Benito Cereno
Encyclopedia
Benito Cereno is a novella
by Herman Melville
. It was first serialized in Putnam's Monthly
in 1855 and later included in slightly revised version in his collection The Piazza Tales
(1856).
sea captain Amasa Delano (the fictionalized version of a real-life adventurer by the same name) and his crew on the Bachelor's Delight is approached by another, rather battered-looking ship, the San Dominick. Upon boarding the San Dominick, Delano is immediately greeted by white sailors and black slaves begging for supplies. An inquisitive Delano ponders the mysterious social atmosphere on-board the badly bruised ship and the figurehead
which is mostly concealed by a tarpaulin
and inscribed with the words "Follow your leader." Delano soon encounters the ship's noticeably timid but polite captain, the Chile
an Don
Benito Cereno. Cereno is constantly attended to by his personal slave, Babo, whom Cereno keeps in close company even when Delano suggests that Babo leave the two in private to discuss matters that are clearly being avoided. Delano, however, does not question the odd superficiality of Cereno's talk, since he believes Cereno's assertion that he and his crew have recently gone through a debilitating series of troubles, having been at sea now for an unusually long time. Cereno tells of these tribulations, including horrendous weather patterns and the fate of the slaves' master, Alexandro Aranda, who took fever aboard the ship and died.
Gradually, however, Delano's suspicions increase, based on his noting Cereno's sudden waves of dizziness and anxiety, the crew's awkward movements and whisperings, and the unusual interaction of the whites and blacks on-board. After his men finally drop off the supplies from the Bachelor's Delight he promised to the San Dominick, Delano prepares to leave when suddenly Cereno jumps overboard, pursued by a dagger-wielding Babo. The canvas falls off the ship's figurehead, revealing the skeleton of Alexandro Aranda. Suddenly, a battle erupts, initiated by the ship's slaves upon Delano's crew. Delano's men stop Babo from killing Cereno and they eventually capture the San Dominicks black insurgents, suffering a few casualties.
Delano then recounts what happened aboard the San Dominick prior to the story thus far, according to what he later learns: that the black slaves successfully overthrew the white crew and murdered Aranda, keeping some of sailors, including its captain, Cereno, alive. The slaves wished for Cereno to sail them back to Africa; however, the ship was hardly equipped for such a Transatlantic
journey, so Cereno directed the ship toward the coast in the hopes of being rescued, though claiming to the slaves that he was merely seeking further supplies. When the Bachelor's Delight came into view, the slaves hid the body of Aranda and told the white sailors to be quiet and acquiescent on pain of death. Cereno was presented as the captain in control, when in fact Babo secretly manipulated the entire situation.
Delano concludes his story with the trial and execution of Babo. He notes interestingly that Cereno seems devastated by Babo's death, falls into a deep depression, and dies himself a few months later.
on board a Spanish merchant ship in 1799 and because of its ambiguity has been read by some as racist and pro-slavery and by others as anti-racist and abolitionist text (Newman 1986). Earlier critics, however, had seen Benito Cereno as a tale that primarily explores human depravity and does not reflect upon race at all (for example Feltenstein 1947). Melville's most recent biographer, Andrew Delbanco
, emphasizes the topicality of "Benito Cereno" in a post-September 11th
world: "In our own time of terror and torture, Benito Cereno has emerged as the most salient of Melville's works: a tale of desperate men in the grip of a vengeful fury that those whom they hate cannot begin to understand". The narrative is divided into three parts: the narrative of Captain Delano, Melville's depiction of the scenario and the concluding legal documents from the Amistad rebellion.
The primary source for the plot, as well as some of the text, was Amasa Delano's Narrative of Voyages and Travels, in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, chapter 18 (1817), though Benito Cereno contains crucial changes and expansions that make it a very different text. The most transformative change lies in the narrator
, or rather in the way in which the tale is told: The crucial information that in the slave rebellion, all the senior Spanish seamen except the captain Benito Cereno have been murdered, is withheld from the reader. The Spanish sailors, and specifically Cereno, are forced to play along in a theatrical performance for the benefit of the American Amasa Delano who initially approaches the dilapidated Spanish ship to offer his assistance. Though written in the third person, the narrative emerges largely through the point of view of Delano throughout the first and longest part of the narrative
and therefore remains limited to what Delano sees (or thinks he sees). Delano represents a version of New England
innocence, which has also been read as strategy to ensure colonial power over both Spain and Africans in the "New World" (cf. Sundquist 1993). Babo, who plays the faithful body servant to the Spanish captain (representing European aristocracy), is the master-mind behind both the revolt and the subsequent subterfuge. The enslaved Africans have ruthlessly killed their "owner", Alexandro Aranda, and other key officers on the ship to force the captain and the remaining crew to take them back to Africa. To some earlier critics, Babo represented evil, but more recent criticism has moved to reading Babo as the heroic leader of a slave rebellion, whose tragic failure does not diminish the genius of the rebels. In an inversion of contemporary racial stereotypes, Babo is portrayed as a physically weak man of great intellect, his head (impaled on a spike at the end of the story) a "hive of subtlety". In contrast, the supposedly civilized American Delano is duped by Babo and his comrades for the duration of the novella, only ultimately defeating him and rescuing the distraught Cereno through brute strength.
Novella
A novella is a written, fictional, prose narrative usually longer than a novelette but shorter than a novel. The Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America Nebula Awards for science fiction define the novella as having a word count between 17,500 and 40,000...
by Herman Melville
Herman Melville
Herman Melville was an American novelist, short story writer, essayist, and poet. He is best known for his novel Moby-Dick and the posthumous novella Billy Budd....
. It was first serialized in Putnam's Monthly
Putnam's Magazine
Putnam’s Monthly Magazine of American Literature, Science and Art was a monthly periodical published by G. P. Putnam's Sons featuring American literature and articles on science, art, and politics...
in 1855 and later included in slightly revised version in his collection The Piazza Tales
The Piazza Tales
The Piazza Tales is a collection of short stories by Herman Melville, which he published with Dix & Edwards in 1856 in the United States. A British edition followed shortly afterward. Except for the title story, "The Piazza," all of the stories had appeared in Putnam's Monthly over the years...
(1856).
Plot summary
New EnglandNew England
New England is a region in the northeastern corner of the United States consisting of the six states of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut...
sea captain Amasa Delano (the fictionalized version of a real-life adventurer by the same name) and his crew on the Bachelor's Delight is approached by another, rather battered-looking ship, the San Dominick. Upon boarding the San Dominick, Delano is immediately greeted by white sailors and black slaves begging for supplies. An inquisitive Delano ponders the mysterious social atmosphere on-board the badly bruised ship and the figurehead
Figurehead
A figurehead is a carved wooden decoration found at the prow of ships largely made between the 16th and 19th century.-History:Although earlier ships had often had some form of bow ornamentation A figurehead is a carved wooden decoration found at the prow of ships largely made between the 16th and...
which is mostly concealed by a tarpaulin
Tarpaulin
A tarpaulin, colloquially tarp, is a large sheet of strong, flexible, water-resistant or waterproof material, often cloth such as canvas or polyester coated with urethane, or made of plastics such as polyethylene. In some places such as Australia, and in military slang, a tarp may be known as a...
and inscribed with the words "Follow your leader." Delano soon encounters the ship's noticeably timid but polite captain, the Chile
Chile
Chile ,officially the Republic of Chile , is a country in South America occupying a long, narrow coastal strip between the Andes mountains to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage in the far...
an Don
Don (honorific)
Don, from Latin dominus, is an honorific in Spanish , Portuguese , and Italian . The female equivalent is Doña , Dona , and Donna , abbreviated "Dª" or simply "D."-Usage:...
Benito Cereno. Cereno is constantly attended to by his personal slave, Babo, whom Cereno keeps in close company even when Delano suggests that Babo leave the two in private to discuss matters that are clearly being avoided. Delano, however, does not question the odd superficiality of Cereno's talk, since he believes Cereno's assertion that he and his crew have recently gone through a debilitating series of troubles, having been at sea now for an unusually long time. Cereno tells of these tribulations, including horrendous weather patterns and the fate of the slaves' master, Alexandro Aranda, who took fever aboard the ship and died.
Gradually, however, Delano's suspicions increase, based on his noting Cereno's sudden waves of dizziness and anxiety, the crew's awkward movements and whisperings, and the unusual interaction of the whites and blacks on-board. After his men finally drop off the supplies from the Bachelor's Delight he promised to the San Dominick, Delano prepares to leave when suddenly Cereno jumps overboard, pursued by a dagger-wielding Babo. The canvas falls off the ship's figurehead, revealing the skeleton of Alexandro Aranda. Suddenly, a battle erupts, initiated by the ship's slaves upon Delano's crew. Delano's men stop Babo from killing Cereno and they eventually capture the San Dominicks black insurgents, suffering a few casualties.
Delano then recounts what happened aboard the San Dominick prior to the story thus far, according to what he later learns: that the black slaves successfully overthrew the white crew and murdered Aranda, keeping some of sailors, including its captain, Cereno, alive. The slaves wished for Cereno to sail them back to Africa; however, the ship was hardly equipped for such a Transatlantic
Transatlantic
Transatlantic crossings are passages of passengers and cargo across the Atlantic Ocean between the Americas and Europe. Prior to the 19th century, transatlantic crossings were undertaken in sailing ships, which was a time consuming and often perilous journey. Transatlantic crossings became faster,...
journey, so Cereno directed the ship toward the coast in the hopes of being rescued, though claiming to the slaves that he was merely seeking further supplies. When the Bachelor's Delight came into view, the slaves hid the body of Aranda and told the white sailors to be quiet and acquiescent on pain of death. Cereno was presented as the captain in control, when in fact Babo secretly manipulated the entire situation.
Delano concludes his story with the trial and execution of Babo. He notes interestingly that Cereno seems devastated by Babo's death, falls into a deep depression, and dies himself a few months later.
Background
The novella centers on a slave rebellionSlave rebellion
A slave rebellion is an armed uprising by slaves. Slave rebellions have occurred in nearly all societies that practice slavery, and are amongst the most feared events for slaveholders...
on board a Spanish merchant ship in 1799 and because of its ambiguity has been read by some as racist and pro-slavery and by others as anti-racist and abolitionist text (Newman 1986). Earlier critics, however, had seen Benito Cereno as a tale that primarily explores human depravity and does not reflect upon race at all (for example Feltenstein 1947). Melville's most recent biographer, Andrew Delbanco
Andrew Delbanco
Dr. Andrew H. Delbanco is Director of American Studies at Columbia University and has been Columbia's Julian Clarence Levi Professor in the Humanities since 1995...
, emphasizes the topicality of "Benito Cereno" in a post-September 11th
September 11, 2001 attacks
The September 11 attacks The September 11 attacks The September 11 attacks (also referred to as September 11, September 11th or 9/119/11 is pronounced "nine eleven". The slash is not part of the pronunciation...
world: "In our own time of terror and torture, Benito Cereno has emerged as the most salient of Melville's works: a tale of desperate men in the grip of a vengeful fury that those whom they hate cannot begin to understand". The narrative is divided into three parts: the narrative of Captain Delano, Melville's depiction of the scenario and the concluding legal documents from the Amistad rebellion.
The primary source for the plot, as well as some of the text, was Amasa Delano's Narrative of Voyages and Travels, in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, chapter 18 (1817), though Benito Cereno contains crucial changes and expansions that make it a very different text. The most transformative change lies in the narrator
Narrator
A narrator is, within any story , the fictional or non-fictional, personal or impersonal entity who tells the story to the audience. When the narrator is also a character within the story, he or she is sometimes known as the viewpoint character. The narrator is one of three entities responsible for...
, or rather in the way in which the tale is told: The crucial information that in the slave rebellion, all the senior Spanish seamen except the captain Benito Cereno have been murdered, is withheld from the reader. The Spanish sailors, and specifically Cereno, are forced to play along in a theatrical performance for the benefit of the American Amasa Delano who initially approaches the dilapidated Spanish ship to offer his assistance. Though written in the third person, the narrative emerges largely through the point of view of Delano throughout the first and longest part of the narrative
Narrative
A narrative is a constructive format that describes a sequence of non-fictional or fictional events. The word derives from the Latin verb narrare, "to recount", and is related to the adjective gnarus, "knowing" or "skilled"...
and therefore remains limited to what Delano sees (or thinks he sees). Delano represents a version of New England
New England
New England is a region in the northeastern corner of the United States consisting of the six states of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut...
innocence, which has also been read as strategy to ensure colonial power over both Spain and Africans in the "New World" (cf. Sundquist 1993). Babo, who plays the faithful body servant to the Spanish captain (representing European aristocracy), is the master-mind behind both the revolt and the subsequent subterfuge. The enslaved Africans have ruthlessly killed their "owner", Alexandro Aranda, and other key officers on the ship to force the captain and the remaining crew to take them back to Africa. To some earlier critics, Babo represented evil, but more recent criticism has moved to reading Babo as the heroic leader of a slave rebellion, whose tragic failure does not diminish the genius of the rebels. In an inversion of contemporary racial stereotypes, Babo is portrayed as a physically weak man of great intellect, his head (impaled on a spike at the end of the story) a "hive of subtlety". In contrast, the supposedly civilized American Delano is duped by Babo and his comrades for the duration of the novella, only ultimately defeating him and rescuing the distraught Cereno through brute strength.
Adaptations
- Robert LowellRobert LowellRobert Traill Spence Lowell IV was an American poet, considered the founder of the confessional poetry movement. He was appointed the sixth Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress where he served from 1947 until 1948...
, "Benito Cereno" (1964, Part of the trilogy "The Old Glory") - Yusef KomunyakaaYusef KomunyakaaYusef Komunyakaa is an American poet who currently teaches at New York University and is a member of the Fellowship of Southern Writers. Komunyakaa is a recipient of the 1994 Kingsley Tufts Poetry Award, for Neon Vernacular and the 1994 Pulitzer Prize for Poetry. He also received the Ruth Lilly...
, "Captain Amasa Delano's Dilemma" (in American Poetry Review, 1996) - Jay Bushman, "goodcaptain" (2007, experiment in online storytelling)
Sources
- Delbanco, Andrew. Melville: His World and Work. New York: Knopf, 2005. ISBN 0-375-40314-0
- Feltenstein, Rosalie. "Melville's Benito Cereno." American Literature: A Journal of Literary History, Criticism, and Bibliography 19.3 (1947): 245-55.
- McCall, Dan. Melville's Short Novels: Authoritative Texts, Contexts, Criticism. New York, NY: Norton, 2002.
- Newman, Lea Bertani Vozar. "Benito Cereno." A Reader's Guide to the Short Stories of Herman Melville. Ed. Lea Bertani Vozar Newman. A Reference Publication in Literature. Boston, MA: G.K. Hall, 1986.
- Sale, Maggie Montesinos. The Slumbering Volcano: American Slave Ship Revolts and the Production of Rebellious Masculinity. Durham, NC: Duke UP, 1997.
- Stuckey, Sterling. "The Tambourine in Glory: African Culture and Melville's Art." The Cambridge Companion to Herman Melville. Ed. Robert S. Levine. Cambridge Companions to Literature. Cambridge, UK & New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998. 37-64.
- Sundquist, Eric J. To Wake the Nations: Race in the Making of American Literature. Cambridge, MA.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1993.
External links
- Benito Cereno. The full text of the version published in The Piazza Tales (1856), which is the version that is usually anthologized.
- Putnam's Monthly at the "Making of America" site of Cornell University, a site that has digital images of many significant nineteenth century books and periodicals. "Benito Cereno" was serialized in the October, November and December issues of 1855.
- Perspectives in American Literature, Chapter 3: Early Nineteenth Century: Herman Melville (1819-1891), Benito Cereno. Additional references for "Benito Cereno." The site also contains other useful links relating to Herman Melville and American literature.
- GradeSaver study guide, history and quizzes on Benito Cereno.