Burial Ridge
Encyclopedia
Burial Ridge is a Lenape
burial ground located on a bluff
overlooking Raritan Bay
in what is today the Tottenville
section of Staten Island
. The burial ground, the largest pre-European burial ground in New York City is unmarked and lies today within Conference House Park
.
Evidence of prior Native American habitation is still visible along the beach at the lowest elevations of the bluff where erosion exposes the remains of large shell middens dominated by shells of the Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica).
Bodies have been reported unearthed at Burial Ridge during various periods in the nineteenth century from 1858 onward. After conducting independent research which included unearthing bodies interred at the site, ethnologist and archaeologist, George H. Pepper
, was contracted in 1895 to conduct paid archaeological research at Burial Ridge by the American Museum of Natural History
.
Many of the skeletons unearthed were buried in flexed positions with the knees drawn up to the chest, fewer were found in a laid out position. Most of the graves were fairly shallow, ranging from 1 – 3 ft. in depth from grade. Many of the graves contained assorted grave goods, among them arrowheads and various stone implements such as ax heads and hammerstones.
One of the burials contained the skeletons of three males, with the bones pierced by 23 arrowheads made of bone, antler, argillite
and flint
.
In close proximity to the three males, the body of a child was unearthed with a variety of grave goods including pendants made of yellow jasper
and various utensils, the body also showed evidence of copper salts about the lower portion of the skull, mandible and sternum, which indicated that copper ornaments were buried with the body. An additional skeleton unearthed in a prone position was completely charred above the knees suggesting he may have been burned alive while tied to a stake.
Lenape
The Lenape are an Algonquian group of Native Americans of the Northeastern Woodlands. They are also called Delaware Indians. As a result of the American Revolutionary War and later Indian removals from the eastern United States, today the main groups live in Canada, where they are enrolled in the...
burial ground located on a bluff
Cliff
In geography and geology, a cliff is a significant vertical, or near vertical, rock exposure. Cliffs are formed as erosion landforms due to the processes of erosion and weathering that produce them. Cliffs are common on coasts, in mountainous areas, escarpments and along rivers. Cliffs are usually...
overlooking Raritan Bay
Raritan Bay
Raritan Bay is a bay located at the southern portion of Lower New York Bay between the U.S. states of New York and New Jersey and is part of the New York Bight. The bay is bounded on the northwest by New York's Staten Island, on the west by Perth Amboy, New Jersey, on the south by the Raritan...
in what is today the Tottenville
Tottenville, Staten Island
Tottenville with an area of approx. , is the southernmost neighborhood of Staten Island, New York City and New York State. Originally named Bentley Manor by one of its first settlers, Captain Christopher Billop , after a small ship he owned named the Bentley, the district was renamed Tottenville in...
section of Staten Island
Staten Island
Staten Island is a borough of New York City, New York, United States, located in the southwest part of the city. Staten Island is separated from New Jersey by the Arthur Kill and the Kill Van Kull, and from the rest of New York by New York Bay...
. The burial ground, the largest pre-European burial ground in New York City is unmarked and lies today within Conference House Park
Conference House Park
Conference House Park is a park in the Tottenville section of Staten Island, New York, one of the boroughs of New York City. The park is named after the historic Conference House a c.1680 stone manor house in which a peace conference was initiated on September 11, 1776 by Lord Howe representing the...
.
Evidence of prior Native American habitation is still visible along the beach at the lowest elevations of the bluff where erosion exposes the remains of large shell middens dominated by shells of the Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica).
Bodies have been reported unearthed at Burial Ridge during various periods in the nineteenth century from 1858 onward. After conducting independent research which included unearthing bodies interred at the site, ethnologist and archaeologist, George H. Pepper
George H. Pepper
George Hubbard Pepper was an ethnologist and archaeologist, was born in Tottenville, Staten Island, New York.Pepper conducted field workstarting in 1893, including archaeological digs at Burial Ridge, the largest pre-European burial ground in New York City...
, was contracted in 1895 to conduct paid archaeological research at Burial Ridge by the American Museum of Natural History
American Museum of Natural History
The American Museum of Natural History , located on the Upper West Side of Manhattan in New York City, United States, is one of the largest and most celebrated museums in the world...
.
Many of the skeletons unearthed were buried in flexed positions with the knees drawn up to the chest, fewer were found in a laid out position. Most of the graves were fairly shallow, ranging from 1 – 3 ft. in depth from grade. Many of the graves contained assorted grave goods, among them arrowheads and various stone implements such as ax heads and hammerstones.
One of the burials contained the skeletons of three males, with the bones pierced by 23 arrowheads made of bone, antler, argillite
Argillite
An argillite is a fine-grained sedimentary rock composed predominantly of indurated clay particles. Argillaceous rocks are basically lithified muds and oozes. They contain variable amounts of silt-sized particles. The argillites grade into shale when the fissile layering typical of shale is...
and flint
Flint
Flint is a hard, sedimentary cryptocrystalline form of the mineral quartz, categorized as a variety of chert. It occurs chiefly as nodules and masses in sedimentary rocks, such as chalks and limestones. Inside the nodule, flint is usually dark grey, black, green, white, or brown in colour, and...
.
In close proximity to the three males, the body of a child was unearthed with a variety of grave goods including pendants made of yellow jasper
Jasper
Jasper, a form of chalcedony, is an opaque, impure variety of silica, usually red, yellow, brown or green in color; and rarely blue. This mineral breaks with a smooth surface, and is used for ornamentation or as a gemstone. It can be highly polished and is used for vases, seals, and at one time for...
and various utensils, the body also showed evidence of copper salts about the lower portion of the skull, mandible and sternum, which indicated that copper ornaments were buried with the body. An additional skeleton unearthed in a prone position was completely charred above the knees suggesting he may have been burned alive while tied to a stake.