Bakhtiari
Encyclopedia
The Bakhtiari are a southwestern Persian
tribe. They speak the Bakhtiari dialect
, a southwestern Persian
dialect, belonging to the Luri dialects.
A small percentage of Bakhtiari are still nomad
ic pastoralists, migrating between summer quarters (sardsīr or yaylāq) and winter quarters (garmsīr or qishlāq). Numerical estimates of their total population widely vary. Bakhtiaris primarily inhabit in Chahar Mahaal and Bakhtiari and parts of the provinces of Lorestan, Khuzestan, and Isfahan. In Khuzestan, Bakhtiari tribes are primarily concentrated in the eastern part of the province.
, the Bakhtiari consider themselves to be descendants of Fereydun
, a legendary hero from the Persian
national epic, Shahnameh
.
According to Fars Nama of Ibn Balkhi
, after former inhabitants of Bakhtiari regions were mostly perished in the wars, Buyid rulers immigrated new nomads from Isfahan area to Bakhtiari region.
The latter designation largely relates to the nature of the tribe's annual "migration". This has to do with the harsh nature of Bakhtiari life and over coming of countless difficulties that Bakhtiaris have faced in the Zagros ranges. In this sense, Bakhtiaris view themselves as a hardworking tribe, facing numerous obstacles everyday and yet fortunate enough to overcome each of these challenges as a solid unit.
Nevertheless, the origins of Bakhtiaris are ancient and it may have very well been the case that the tribe underwent a series of name changes throughout its life. However It is mostly acclaimed that the designation "Bakhtiari" came largely into use some where in the antiquity.
In Iran's contemporary history, the Bakhtiari have played a significant role; particularly during the advent of the country's Constitutional Revolution (1905–1907). This event was largely secured through the Bakhtari campaign which eventually deposed Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar
(r. 1907-1909). The Bakhtiari tribesmen, under the leadership of the Haft Lang khans Sardar Assad
and his brother Najaf Qoli Khan Bakhtiari- Saad ad-Daula
(also referred to as Samsam-os Saltane), captured Tehran
, and as a result saved the revolution. These events eventually led to the abdication of Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar
(r. 1907-1909) in 1909, and his exile to Russia. This incident secured Saad ad-Daula
the position of Prime Minister in the period that followed the abdication of the Qajar Shah. Nonetheless with Russian backing the Shan would soon return in 1911 by landing with a coalition of forces at Astarabad . However, his efforts to reclaim his throne would bare no fruit. . In this sense, the Bakhtiaries played a critical role in saving the revolution from the Qajar forces.
Pahlavi Period:
With the expansion of Bakhtiari influence, urban elites (particularly in Tehran) began to worry in regards to a potential Bakhtiari takeover of Persia's affairs. Prior to this point, the Bakhtiari had largely remained within their own territorial boundaries.
The Bakhtiari influence would continue to play an important role within the early 20th century politics of Iran. Reza Shah Pahlavi (r. 1925-1941) would be amongst the first modern Shahs who made
destruction of the Bakhtiari influence, his mission. The existence of Oil on Bakhtiari territory further motivated the Pahlavi monarch to undermine the
autonomy of the tribe and force its population to adhere to the commands of the central government. Reza Shah Pahlavi would eventually execute few noteworthy tribal leaders as to crush Bakhtiari autonomy and maintain control over the tribe. Amongst the executed Khans, was Mohammad Reza Khan (Sardar-e-Fateh), the father of what later became the Pahlavi Prime Minister Shapour Bakhtiar
. The latter event was a turning point for Bakhtiari and their rise within Iranian politics.
Bakhtiaris trace a common lineage, being divided into the Chahar Lang (The Four Legs) and Haft Lang
(The Seven Legs) groups, each controlled by a single powerful family. The overall Khan
alternates every two years between the chiefs of the Chahar Lang and the Haft Lang.
The famous documentary: "Grass: A Nation's Battle for Life
" (1925) tells the story of the migration of Bakhtiari tribe from winter quarters in Khuzestan to summer quarters Chahar Mahaal. This film also tells the story of how these people crossed the river Karun with 50,000 people and 500,000 animals. The documentary "People of the Wind" (1975) retraces this same journey, 50 years later. The British documentary series "The Ascent of Man
" (1973) in the first part of its second episode, "The Harvest of the Seasons," also shows the Bakhtiari making the annual migration to the summer pastures. This portrayal is not however, particularly positive, using the Bakhtiari as an example of a pre-agricultural tribe frozen in time. As of 2006, the migration still takes place, although the livestock are now transported in trucks, and the shepherds no longer walk barefoot in the snow between provinces.
The Haft Lang
The Haft Lang tribe is larger and much more significant than its Chahar Lang counterpart. The Haft Lang are primarily divided into four main sub-divisions, these include; Babadi, Dinaruni, Duraki and Bakhtiarwand. Most prominent Bakhtiaris are from these sub-divisions.
Coalition Between the Two Tribes:
The two clans shared ruling of their territories every two years.|date=May 2011}}
. They were also ruled from Isfahan but some moved to south during the fight with the central government and lived in the mountains area of Izeh, Ghalatoul, and Ramhormuz and Masjed-soluman. The Sassani ( Ali-Rahm Khan), Zanganeh ( Sons of Sardar Del-anchin), Rahim-zadeh, Jahangiri (sons of Aziz Khan) family who were mix of the two clans who lived in the area.
. The Bakhtiari dialect is the most popular dialect of the Lurish language.
.
Persian people
The Persian people are part of the Iranian peoples who speak the modern Persian language and closely akin Iranian dialects and languages. The origin of the ethnic Iranian/Persian peoples are traced to the Ancient Iranian peoples, who were part of the ancient Indo-Iranians and themselves part of...
tribe. They speak the Bakhtiari dialect
Bakhtiari dialect
Bakhtiari dialect is a southwestern Iranian dialect, spoken by Bakhtiari people in Chaharmahal-o-Bakhtiari, western Khuzestan and parts of Isfahan and Lorestan provinces. It is closely related to the Boir-Aḥmadī, Kohgīlūya, and Mamasanī dialects in northwestern Fars. These dialects, together with...
, a southwestern Persian
Persian language
Persian is an Iranian language within the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European languages. It is primarily spoken in Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan and countries which historically came under Persian influence...
dialect, belonging to the Luri dialects.
A small percentage of Bakhtiari are still nomad
Nomad
Nomadic people , commonly known as itinerants in modern-day contexts, are communities of people who move from one place to another, rather than settling permanently in one location. There are an estimated 30-40 million nomads in the world. Many cultures have traditionally been nomadic, but...
ic pastoralists, migrating between summer quarters (sardsīr or yaylāq) and winter quarters (garmsīr or qishlāq). Numerical estimates of their total population widely vary. Bakhtiaris primarily inhabit in Chahar Mahaal and Bakhtiari and parts of the provinces of Lorestan, Khuzestan, and Isfahan. In Khuzestan, Bakhtiari tribes are primarily concentrated in the eastern part of the province.
Origins
In Persian mythologyPersian mythology
Persian mythology are traditional tales and stories of ancient origin, some involving extraordinary or supernatural beings. Drawn from the legendary past of the Iranian cultural continent which especially consists of the state of Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan and Central Asia, they reflect the...
, the Bakhtiari consider themselves to be descendants of Fereydun
Fereydun
Fereydūn also pronounced Farīdūn or Afrīdūn , also called Apam Napat, "Son of the Waters", is the name of an Iranian mythical king and hero who is an emblem of victory, justice and generosity in the Persian literature.-Etymology:All of the forms of...
, a legendary hero from the Persian
Persian language
Persian is an Iranian language within the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European languages. It is primarily spoken in Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan and countries which historically came under Persian influence...
national epic, Shahnameh
Shahnameh
The Shahnameh or Shah-nama is a long epic poem written by the Persian poet Ferdowsi between c.977 and 1010 AD and is the national epic of Iran and related societies...
.
According to Fars Nama of Ibn Balkhi
Ibn Balkhi
Ibn Balkhi was a 12th century historian of Persia, in the city of Balkh, in present day Afghanistan.He is known for his work the Fars Nama . Dehkhoda dictionary mentions him to be a contemporary of Muhammad I of Great Seljuk....
, after former inhabitants of Bakhtiari regions were mostly perished in the wars, Buyid rulers immigrated new nomads from Isfahan area to Bakhtiari region.
Etymology
The term "bakhtiari" can be best translated as "companion of chance" or "bearer of good luck" The term has deep Persian roots and is the result of two smaller words "bakht" and "yar" complied together . "Bakht" is the Persian word for "chance" and "yar", "iar", "iari" literally means "companion".The latter designation largely relates to the nature of the tribe's annual "migration". This has to do with the harsh nature of Bakhtiari life and over coming of countless difficulties that Bakhtiaris have faced in the Zagros ranges. In this sense, Bakhtiaris view themselves as a hardworking tribe, facing numerous obstacles everyday and yet fortunate enough to overcome each of these challenges as a solid unit.
Nevertheless, the origins of Bakhtiaris are ancient and it may have very well been the case that the tribe underwent a series of name changes throughout its life. However It is mostly acclaimed that the designation "Bakhtiari" came largely into use some where in the antiquity.
History
Constitutional Revolution:In Iran's contemporary history, the Bakhtiari have played a significant role; particularly during the advent of the country's Constitutional Revolution (1905–1907). This event was largely secured through the Bakhtari campaign which eventually deposed Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar
Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar
Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar was the Shah of Persia from 8 January 1907 to 16 July 1909.-Biography:He was against the constitution that was ratified during the reign of his father, Mozzafar-al-Din Shah...
(r. 1907-1909). The Bakhtiari tribesmen, under the leadership of the Haft Lang khans Sardar Assad
Sardar Assad
Sardar As'ad Bakhtiari , also known as Haj Ali-Gholi Khan, Sardar Asad II was an Iranian revolutionary, a leader of Bakhtiari Haft Lang tribe, and one of the primary figures of the Persian Constitutional Revolution...
and his brother Najaf Qoli Khan Bakhtiari- Saad ad-Daula
Saad ad-Daula
Najaf Qoli Khan Bakhtiari also known Saad ad-Daula and Samsam-os Saltane was an Iranian Prime Minister and a leader of Iranian Constitutional Revolution. He was elected as Prime Minister for two term. First from 3 May 1909 to 16 July 1909 and second from 23 December 1912 to 11 January 1913. He...
(also referred to as Samsam-os Saltane), captured Tehran
Tehran
Tehran , sometimes spelled Teheran, is the capital of Iran and Tehran Province. With an estimated population of 8,429,807; it is also Iran's largest urban area and city, one of the largest cities in Western Asia, and is the world's 19th largest city.In the 20th century, Tehran was subject to...
, and as a result saved the revolution. These events eventually led to the abdication of Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar
Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar
Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar was the Shah of Persia from 8 January 1907 to 16 July 1909.-Biography:He was against the constitution that was ratified during the reign of his father, Mozzafar-al-Din Shah...
(r. 1907-1909) in 1909, and his exile to Russia. This incident secured Saad ad-Daula
Saad ad-Daula
Najaf Qoli Khan Bakhtiari also known Saad ad-Daula and Samsam-os Saltane was an Iranian Prime Minister and a leader of Iranian Constitutional Revolution. He was elected as Prime Minister for two term. First from 3 May 1909 to 16 July 1909 and second from 23 December 1912 to 11 January 1913. He...
the position of Prime Minister in the period that followed the abdication of the Qajar Shah. Nonetheless with Russian backing the Shan would soon return in 1911 by landing with a coalition of forces at Astarabad . However, his efforts to reclaim his throne would bare no fruit. . In this sense, the Bakhtiaries played a critical role in saving the revolution from the Qajar forces.
Pahlavi Period:
With the expansion of Bakhtiari influence, urban elites (particularly in Tehran) began to worry in regards to a potential Bakhtiari takeover of Persia's affairs. Prior to this point, the Bakhtiari had largely remained within their own territorial boundaries.
The Bakhtiari influence would continue to play an important role within the early 20th century politics of Iran. Reza Shah Pahlavi (r. 1925-1941) would be amongst the first modern Shahs who made
destruction of the Bakhtiari influence, his mission. The existence of Oil on Bakhtiari territory further motivated the Pahlavi monarch to undermine the
autonomy of the tribe and force its population to adhere to the commands of the central government. Reza Shah Pahlavi would eventually execute few noteworthy tribal leaders as to crush Bakhtiari autonomy and maintain control over the tribe. Amongst the executed Khans, was Mohammad Reza Khan (Sardar-e-Fateh), the father of what later became the Pahlavi Prime Minister Shapour Bakhtiar
Shapour Bakhtiar
Shapour Bakhtiar was an Iranian political scientist, writer and the last Prime Minister of Iran under Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi...
. The latter event was a turning point for Bakhtiari and their rise within Iranian politics.
Tribal Structure
The Bakhtiari people are mainly from two tribal divisions, Chahar lang and Haft lang. Due to the harsh nature of their life style, Bakhtiaris have been able to keep their blood lines intact, largely marrying within their own tribe.Bakhtiaris trace a common lineage, being divided into the Chahar Lang (The Four Legs) and Haft Lang
Haft Lang
Haft Lang literally meaning Seven Legs, is the name of one of the two branches of Bakhtiari people.Haft Lang consists of four sub-branches:Dowraki, Dinârâni, Bâbâdi and Behdârvand....
(The Seven Legs) groups, each controlled by a single powerful family. The overall Khan
Khan (title)
Khan is an originally Altaic and subsequently Central Asian title for a sovereign or military ruler, widely used by medieval nomadic Turko-Mongol tribes living to the north of China. 'Khan' is also seen as a title in the Xianbei confederation for their chief between 283 and 289...
alternates every two years between the chiefs of the Chahar Lang and the Haft Lang.
The famous documentary: "Grass: A Nation's Battle for Life
Grass (1925 film)
Grass: A Nation's Battle for Life is a silent documentary film which follows a branch of the Bakhtiari tribe of Persia as they and their herds make their seasonal journey to better pastures. It is considered one of the earliest ethnographic documentary films. It was written by Richard Carver and...
" (1925) tells the story of the migration of Bakhtiari tribe from winter quarters in Khuzestan to summer quarters Chahar Mahaal. This film also tells the story of how these people crossed the river Karun with 50,000 people and 500,000 animals. The documentary "People of the Wind" (1975) retraces this same journey, 50 years later. The British documentary series "The Ascent of Man
The Ascent of Man
The Ascent of Man is a thirteen-part documentary television series produced by the BBC and Time-Life Films first transmitted in 1973, written and presented by Jacob Bronowski...
" (1973) in the first part of its second episode, "The Harvest of the Seasons," also shows the Bakhtiari making the annual migration to the summer pastures. This portrayal is not however, particularly positive, using the Bakhtiari as an example of a pre-agricultural tribe frozen in time. As of 2006, the migration still takes place, although the livestock are now transported in trucks, and the shepherds no longer walk barefoot in the snow between provinces.
The Haft Lang
The Haft Lang tribe is larger and much more significant than its Chahar Lang counterpart. The Haft Lang are primarily divided into four main sub-divisions, these include; Babadi, Dinaruni, Duraki and Bakhtiarwand. Most prominent Bakhtiaris are from these sub-divisions.
Coalition Between the Two Tribes:
The two clans shared ruling of their territories every two years.|date=May 2011}}
. They were also ruled from Isfahan but some moved to south during the fight with the central government and lived in the mountains area of Izeh, Ghalatoul, and Ramhormuz and Masjed-soluman. The Sassani ( Ali-Rahm Khan), Zanganeh ( Sons of Sardar Del-anchin), Rahim-zadeh, Jahangiri (sons of Aziz Khan) family who were mix of the two clans who lived in the area.
Music
The Bakhtiari are noted in Iran for their remarkable music which inspired Alexander BorodinAlexander Borodin
Alexander Porfiryevich Borodin was a Russian Romantic composer and chemist of Georgian–Russian parentage. He was a member of the group of composers called The Five , who were dedicated to producing a specifically Russian kind of art music...
. The Bakhtiari dialect is the most popular dialect of the Lurish language.
Religion
The Bakthtiaris became Shia Muslims after the Arabs invaded Iran almost 1400 years ago. Previously, Bakhtiaris were ZoroastrianZoroastrianism
Zoroastrianism is a religion and philosophy based on the teachings of prophet Zoroaster and was formerly among the world's largest religions. It was probably founded some time before the 6th century BCE in Greater Iran.In Zoroastrianism, the Creator Ahura Mazda is all good, and no evil...
.
Famous Bakhtiaris
- Ali Asghar Bakhtiar An architect graduated from the Architectural Associations and architectural historian.
- Nadia Bakhtiari Singer of the epic Bakhtiari folk song, "Shir-e-Ali Merdoon"
- Pedram Bakhtiari Son of the Governor of Yazd
- Mohammad Mossadegh
- Fereydoon MoshiriFereydoon MoshiriFereydoon Moshiri was one of the prominent contemporary Persian poets who versified in both modern and classic styles of the Persian poem. He is best known as conciliator of classical Persian poetry at one side with the New Poetry initiated by Nima Yushij at the other side...
One of the prominent contemporary Persian poets. - Bahram Moshiri Historian and scientist, his shows about Islam are very popular in Iran.
- Mirza Mohammad Hasan Gholzom, Poet and Author, Lived in Nafch, Shahrekord, Iran.
- Sepideh Haftgoli Bakhtiari
- Sardar AssadSardar AssadSardar As'ad Bakhtiari , also known as Haj Ali-Gholi Khan, Sardar Asad II was an Iranian revolutionary, a leader of Bakhtiari Haft Lang tribe, and one of the primary figures of the Persian Constitutional Revolution...
, Bakhtiari Haft Lang Chieftain and Constitutionalist - Andy Bakhtiari, owner of Advanced Precast Inc.
- Sardar Zafar
- Khalil Esfandiary-Bakhtiar Iranian Ambassador to West Germany (1950s)
- Nasir Khan, Sardar Jang Governor of Yazd
- Ali Mardan KhanAli Mardan KhanAli Mardan Khan was a Kurdish noble at the court of Safavid King Shah Tahmasp but after surrendering the Afghan city of Qandahar to Emperor Shah Jahan in 1638, he was a well recognised figure at the Mughal court.-Life:...
- Mullah Adineh Mostafi
- Emam Gholi Khan
- Amirreza AmirbakhtiarAmirreza AmirbakhtiarAmirreza Amirbakhtiar is an Iranian political activist. He was the head of Iran party's youth organisation and of the Iranian National Front in the Khuzestan province of Iran.-Birth and family:He was born into a famous Bakhtiari family...
, Politician - Bibi Maryam
- Parvin Alipour, Singer of the epic Bakhtiari folk song, "Shir-e-Ali Merdoon"
- Soraya Esfandiary-Bakhtiari, Queen of Iran (1951–58)
- Pezhman Bakhtiari, poet (1900–1974)
- Rostam Amir Bakhtiar, Chief of Imperial Protocol (1953–1979)
- Abbasgholi Bakhtiar, Minister of Industries & Mines (1979)
- Agha Khan Bakhtiar, Minister of Labor (1957–1958), Head of the National Iranian Oil Company
- Gholam-Reza Bakhtiar, Sardar Bakhtiar, Deputy Governor of Esfahan
- Abdolhamid Bakhtiar, Majles Deputy
- Gholam-Hossein Bakhtiari (Sardar Mohtashem), Minister of War (1911–13, 1918)
- Shahpour Bakhtiar, Politician and Prime Minister of IranPrime Minister of IranPrime Minister of Iran was a political post in Iran that had existed during several different periods of time starting with the Qajar era until its most recent revival from 1979 to 1989 following the Iranian Revolution.-Prime Ministers of Qajar era:In the Qajar era, prime ministers were known by...
(1979) - Rudi BakhtiarRudi BakhtiarRudi Bakhtiar is an Iranian American journalist who has over a decade's experience working for major international news outlets CNN and Fox News Channel. Bakhtiar is currently the Director of Communications for the International Campaign for Human Rights in Iran...
, Former CNNCNNCable News Network is a U.S. cable news channel founded in 1980 by Ted Turner. Upon its launch, CNN was the first channel to provide 24-hour television news coverage, and the first all-news television channel in the United States...
and FOXFox News ChannelFox News Channel , often called Fox News, is a cable and satellite television news channel owned by the Fox Entertainment Group, a subsidiary of News Corporation...
TV news-anchor and journalist - Eman Mobali, football star.
- Amin Abraham Paul Nikfar, Son of Mohammad Nikfar (Born in Masjed Soleiman, IRI) Currently the Iranian Record Holder in the Shot Put and a member of the IRI Track and Field Team, Asian Indoor Champion 2004 (IRI). (http://asianathletics.org/results/ai-results.htm)
- Farshad Soheili, descendant of Malek Shah
- Oman Samani, poet
- Mirza Habib Dstan
- Shaghayegh DehghanShaghayegh DehghanShaghayegh Dehghan is an Iranian actress. She is most famous for her appearances in television series made by Mehran Modiri.-Filmography:*Fekr-e Palid *Zir-e noor-e-mah...
, Iranian television Actress, half Bakhtiari - Zeba BakhtiarZeba BakhtiarZeba Bakhtiar is a Pakistani film and television actress and director. She made her television debut with a PTV Karachi centre play, Anarkali. She gained a lot of fame through her Bollywood debut, Henna...
, Pakistani actress and former spouse of musician Adnan SamiAdnan SamiAdnan Sami is a British-born Pakistani-Indian- Canadian singer, musician, pianist, actor and composer of Pakistani origin. He currently holds Canadian citizenship and works and lives in Mumbai, India... - Teymur BakhtiarTeymur BakhtiarTeymur Bakhtiar was an Iranian general and the founder and head of SAVAK from 1958 to 1961, when he was dismissed by the Shah. In 1970, SAVAK agents assassinated him in Iraq.-Early life:...
, Iranian general and head of SavakSAVAKSAVAK was the secret police, domestic security and intelligence service established by Iran's Mohammad Reza Shah on the recommendation of the British Government and with the help of the United States' Central Intelligence Agency SAVAK (Persian: ساواک, short for سازمان اطلاعات و امنیت کشور... - Lailee Bakhtiar van Dillen, author and television producer
- Davar ArdalanDavar ArdalanDavar Iran Ardalan is the Senior Producer of NPR's Tell Me More. Prior to Tell Me More at NPR News, Ardalan was in charge of Weekend Edition, and some seven million listener tuned in. From community engagement to innovative ways to engage the public online to news programming choices during a...
, NPR producer and author, whose mother Mary Laleh Bakhtiar is a Bakhtiari - Behnoosh BakhtiariBehnoosh BakhtiariBehnoosh Bakhtiari , is an Iranian actress. She is mostly known for her roles in Mehran Modiri's sitcoms, particularly her hilarious portrayal of Leiloon in Shabhaye Barareh. She was born in Tehran.-TV Series:-References:...
, Iranian actress - Laleh BakhtiarLaleh BakhtiarLaleh Mehree Bakhtiar is an Iranian-American Muslim author, translator and clinical psychologist.-Biography:...
, author and former professor at the University of ChicagoUniversity of ChicagoThe University of Chicago is a private research university in Chicago, Illinois, USA. It was founded by the American Baptist Education Society with a donation from oil magnate and philanthropist John D. Rockefeller and incorporated in 1890...
, who wrote a feminist re-interpretation of the Koran - Hisham IkhtiyarHisham IkhtiyarMajor-General Hisham Bakhtiar is a Syrian military official, and a national security adviser to president Bashar al-Assad...
-director of the GID from December 2001 until June 2005. - Mirza Hideyatu'llah Khan (d.1892), Irans finance minister during the Qajar period
- Zargham Saltaneh, Ebrahim : Commander and instrumental figure in the Constitutional Revolution of 1909.
Books
- Fariba Amini. The first moderate: Shapour Bakhtiar. January, 2003.
- Ali Quli Khan Sardar Assad and A. Sepehr. Tarikhe Bakhtiari: Khulasat al-asar fi tarikh al-Bakhtiyar (Intisharat-i Asatir) (The History of Bakhtiari). 766 pages. ISBN 964-5960-29-0. Asatir, Iran, 1997. In Persian.
- Bakhtiari language summary
- Shapour Bakhtiar. Memoirs of Shapour Bakhtiar. Habib Ladjevardi, ed. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1996. 140 Pages. In Persian. ISBN 978-0932885142.
- Soraya Esfandiary Bakhtiary. Le Palais des Solitudes. France Loisirs, Paris, 1991. ISBN 2-7242-6593-9.
- Ali Morteza Samsam Bakhtiari. The Last of the Khans: The life of Morteza Quli Khan Samsam Bakhtiari. iUniverse, New York, 2006. 215 pages. ISBN 978-0-595-38248-4.
- Mark Gasiorowski, "Just like that: How the Mossadegh Government was overthrown", in particular bullet point 2 on the role of Soraya Bakhtiari; compare with her account in Le Palais des Solitudes cited above.
- Arash Khazeni, The Bakhtiyari Tribes in the Iranian Constitutional Revolution, Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa, and the Middle East, 25, 2, Duke University Press, 2005.
- Merian C. Cooper and Ernest B. Schoedsack. Grass: A nation's battle for life. Film, B&W, 71 minutes, 1925. Available on DVD.
- Anthony Howarth. People of the wind. Film, Color, 110 minutes, 1976. Available on DVD.
- Pierre Loti. Vers Ispahan. Edition Calmann-Levy, Paris, 1925. 330 pages. Travelogue with Bakhtiari contact. See also Ross and Sackville-West from same period.
- Dr. Elizabeth N. Macbean Ross, M.B., Ch.B. A lady doctor in Bakhtiari Land. Leonard Parsons, London, 1921. Out of copyright and available online here. Travelogue, see also Loti and Sackville-West from same period.
- Vita Sackville-West. Twelve Days: An account of a journey across the Bakhtiari Mountains in South-western Persia. Doubleday, Doran & Co., New York, 1928. 143 pages. Travelogue, see also Loti and Ross from same period.
See also
- Lorestan
- Demographics of IranDemographics of IranIran's population increased dramatically during the later half of the 20th century, reaching about 75 million by 2011. In recent years, however, Iran's birth rate has dropped significantly. Studies project that Iran's rate of population growth will continue to slow until it stabilizes above 100...
- Ethnic minorities in IranEthnic minorities in IranThis article focuses on ethnic minorities in Iran and their related political issues.-Overview:Iran is an ethnically diverse country, and interethnic relations are generally amicable. Persians form the majority of the population...
- Yaylag
- BBC series; The Ascent of ManThe Ascent of ManThe Ascent of Man is a thirteen-part documentary television series produced by the BBC and Time-Life Films first transmitted in 1973, written and presented by Jacob Bronowski...
: The Harvest of the Seasons - Siege of KandaharSiege of KandaharThe siege of Kandahar was a conflict between the ruler of Iran, Nader Shah, and the Afghan Hotaki dynasty that took place between April 1737 and March 1738.-The Siege:...
External links
- Bakhtiaris
- Minorities At Risk: Assessment for Bakhtiari in Iran
- Bakhtiari - travelling in Iran 1998
- A Bakhtiari folk-song sung by Shusha Guppy in the 1970s: The Lor Youth.
- Web-page dedicated to the documentary The Bakhtiari Alphabet by Dr Cima Sedigh at Sacred Heart UniversitySacred Heart UniversitySacred Heart University is a Roman Catholic university located in suburban Fairfield, Connecticut, United States. Sacred Heart was founded in 1963 by the Most Reverend Walter W. Curtis, Bishop of the Diocese of Bridgeport, Connecticut. Sacred Heart University was the first Catholic university in...
.
Note: Some video clips as well as some production photographs of this documentary can be viewed through this web-page. The production photographs can directly be viewed here.