Barony of Carbery
Encyclopedia
Carbery, or the Barony of Carbery, was once the largest barony in Ireland, and essentially a small, semi-independent kingdom on the southwestern coast of Munster
Munster
Munster is one of the Provinces of Ireland situated in the south of Ireland. In Ancient Ireland, it was one of the fifths ruled by a "king of over-kings" . Following the Norman invasion of Ireland, the ancient kingdoms were shired into a number of counties for administrative and judicial purposes...

, in what is now County Cork
County Cork
County Cork is a county in Ireland. It is located in the South-West Region and is also part of the province of Munster. It is named after the city of Cork . Cork County Council is the local authority for the county...

, from its founding in the 1230s by Donal Gott MacCarthy
Donal Gott MacCarthy
Donal Gott MacCarthy was the ancestor of the MacCarthy Reagh dynasty of Carbery in the south of Munster in Ireland, and King of Desmond from 1247 or 1248 until the time of his death, after holding the position of tánaiste from 1230. He was a younger son of Donal Mor na Curra, King of Desmond ,...

 to its gradual decline in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. His descendants, the MacCarthy Reagh
MacCarthy Reagh
The MacCarthy Reagh dynasty are a branch of the great MacCarthy dynasty, Kings of Desmond, deriving from the ancient Eóganachta, of the central Eóganacht Chaisil sept. The MacCarthys Reagh seated themselves as Princes of Carbery in what is now southwestern County Cork in the 13th century...

 dynasty, were its ruling family. The kingdom officially ended in 1606 when Donal of the Pipes, 13th Prince of Carbery chose to surrender his territories to the Crown of England
Surrender and regrant
During the Tudor conquest of Ireland , "surrender and regrant" was the legal mechanism by which Irish clans were to be converted from a power structure rooted in clan and kin loyalties, to a late-feudal system under the English legal system...

, however his descendants would maintain their position in Carbery until the Cromwellian confiscations
Cromwellian conquest of Ireland
The Cromwellian conquest of Ireland refers to the conquest of Ireland by the forces of the English Parliament, led by Oliver Cromwell during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. Cromwell landed in Ireland with his New Model Army on behalf of England's Rump Parliament in 1649...

, following their participation in the Irish Rebellion of 1641
Irish Rebellion of 1641
The Irish Rebellion of 1641 began as an attempted coup d'état by Irish Catholic gentry, who tried to seize control of the English administration in Ireland to force concessions for the Catholics living under English rule...

.

Its modern descendants in name are the baronies of Carbery West
Carbery West
Carbery West ]) is a barony in County Cork in Ireland. It has been split since the nineteenth century into East and West Divisions .- Legal context :...

 and Carbery East
Carbery East
Carbery East ]) is a barony in County Cork in Ireland. It has been split since the nineteenth century into East and West Divisions .- Legal context :...

, but Carbery once included territories from several of the surrounding baronies as well. To the north/northwest it shared a long and shifting border with the Kingdom of Desmond ruled by the rival MacCarthy Mor dynasty
MacCarthy dynasty
The MacCarthy dynasty was one of Ireland's greatest medieval dynasties. It was and continues to be divided into several great branches. The MacCarthy Reagh, MacCarthy of Muskerry, and MacCarthy of Duhallow dynasties were the three most important of these, after the central or MacCarthy Mór...

, and to the east/northeast an also shifting border with the vast Earldom of Desmond.

However, despite its small size in comparison to its neighbors, Carbery was one of the very wealthiest principalities in Ireland. This wealth came not, for the most part, from its predominantly rocky lands, but from its numerous excellent harbours, and greatest proximity to France
France
The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...

 and Spain
Spain
Spain , officially the Kingdom of Spain languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Spain's official name is as follows:;;;;;;), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula...

. Some of the eastern portion of the principality was however quite fertile. The MacCarthys Reagh were reported to have the greatest income of all the Gaelic princes in Ireland. Only the Earls of Desmond, who were intermittently able to force the MacCarthys to pay them tribute in order to avoid continual harassment, were wealthier.

Finally, Carbery is fortunate to be particularly well documented for a medieval Irish principality, the sources being diverse and fairly copious.

Name and founding

Some of the seeds of the later kingdom appeared around the year 1200 with the arrival in the region of the O'Donovan
O'Donovan
O'Donovan or Donovan is an Irish surname, as well as a hereditary Gaelic title. It is also written Dhonnabháin in certain grammatical contexts, and Donndubháin, being originally composed of the elements donn, meaning lord or dark brown, dubh, meaning dark or black, and the diminutive suffix án...

s, a family both closely allied and subject to the MacCarthys Reagh from the 13th century onwards. This was probably in the person of Amlaíb Ua Donnubáin
Amlaíb Ua Donnubáin
Amlaíb Ua Donnubáin is the last member of the O'Donovan family to be styled king of Uí Chairpre Áebda in the Irish annals, and in fact the very last known king of this people....

, slain in 1201 near the region by William de Burgh
William de Burgh
William de Burgh, founder of the de Burgh/Burke/Bourke family of Ireland, d. 1206.-In Ireland:He arrived in Ireland in 1185 and was closely associated with Prince John....

 and the sons of Domnall Mór Ua Briain
Domnall Mór Ua Briain
Domnall Mór Ua Briain, or Domnall Mór mac Toirrdelbach Ua Briain, was King of Thomond in Ireland from 1168 to 1194, and a claimant to the title King of Munster...

. The latter person had forced the majority of the family out of their native County Limerick
County Limerick
It is thought that humans had established themselves in the Lough Gur area of the county as early as 3000 BC, while megalithic remains found at Duntryleague date back further to 3500 BC...

 (Uí Fidgenti
Uí Fidgenti
The Uí Fidgenti or Wood-Sprung People were an early kingdom of northern Munster, situated mostly in modern County Limerick, but extending into County Clare and County Tipperary, and possibly even County Kerry and County Cork, at maximum extents, which varied over time...

) in 1178, and in 1197 Gerald FitzMaurice, 1st Lord of Offaly
Gerald FitzMaurice, 1st Lord of Offaly
Gerald FitzMaurice, jure uxoris 1st Lord of Offaly was a Cambro-Norman nobleman who settled in Ireland, with his father, Maurice FitzGerald, Lord of Lanstephan, founding the notable FitzGerald dynasty who were to play important roles in Irish history...

 appears to have ended any hopes they had of returning.

But the region was still ruled by the powerful Eóganacht Raithlind
Eóganacht Raithlind
Eóganacht Raithlind or Uí Echach Muman are a branch of the Eóganachta, the ruling dynasty of Munster during the 5th-10th centuries. They took their name from Raithlinn or Raithleann described around the area of Bandon, in the same area...

 in the form of the O'Mahony
O'Mahony
O'Mahony or O'Mahoney, or simply Mahony or Mahoney, without the prefix, is an Irish surname, and may refer to:The O'Mahonys were Cenél nÁeda princes of the ancient Eóganacht Raithlind...

s, and to a lesser but still notable extent by the even more ancient Corcu Loígde
Corcu Loígde
The Corcu Loígde , meaning Gens of the Calf Goddess, also called the Síl Lugdach meic Itha, were a kingdom centered in West County Cork who descended from the proto-historical rulers of Munster, the Dáirine, of whom they were the principal royal sept...

 in the form of the O'Driscolls. The O'Donovans being in a debated condition at this time, and their success in gaining substantial territories from these princes on their own uncertain, it would take Donal Gott MacCarthy
Donal Gott MacCarthy
Donal Gott MacCarthy was the ancestor of the MacCarthy Reagh dynasty of Carbery in the south of Munster in Ireland, and King of Desmond from 1247 or 1248 until the time of his death, after holding the position of tánaiste from 1230. He was a younger son of Donal Mor na Curra, King of Desmond ,...

 and his sons to make the conquest decisive and effect major expansion. From the O'Mahonys and O'Driscolls the Normans had already gained very significant territories, and they were also attempting to claim overlordship in the region but their success in doing so is debatable. Most of the Gaelic population did not recognize them and the situation was too chaotic. Another important family of the area were the O'Leary
O'Leary
O'Leary is an Irish name, an anglicized version of the original Gaelic patronym Ó Laoghaire or Ó Laoire.The Uí Laoghaire clan, today associated with the Uibh Laoghaire parish in County Cork, is considered by scholars to have originated on the south-west coast, in the area of Ros Ó gCairbre , of...

s of ancient Rosscarbery
Rosscarbery
Rosscarbery or Roscarbery is a town in County Cork, Ireland. The town is on a shallow estuary, which opens onto Rosscarbery Bay.-History:...

, close kin to the O'Driscolls, but they retired northwards to Muskerry
Muskerry
Muskerry is a central region of County Cork, Ireland which incorporates the baronies of Muskerry West and Muskerry East. It is located along the vallley of the River Lee and is bounded by the Boggeragh Mountains to the north and the Shehy Mountains to the south. The region is named after the...

 some time around the year 1300.

In any case, it was probably under these circumstances that the initially small territory acquired its new name, derived from Uí Cairbre, the sept or people of the O'Donovans, although a few alternatives were suggested by Canon John O'Mahony in his monumental History of the O'Mahony Septs. Notably the O'Donovans are found raiding Norman lands alongside Fínghin Mac Carthaigh, King of Desmond in 1260, only a year before his incredible victory at the Battle of Callann
Battle of Callann
The Battle of Callann was fought in 1261 between the Normans, under John FitzGerald, 1st Baron Desmond, and the Gaelic forces of Fínghin Mac Carthaigh, King of Desmond, ancestor of the MacCarthy Reagh dynasty. MacCarthy was victorious...

, in which they are also believed to have been at his side. They were aided by him in 1259 in Carbery itself in a struggle against the O'Mahonys, whose people had somehow slain their ancestor Crom Ua Donnabáin some years before. Unfortunately the result was that an O'Mahony prince was also slain, and more territory probably taken from them, with the death of Crom likely used as a pretext. The first great gains appear to have been made by Finghin's father Donal Gott over two decades before in the 1230s.

The O'Driscolls, watching from their sea-kingdom on the sidelines, cannot be demonstrated to have been involved in this unfair war on their ancient neighbors the O'Mahonys, who little more than before this time had been the most powerful princes in all the south of Munster
Munster
Munster is one of the Provinces of Ireland situated in the south of Ireland. In Ancient Ireland, it was one of the fifths ruled by a "king of over-kings" . Following the Norman invasion of Ireland, the ancient kingdoms were shired into a number of counties for administrative and judicial purposes...

. The two and their ancestors had privately shared the region from the 5th or 6th century AD, in Late Antiquity
Late Antiquity
Late Antiquity is a periodization used by historians to describe the time of transition from Classical Antiquity to the Middle Ages, in both mainland Europe and the Mediterranean world. Precise boundaries for the period are a matter of debate, but noted historian of the period Peter Brown proposed...

.

Expanding in the north/northeast direction, the MacCarthys would go on to recapture for the Gaels a significant amount of land from the Normans, demolishing a multitude of their castles, occupying others, and building a considerable string of their own. They would expand the territory of Carbery to 500 square miles (1,295 km²) or greater.

History

The history of Carbery for the next three centuries is almost entirely the history of the MacCarthys Reagh. The O'Mahonys refused to accept their overlordship for some time and continued with their own affairs, for the most part the subject of another history. The O'Driscolls remained and grew increasingly active on the sea, having dealings with many, but again that is the subject of another history for a long period. The O'Donovans grew content with their new lot and special status awarded them by their overlords, and soon fell into such lazy disorder they are not even noted in the records for a great time.

Piracy

The O'Driscolls were Ireland's greatest seafarers and thus were Carbery's most capable pirates, for which they are noted in the sources. But the O'Donovans also had some seafaring capability, and are noted for at least a little piracy as well, for which one, along with his O'Driscoll accomplices, was killed in 1551, by the O'Driscoll lords themselves in fact. The MacCarthy Reaghs, on the other hand, had less if any need for it, while the O'Mahonys appear to have had some distaste for it.

Other families

Leading among the remaining Gaelic families of great note in Carbery were the O'Crowley
Crowley (surname)
The name Crowley may derive from the Irish or the English. The Irish Crowleys are more numerous and are known in Irish as "O Cruadhlaoich" or "Ua Cruadhlaoich", a Gaelic name meaning "descendant of the hard hero" or "descendant of the hardy warrior", and which was anglicised to "Crowley" or...

s, a military family of Connacht
Connacht
Connacht , formerly anglicised as Connaught, is one of the Provinces of Ireland situated in the west of Ireland. In Ancient Ireland, it was one of the fifths ruled by a "king of over-kings" . Following the Norman invasion of Ireland, the ancient kingdoms were shired into a number of counties for...

 origin, an offshoot of the princely MacDermot
MacDermot
Mac Diarmata is an Irish surname, and the surname of the ruling dynasty of Moylurg, a kingdom that existed in Connacht from the 10th to 16th centuries.-Overview:...

s of Moylurg
Moylurg
Magh Luirg or Magh Luirg an Dagda, Anglicised as Moylurg, was the name of a kingdom located in the north-east of Connacht, the western province of Ireland, from c.956-1585...

. They were of verifiable princely extraction and in 1597 were named as the only other lords (freeholders) under the MacCarthys Reagh after the above mentioned families. Initially brought to Carbery in a war with the Kingdom of Desmond to the north in 1283, they first found themselves in hostile territory. But later they became close vassals of the MacCarthys and were listed among the "followers, cosens and kinsmen" of the famous Florence MacCarthy
Florence MacCarthy
Finnian or Fínghin mac Donnchadh Mac Cárthaigh , known to the English as Florence MacCarthy, was an Irish prince of the late 16th century and the last credible claimant to the MacCarthy Mór title before its suppression by English authority...

 in 1594. He had charged them to keep his castle of Timoleague
Timoleague
Timoleague is a village in the eastern division of Carbery East in County Cork, Ireland, located along Ireland's southern coast near Courtmacsherry. It is about south of Bandon and from Cork on the R600 coastal road.-History:...

 for him while imprisoned in the Tower of London
Tower of London
Her Majesty's Royal Palace and Fortress, more commonly known as the Tower of London, is a historic castle on the north bank of the River Thames in central London, England. It lies within the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, separated from the eastern edge of the City of London by the open space...

. Later they were the leading supporters of his brother Dermod Maol MacCarthy and for this were condemned to have their lands wasted in 1602 by Sir George Carew.

Carbery was also blessed to have a branch of one of Ireland's greatest bardic families of all time, the Ó Dálaigh
Ó Dálaigh
The Ó Dálaigh were a learned Irish bardic family who first came to prominence early in the 12th century, when Cú Connacht Ó Dálaigh was described as "The first Ollamh of poetry in all Ireland" .-Name derivation:The name Ó Dálaigh means 'descendant of Dálach'...

, or O'Dalys.

The Ó Coileáin
Ó Coileáin
Ó Coileáin is a Modern Irish surname generally belonging to the descendants of the last leading family of the Uí Chonaill Gabra, a sept and small but notable overkingdom of medieval and ancient Ireland, based in western County Limerick...

 (Anglicised: O'Collins, Collins), of County Limerick
County Limerick
It is thought that humans had established themselves in the Lough Gur area of the county as early as 3000 BC, while megalithic remains found at Duntryleague date back further to 3500 BC...

 origin and cousins to the O'Donovans above, are also noted in Carbery, but not as lords or great landholders, although a number were in military service. The majority of them are believed to have belonged to a junior sept of the Uí Choileáin princes of the Uí Chonaill Gabra, who had managed to hold some of their lands in western Limerick for several centuries in spite of the Normans. It is not precisely known when this junior sept arrived in Carbery but it is believed they followed the O'Donovans.

Michael Collins
Michael Collins (Irish leader)
Michael "Mick" Collins was an Irish revolutionary leader, Minister for Finance and Teachta Dála for Cork South in the First Dáil of 1919, Director of Intelligence for the IRA, and member of the Irish delegation during the Anglo-Irish Treaty negotiations. Subsequently, he was both Chairman of the...

, believed his family were descendants of the Uí Chonaill Gabra. They belonged to the minor landed gentry of Carbery, and were situated in the right place, very near to O'Donovan country, for this to be quite plausible.

Princes of Carbery

  • Donal Gott MacCarthy
    Donal Gott MacCarthy
    Donal Gott MacCarthy was the ancestor of the MacCarthy Reagh dynasty of Carbery in the south of Munster in Ireland, and King of Desmond from 1247 or 1248 until the time of his death, after holding the position of tánaiste from 1230. He was a younger son of Donal Mor na Curra, King of Desmond ,...

    • Fínghin Mac Carthaigh - victor at the Battle of Callann
      Battle of Callann
      The Battle of Callann was fought in 1261 between the Normans, under John FitzGerald, 1st Baron Desmond, and the Gaelic forces of Fínghin Mac Carthaigh, King of Desmond, ancestor of the MacCarthy Reagh dynasty. MacCarthy was victorious...

  • Donal Reagh MacCarthy, 5th Prince of Carbery
  • Finghin MacCarthy Reagh, 8th Prince of Carbery
    Finghin MacCarthy Reagh, 8th Prince of Carbery
    Finghin MacCarthy Reagh was the 8th Prince of Carbery from 1477 to his death in 1505. He belonged to the MacCarthy Reagh dynasty, and was the eldest son of Dermod an Duna MacCarthy Reagh, 7th Prince of Carbery...

  • Donal MacFineere MacCarthy Reagh, 9th Prince of Carbery
  • Cormac na Haoine MacCarthy Reagh, 10th Prince of Carbery
    Cormac na Haoine MacCarthy Reagh, 10th Prince of Carbery
    Cormac na Haoine was the 10th Prince of Carbery from 1531–1567. He belonged to the MacCarthy Reagh dynasty.He was the eldest son of Donal MacCarthy Reagh, 9th Prince of Carbery Cormac na Haoine (1490–1567) was the 10th Prince of Carbery from 1531–1567. He belonged to the MacCarthy Reagh...

  • Donogh MacCarthy Reagh, 11th Prince of Carbery - father of Florence MacCarthy
    Florence MacCarthy
    Finnian or Fínghin mac Donnchadh Mac Cárthaigh , known to the English as Florence MacCarthy, was an Irish prince of the late 16th century and the last credible claimant to the MacCarthy Mór title before its suppression by English authority...

     and Dermod Maol MacCarthy
  • Owen MacCarthy Reagh, 12th Prince of Carbery
    Owen MacCarthy Reagh, 12th Prince of Carbery
    Owen MacCarthy Reagh was the 12th Prince of Carbery from 1576 to 1592. He belonged to the MacCarthy Reagh dynasty. Owen is commonly called "Sir" Owen MacCarthy in the English records but this may have been only for convenience, for the MacCarthys Reagh were foreign princes at this time, if...

  • Donal of the Pipes, 13th Prince of Carbery

See also

  • Counts of Toulouse
    Counts of Toulouse
    The first Counts of Toulouse were the administrators of the city and its environs under the Merovingians. No succession of such royal appointees is known, though a few names survive to the present...

  • Donal II O'Donovan
    Donal II O'Donovan
    Donal II O'Donovan , The O'Donovan of Clann Cathail, Lord of Clancahill , was the son of Ellen O'Leary, daughter of O'Leary of Carrignacurra, and Donal of the Skins, The O'Donovan of Clann Cathail....

  • Teige-an-Duna MacCarthy
    Teige-an-Duna MacCarthy
    Teige-an-Duna MacCarthy , Lord of Glean-na-Chroim, was the last hereditary Prince of the Dunmanway branch of the MacCarthy Reagh dynasty of Carbery "who exercised the rights of his position." He was Prince from 1618 to 1648, dying the following year on 24 May 1649...

  • Donal III O'Donovan
    Donal III O'Donovan
    Donal III O'Donovan , The O'Donovan of Clancahill, born before 1584, was the son of Helena de Barry and Donal II O'Donovan, The O'Donovan of Clancahill...

  • Carbery's Hundred Isles
    Carbery's Hundred Isles
    Carbery’s 100 Isles is a term that could refer to all the islands along the coast of the Baronies of Carbery West and Carbery East, descendants of the medieval Barony of Carbery, on the Celtic Sea. It is actually used mainly for those in and around Long Island Bay and Roaringwater Bay...

  • Carbery GAA
    Carbery GAA
    Carbery GAA are a divisional team from the south-west division of County Cork, Ireland, in ancient Carbery. They compete in the Cork Senior Football Championship. They competed in the Cork Senior Hurling Championship up to and including 2010. They did not enter a hurling team in 2011...

  • Earl of Carbery
    Earl of Carbery
    Earl of Carbery, in the County of Cork, was a title in the Peerage of Ireland. It was created on 5 August 1628 for the Welsh courtier and politician John Vaughan, 1st Baron Vaughan. He had already been created Baron Vaughan, of Mullengar in the County of Westmeath, on 13 July 1621, also in the...

  • Baron Carbery
    Baron Carbery
    Baron Carbery, of Carbery in the County of Cork, is a title in the Peerage of Ireland. It was created in 1715 for George Evans, with remainder to the heirs male of his father and namesake George Evans, a supporter of William and Mary during the Glorious Revolution, who had earlier declined the...

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