Boston (card game)
Encyclopedia
Boston is an 18th century trick-taking card game
played throughout the Western world apart from Britain, forming an evolutionary link between Hombre
and Solo Whist
. Appropriately named after a key location in the American War of Independence, it was probably devised in France
in the 1770s, combining the 52-card pack and logical ranking system of partnership Whist
with a range of solo and alliance bids borrowed from Quadrille (card game)
. Other lines of descent and hybridization produced the games of Twenty-five, Preference
and Skat.
for partnership Whist
. In France
, Quadrille-playing society was finding itself rapidly decimated by the guillotine. This left room for the development of a new game of the same alliance genre as Quadrille, but of simpler, more populist structure, and free from what must have been regarded as the "effete" associations of aristocratic women's games. Such is Boston Whist, le whist bostonien, which became the great nineteenth century alternative to Quadrille, almost everywhere in the Western world, except Britain, where, however, it eventually emerged as Solo Whist
. Boston is usually, but misleadingly, represented as a variation of classic partnership Whist made by abandoning the fixed partnership principle. It is better regarded as a Solo or Alliance game created by grafting the simplest mechanism of Whist onto the structural stock of Quadrille.
The origin of Boston is shrouded in dubious legends. It is claimed that Bostonians under the siege of 1775, sought to relieve their tedium and political frustrations by divorcing English Whist from fixed partnership, the solo or independence element, a claim supported by additional bids under such names as Philadelphia, Souveraine and Concordia. A survey of nineteenth century compendia, however, shows that most of them were introduced long after the event in question. Another view credits the game to officers of the allied French fleet then lying off Marblehead
. Two little islands in the harbor are known as Little Misery and Big Misery, by which, it is said, the bids of Petite misere and Grand misere were inspired; but these too prove under examination to be latter additions. Yet, another claim is that Benjamin Franklin
, who was a keen player and who is even said to have invented the game, introduced it to the Court of King Louis XVI, upon his trip to Versailles
in 1767. More likely than any of these romantic flights of fancy is that it developed in France and took its name and inspiration from current events in America, to which it had become a welcome export before the signing of the Franco-American Alliance
of 1778. (In this connection it is perhaps only an attractive "red-herring" to note that Trappola
cards were known in parts of Europe as boston karten, from the suit of bastoni, or clubs.
Two early forms of Boston, Le Whischt Bostonien and Le Mariland, are described in the Almanach des Jeux of 1783.
The eldest hand leads first, and the hand is played and tricks taken in the same manner as at Whist, with this exception, however, that partners play in precisely the order that they sit.
Honors in this game count the same as at Whist, but cannot be counted in as tricks bid, thus: if a player bids for eight tricks and only takes seven, he loses, even if he has four honors; but if he succeeds in taking eight tricks, then his four honors added would entitle him the payment of twelve tricks. If the player wins his announcement, he receives everything in the pool, and from each player the amount named in the table of payments, for instance: if he announces five Levees in Hearts, and makes two over, this would make seven, he would then receive thirty from each player; but if he had two by honors, that would make nine, and he would receive forty from each player; but if he had announced seven in Hearts, and made it, and had two by honors, then he would receive seventy from each player. In the same way, if he had announced seven in Hearts, and lost it by two tricks, this would be nine, and his two by honors would make it eleven lost, then he would pay into the pool eighty, and the same to each player. The adversaries merely play to make the announcer lose, and therefore cannot, even if successful, win the pool, which stands over to the next hand. The pool can only be taken by a successful announcer; or, in the event of all having passed without announcement, it becomes the prize of the player who takes the least number of tricks.
Card game
A card game is any game using playing cards as the primary device with which the game is played, be they traditional or game-specific. Countless card games exist, including families of related games...
played throughout the Western world apart from Britain, forming an evolutionary link between Hombre
Ombre
Ombre, English corruption of the Spanish word Hombre, arising from the muting of the H in Spanish, is a fast-moving seventeenth-century trick-taking card game with an illustrious history which began in Spain around the end of the 16th Century as a four person game...
and Solo Whist
Solo whist
Solo Whist, sometimes known as simply Solo, is a trick-taking card game whose direct ancestor is the 17th century Spanish game Hombre, based on the English Whist. Its major distinctive feature is that one player often plays against the other three. However, players form temporary alliances with...
. Appropriately named after a key location in the American War of Independence, it was probably devised in France
France
The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
in the 1770s, combining the 52-card pack and logical ranking system of partnership Whist
Whist
Whist is a classic English trick-taking card game which was played widely in the 18th and 19th centuries. It derives from the 16th century game of Trump or Ruff, via Ruff and Honours...
with a range of solo and alliance bids borrowed from Quadrille (card game)
Quadrille (card game)
Quadrille is a Spanish trick-taking card game directly ancestral to Boston and chief progenitor of Solo whist. It was perfected in early 18th century France as a four-handed version of the Spanish card game Ombre, which was superseded as a fashionable game in about 1726, although it still remained...
. Other lines of descent and hybridization produced the games of Twenty-five, Preference
Preferans
Preferans is an Eastern European 10-card plain-trick game with bidding, played by three players with a 32-card Piquet deck. It is a sophisticated variant of the Austrian game Préférence, which in turn descends from Spanish Ombre and French Boston....
and Skat.
History of the game
By the late 18th century English playes were forsaking QuadrilleQuadrille (card game)
Quadrille is a Spanish trick-taking card game directly ancestral to Boston and chief progenitor of Solo whist. It was perfected in early 18th century France as a four-handed version of the Spanish card game Ombre, which was superseded as a fashionable game in about 1726, although it still remained...
for partnership Whist
Whist
Whist is a classic English trick-taking card game which was played widely in the 18th and 19th centuries. It derives from the 16th century game of Trump or Ruff, via Ruff and Honours...
. In France
France
The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
, Quadrille-playing society was finding itself rapidly decimated by the guillotine. This left room for the development of a new game of the same alliance genre as Quadrille, but of simpler, more populist structure, and free from what must have been regarded as the "effete" associations of aristocratic women's games. Such is Boston Whist, le whist bostonien, which became the great nineteenth century alternative to Quadrille, almost everywhere in the Western world, except Britain, where, however, it eventually emerged as Solo Whist
Solo whist
Solo Whist, sometimes known as simply Solo, is a trick-taking card game whose direct ancestor is the 17th century Spanish game Hombre, based on the English Whist. Its major distinctive feature is that one player often plays against the other three. However, players form temporary alliances with...
. Boston is usually, but misleadingly, represented as a variation of classic partnership Whist made by abandoning the fixed partnership principle. It is better regarded as a Solo or Alliance game created by grafting the simplest mechanism of Whist onto the structural stock of Quadrille.
The origin of Boston is shrouded in dubious legends. It is claimed that Bostonians under the siege of 1775, sought to relieve their tedium and political frustrations by divorcing English Whist from fixed partnership, the solo or independence element, a claim supported by additional bids under such names as Philadelphia, Souveraine and Concordia. A survey of nineteenth century compendia, however, shows that most of them were introduced long after the event in question. Another view credits the game to officers of the allied French fleet then lying off Marblehead
Marblehead
-Places:United States*Marblehead, Illinois*Marblehead, Massachusetts*Marblehead, Ohio*Marblehead, Wisconsin-Other uses:*Marblehead to Halifax Ocean Race, a biannual sailing race on the North Atlantic...
. Two little islands in the harbor are known as Little Misery and Big Misery, by which, it is said, the bids of Petite misere and Grand misere were inspired; but these too prove under examination to be latter additions. Yet, another claim is that Benjamin Franklin
Benjamin Franklin
Dr. Benjamin Franklin was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. A noted polymath, Franklin was a leading author, printer, political theorist, politician, postmaster, scientist, musician, inventor, satirist, civic activist, statesman, and diplomat...
, who was a keen player and who is even said to have invented the game, introduced it to the Court of King Louis XVI, upon his trip to Versailles
Versailles
Versailles , a city renowned for its château, the Palace of Versailles, was the de facto capital of the kingdom of France for over a century, from 1682 to 1789. It is now a wealthy suburb of Paris and remains an important administrative and judicial centre...
in 1767. More likely than any of these romantic flights of fancy is that it developed in France and took its name and inspiration from current events in America, to which it had become a welcome export before the signing of the Franco-American Alliance
Franco-American alliance
The Franco-American alliance refers to the 1778 alliance between Louis XVI's France and the United States, during the American Revolutionary War. Formalized in the 1778 Treaty of Alliance, it was a military pact in which France provided arms and money, and engaged in full-scale war with Britain. ...
of 1778. (In this connection it is perhaps only an attractive "red-herring" to note that Trappola
Trappola
Trappola is an early 16th century Venetian trick-taking card game which spread to most parts of Central Europe and survived, in various forms and under various names like Trapulka, Bulka and Hundertspiel until perhaps the middle of the 20th century...
cards were known in parts of Europe as boston karten, from the suit of bastoni, or clubs.
Two early forms of Boston, Le Whischt Bostonien and Le Mariland, are described in the Almanach des Jeux of 1783.
Object
The object of the game is: a player pledges himself to perform a certain task, which we shall call an announcement. That player who makes the highest announcement, is entitled, if successful, to the contents of the pool, and a certain number of counters from each of the players.The game
The game of Boston, Boston De Fontainebleau or French Boston, whose appearance dates of around 1810, is played by four persons with a pack of 52 cards, which rank as at Whist. There are, moreover, four baskets or trays of different colors, one for each player, containing each five round counters, which represent one hundred each; twenty short counters which represent fifties, and twenty long counters, which represent fives. The deal is decided by cutting, and the player cutting the lowest card deals. The cards are not shuffled by the dealer, but each player has the privilege of cutting the pack once, the dealer last. The deal is performed by giving each player four cards twice around, and then five, thus giving thirteen cards to each. Each dealer deposits one short counter of fifty in the pool for the privilege of dealing.The play
After the preliminaries of cutting and dealing have been concluded, the eldest hand proceeds to make his announcement, or pass; the succeeding players have then, each in his turn, the opportunity of over bidding or passing. Thus, if the eldest hand thinks he can get five tricks with Clubs for trump, he announces, "five in Clubs". But if the second player undertakes to make five tricks with Diamonds for trump, he supersedes the first, and may in his turn be superseded by the third engaging to get six or seven Levees, or play Little Misere. The fourth hand, or dealer, may also supersede the third hand by announcing Picolissimo, or eight Levees, or any of the other chances lower down on the table. In short, whoever undertakes to do more than the other players has the preference. When a player has once declined announcing, he cannot afterwards do so in that hand; but if he makes an announcement, and it be exceeded by some other subsequent announcement, he may, in his regular turn, increase his first announcement if he chooses. If all pass without announcing, then the hand must be played, and he who takes the least number of tricks wins the pool. In this hand there is no trump. Any player whose announcement proves to be the highest can, if he pleases, call for a partner. The privilege of calling for a partner extends only to announcements number 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10; the other being bids to play solo.The eldest hand leads first, and the hand is played and tricks taken in the same manner as at Whist, with this exception, however, that partners play in precisely the order that they sit.
Honors in this game count the same as at Whist, but cannot be counted in as tricks bid, thus: if a player bids for eight tricks and only takes seven, he loses, even if he has four honors; but if he succeeds in taking eight tricks, then his four honors added would entitle him the payment of twelve tricks. If the player wins his announcement, he receives everything in the pool, and from each player the amount named in the table of payments, for instance: if he announces five Levees in Hearts, and makes two over, this would make seven, he would then receive thirty from each player; but if he had two by honors, that would make nine, and he would receive forty from each player; but if he had announced seven in Hearts, and made it, and had two by honors, then he would receive seventy from each player. In the same way, if he had announced seven in Hearts, and lost it by two tricks, this would be nine, and his two by honors would make it eleven lost, then he would pay into the pool eighty, and the same to each player. The adversaries merely play to make the announcer lose, and therefore cannot, even if successful, win the pool, which stands over to the next hand. The pool can only be taken by a successful announcer; or, in the event of all having passed without announcement, it becomes the prize of the player who takes the least number of tricks.
The bidding system
- The bids are, and rank as follows, beginning with the least:
- Simple Boston — by this the player binds himself, if a certain suit, which he designates, become trumps, to win five tricks; or, if he can find a whister, or partner, to sustain him to win three additional, or in all, eight tricks. Whenever a player announces a certain number of levees, it must be understood that, should he avail himself of the assistance of a whister, he and the whister must, in order to take the pool, win three tricks more than the levees announced, and in all cases, losses and gains must be equally shared with the whister.
- Six Levees - to win six tricks, upon the same condition in regard to trumps as above mentioned, i. e., six alone, or solo, or nine—three extra, sustained by a whister or partner.
- Little Misere - not to win any tricks at all. Before commencing to play this call, each player must discard any one card he: may choose from his hand and play with the remaining twelve only.
- Seven Levees - to win seven tricks upon the same conditions as Simple Boston.
- Picolissimo - to discard one card, as in Little Misere, and for the player to win neither more or less than one trick.
- Eight Levees - to win eight tricks upon the same conditions as Simple Boston.
- Grand Misere - without discarding any card, not to win a single trick.
- Nine Levees - to win nine tricks upon the same conditions as Simple Boston.
- Little Misere on the Table - played like Little Misere, only that the player must spread his hand upon the table, exposed to the view of the other three.
- Ten Levees - to win ten tricks upon the same conditions as Simple Boston.
- Grand Misere on the Table - played like Grand Misere, only that the player must spread his hand upon the table, as in nr. 9.
- Eleven Levees - to name a trump, and win, unassisted, eleven tricks.
- Twelve Levees - to win twelve tricks.
- Chelem, or Grand Boston - an announcement of the whole thirteen tricks.
- Chelem, or Grand Boston on the Table - same as nr. 14, the player spreading out his cards on the table, as explained in nr. 9.
- Note: In each of the announcements (excepting of course Nr: 3, 5, 7 9 and 11, in which there is no trump suit), the designated trump suits rank and take precedence as follows: First, Diamonds; next Hearts; then Clubs; and lowest of all, Spades.
The laws of the game
- The deal is decided by cutting, and the player who cuts the lowest card deals. Ace is lowest, and ties cut over. After the first game, the deal passes to each player in succession to the left.
- The cards are not shuffled, but each player has the privilege of a cut, the dealer last.
- Each player who deals must deposit a short check of fifty in the pool for the deal.
- The cards are dealt four at a time twice round, and then five, which distributes the pack.
- Should the dealer make a misdeal, he does not forfeit his deal, but must deposit another fifty in the pool as penalty, and deal again, unless either of the other players touch their cards, or the pack be faulty, in which cases he will deal again without penalty.
- If a player once decline to announce, he cannot afterwards do so in that hand; this does not debar him from assisting as whister if called on.
- If a player make an announcement which is superseded by another, he can, when his turn comes round again, augment his bid.
- If all pass, the hand is played without any trump, and the player who takes the least number of tricks wins the pool.
- If a player make a revoke, his side forfeits three tricks to the opposing side.
- A revoke is established according to the rules of Whist.
- A card led or played out of turn, is treated as an exposed card, and subject to the laws of Whist in a similar case.
Le Whisch Bostonien
The last card is turned up for trump and no other suit may be nominated. The lowest bid is a Demande, equivalent to Ask-Leave, to win five tricks solo. To this, any other player may call je soutiens (I support), thereby allying themselves with the bidder in a contract to win at least eight tricks between them. The higher bid of Independence offers to win at least eight tricks playing solo. In either way, there is an extra bonus for winning all thirteen tricks formerly called la vole, but now le chelem, from English "Slam".Mariland
All bids are solo, the lowest being to take four tricks in any suit. Each may be over-called by bidding higher number of tricks, or the same number in a better suit. For this purpose a better suit is that of Preference, previously determined by turning the last card of the deal, and best of all is Superpreference, which for the whole session remains the suit turned for Preference upon the first deal.American Boston
American Boston is a game for 4 players in two partnerships with 2 packs of 52 cards. The cards are never shuffled; one of the packs is dealt, and the other cut alternately to determine the trump, which governs the game. The dealer deals 5 cards to each player twice, and 3 the last time around. If the first player can make 5 tricks, he says: "I go Boston" and his competitors may overbid him by saying: "I go 6, 7, 8, 9,10, 11,12, or 13", as the hand of each may warrant. Should either of them fail to make the number of tricks he bids for, he must pay to each competitor a forfeit regulated by a card of prices, which must he prepared beforehand.Russian Boston
Played as in Boston de Fontainebleau, except that a player who does not hold trump may declare "chicane" before play, and collect two chips from each of the other players. This variation differs slightly from Boston De Fountainebleau, with Diamonds, not Hearts as the preferred suit.Boston de Nantes
An apparent compound of the original Boston and Mariland, which appeared around the turn of the 19th century. With two preferred suits: Belle for permanent and Petite for each deal, it also features the addition of the Jack ♦ known as the "carte de boston", or simply Boston, as a permanent top trump. It contains the bids of Proposal, which may be accepted by another player, and Solo, for playing alone.Literature
- Boston is a favorite pastime of Count Rostov in Leo TolstoyLeo TolstoyLev Nikolayevich Tolstoy was a Russian writer who primarily wrote novels and short stories. Later in life, he also wrote plays and essays. His two most famous works, the novels War and Peace and Anna Karenina, are acknowledged as two of the greatest novels of all time and a pinnacle of realist...
's novel War and PeaceWar and PeaceWar and Peace is a novel by the Russian author Leo Tolstoy, first published in 1869. The work is epic in scale and is regarded as one of the most important works of world literature...
. - The Boston Club was named after the card game Boston in 1842.
See also
- ReversisReversisReversis, or more rarely, Réversi, is a very old trick-taking card game of the Hearts group whose origin is supposed to be Italian, transformed into Spain and then in France. It is considered one of the two probable ancestor of Hearts and Black Maria, the other being Conquimbert, or Losing Lodam...
- Quadrille (card game)Quadrille (card game)Quadrille is a Spanish trick-taking card game directly ancestral to Boston and chief progenitor of Solo whist. It was perfected in early 18th century France as a four-handed version of the Spanish card game Ombre, which was superseded as a fashionable game in about 1726, although it still remained...
- WhistWhistWhist is a classic English trick-taking card game which was played widely in the 18th and 19th centuries. It derives from the 16th century game of Trump or Ruff, via Ruff and Honours...
- PreferansPreferansPreferans is an Eastern European 10-card plain-trick game with bidding, played by three players with a 32-card Piquet deck. It is a sophisticated variant of the Austrian game Préférence, which in turn descends from Spanish Ombre and French Boston....
- BridgeContract bridgeContract bridge, usually known simply as bridge, is a trick-taking card game using a standard deck of 52 playing cards played by four players in two competing partnerships with partners sitting opposite each other around a small table...
External links
- Almanach des Jeux, ou, Académie portative on Google Books
- The Hand-book of games on Google Books
- Card Games of the Donauschwaben in 18th- and 19th-century Hungary