române - Cadastrul Apelor - Bucureşti* Institutul de Meteorologie şi Hidrologie - Rîurile României - Bucureşti 1971- Map :* Harta Munţii Buzăului...13 6 Ruginosul 11 5 Cernat Cernat River (Bâsca)The Cernat River is a tributary of the Bâsca Mare River in Romania.-References:* Administraţia Naţională Apelor Române - Cadastrul Apelor - Bucureşti* Institutul de Meteorologie şi Hidrologie - Rîurile României - Bucureşti 1971...11 6 Slobod 10 6 Bâsca Mică Bâsca Mica RiverThe Bâsca Mică River is a headwater forming the Bâsca Roziliei River in Romania.-References:* Administraţia Naţională Apelor Române - Cadastrul Apelor - Bucureşti* Institutul de Meteorologie şi Hidrologie - Rîurile României - Bucureşti 1971...238 45
Hydrology
The most common risk hydric phenomena affecting the catchment area are floods and flooding. Associated to these are processes of river channelStream channel
Stream channel is the physical confine of a stream consisting of a bed and stream banks.Stream channels exist in a variety of geometries. The stream channel development is controlled by both water and sediment movement. There is a difference between low gradient streams and high gradient streams...
dynamics, landslides and falls
Falls
Falls may refer to:* Waterfalls* Falls, North Carolina* Belfast Falls ** Falls Road, Belfast in Belfast, Northern Ireland** Belfast Falls ** Belfast Falls...
. The frequency analysis of the maximum monthly discharge
Discharge
Discharge in the context to expel or to "let go" may refer to:* A military discharge, issued when a member of the armed forces is released from service* Termination of employment, the end of an employee's duration with an employer...
indicates that the month with the highest flood potential is July
July
July is the seventh month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian Calendars and one of seven months with the length of 31 days. It is, on average, the warmest month in most of the Northern hemisphere and the coldest month in much of the Southern hemisphere...
, followed by June
June
June is the sixth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars and one of the four months with a length of 30 days. Ovid provides two etymologies for June's name in his poem concerning the months entitled the Fasti...
. In July were recorded the highest floods. Among them, remarkable for their socio-economic consequences where those from 1969, 1975, 2002. The annual maximum flow of the Bâsca River varied between 39.4 m³/s (year 1986) and 960 m³/s (year 1975, July 2). Exceptionally floods were recorded in the years: 1975 (960 m³/s), 1969 (697 m³/s), 1991 (530 m³/s) and 1985 (515 m³/s). Multiannual average flow at this station is about 12 m³/s. Damaging effects caused by floods and flooding have determined property damage, such as flooded homes (e.g. on July 20, 2002, Păltiniş River
Paltinis River (Bâsca)
The Păltiniş River is a tributary of the Bâsca Roziliei River in Romania. It starts at the junction of headwaters Păltinişul Mare and Păltinişul Mic-References:* Administraţia Naţională Apelor Române - Cadastrul Apelor - Bucureşti...
inundated homes in the area of the confluence
Confluence
Confluence, in geography, describes the meeting of two or more bodies of water.Confluence may also refer to:* Confluence , a property of term rewriting systems...
with the Bâsca River), landslides and slope
Slope
In mathematics, the slope or gradient of a line describes its steepness, incline, or grade. A higher slope value indicates a steeper incline....
destabilization of versants; destruction of undermining and hydrotechnical works
Hydraulic engineering
This article is about civil engineering. For the mechanical engineering discipline see Hydraulic machineryHydraulic engineering as a sub-discipline of civil engineering is concerned with the flow and conveyance of fluids, principally water and sewage. One feature of these systems is the extensive...
, affecting sections of the roads and humans casualties.
Demographic and socio-economic features
- from a demographic point of view, the Bâsca River Catchment is situated in a human areaSurfaceIn mathematics, specifically in topology, a surface is a two-dimensional topological manifold. The most familiar examples are those that arise as the boundaries of solid objects in ordinary three-dimensional Euclidean space R3 — for example, the surface of a ball...
with low density (8.35 inhabitantsHabitual residenceIn conflict of laws, habitual residence is the standard used to determine the law which should be applied to determine a given legal dispute. It can be contrasted with the law on domicile, traditionally used in common law jurisdictions to do the same thing....
/km²). In this catchment they are two communes: Comandău (1,042 inhabitants) and Gura TeghiiGura TeghiiGura Teghii is a commune in Buzău County, Romania, located in the north-westernmost part of the county in its mountain region, near the limit of Covasna and Vrancea counties, in the Curvature Carpathians...
(3,884 inhabitants) and two villages appartining to the townTownA town is a human settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city. The size a settlement must be in order to be called a "town" varies considerably in different parts of the world, so that, for example, many American "small towns" seem to British people to be no more than villages, while...
of NehoiuNehoiuNehoiu is a town in Buzău County, Romania, with a population of 11,631. Wood processing is the local main economic activity. The town has a lumbermill since the early 20th century....
: Bâsca RozilieiNehoiuNehoiu is a town in Buzău County, Romania, with a population of 11,631. Wood processing is the local main economic activity. The town has a lumbermill since the early 20th century....
(1,428 inhabitants) and VineţişuNehoiuNehoiu is a town in Buzău County, Romania, with a population of 11,631. Wood processing is the local main economic activity. The town has a lumbermill since the early 20th century....
(206 inhabitants); - localities situated in the upper part: ComandăuComandauComandău is a commune in Covasna County, Romania. It is composed of a single village, Comandău.It formed part of the Székely Land region of the historical Transylvania province.-Demographics:...
commune and lower part of the Bâsca River Catchment: Vadu Oii (on Bâsca Mică RiverBâsca Mica RiverThe Bâsca Mică River is a headwater forming the Bâsca Roziliei River in Romania.-References:* Administraţia Naţională Apelor Române - Cadastrul Apelor - Bucureşti* Institutul de Meteorologie şi Hidrologie - Rîurile României - Bucureşti 1971...
), Varlaam (at confluence Bâsca River or Bâsca Mare RiverBâsca Mare RiverThe Bâsca Mare River is a headwater of the Bâsca Roziliei River in Romania.-References:* Administraţia Naţională Apelor Române - Cadastrul Apelor - Bucureşti* Institutul de Meteorologie şi Hidrologie - Rîurile României - Bucureşti 1971...
with Bâsca Mică River), Gura Teghii, Nemertea, Furtuneşti, Păltiniş and Bâsca Roziliei; - the economical areas of activities of local profile it is focused on tree cutting from the forest and primary processed seasonal activity of pastoralPastoralismPastoralism or pastoral farming is the branch of agriculture concerned with the raising of livestock. It is animal husbandry: the care, tending and use of animals such as camels, goats, cattle, yaks, llamas, and sheep. It may have a mobile aspect, moving the herds in search of fresh pasture and...
and harvest of therapeutically herbsHerbalismHerbalism is a traditional medicinal or folk medicine practice based on the use of plants and plant extracts. Herbalism is also known as botanical medicine, medical herbalism, herbal medicine, herbology, herblore, and phytotherapy...
.
Maps
- Harta Siriu - Trasee Montane http://www.itinerar.ro/Harta/Siriu-trasee.htm
- Harta Munţii Buzăului http://harti.mielu.ro/buzaului.html
- geo-spatial.org, accessed 2010http://earth.unibuc.ro/php/myown/preview_zoomify.php?image=%2Fimages%2Fsoviet%2Fpreview%2FL-35-089