Artoriinae
Encyclopedia
The Artoriinae are a subfamily of wolf spider
s. They are the sister group to the Lycosinae and Pardosinae combined.
. This apophysis can be thin and lamellar, as in some Diahogna and Tetralycosa, very strongly sclerotized, as in Artoria, or may have a finger-like protrusion, as in Anoteropsis. The function during copulation is not known.
and New Zealand
. According to Framenau (2007), the Australian diversity, combined with the absonce from South America
, Africa
and India
suggest a post-Gondwana
n origin, that is less than 60 million years ago.
, who also moved A. lycosimorpha and the Australian A. cingulipes, A. flavimana and A. taeniifera there. As the type species
of Artoriella, A. flavimana belongs to Artoria, the whole genus is now considered a junior synonym of Artoria. However, based on Roewer's descriptions, the African Artoria are more likely to belong to genus Pardosa
or a related genus. Until a revision of these species is undertaken, these African species will technically reside in Artoria.
Two as yet unnamed genera with sixteen known species also belong to this subfamily.
Wolf spider
Wolf spiders are members of the family Lycosidae, from the Ancient Greek word "" meaning "wolf". They are robust and agile hunters with good eyesight. They live mostly solitary lives and hunt alone. Some are opportunistic hunters pouncing upon prey as they find it or even chasing it over short...
s. They are the sister group to the Lycosinae and Pardosinae combined.
Characteristics
Artoriinae are distinguished from all other Lycosidae by the presence of a basoembolic (at the base of the embolus) apophysis on the male pedipalpPedipalp
Pedipalps , are the second pair of appendages of the prosoma in the subphylum Chelicerata. They are traditionally thought to be homologous with mandibles in Crustacea and insects, although more recent studies Pedipalps (commonly shortened to palps or palpi), are the second pair of appendages of the...
. This apophysis can be thin and lamellar, as in some Diahogna and Tetralycosa, very strongly sclerotized, as in Artoria, or may have a finger-like protrusion, as in Anoteropsis. The function during copulation is not known.
Distribution
Artoriinae only occur in the Oriental, Australasian and Pacific regions, and have a center of diversity in AustraliaAustralia
Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area...
and New Zealand
New Zealand
New Zealand is an island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses and numerous smaller islands. The country is situated some east of Australia across the Tasman Sea, and roughly south of the Pacific island nations of New Caledonia, Fiji, and Tonga...
. According to Framenau (2007), the Australian diversity, combined with the absonce from South America
South America
South America is a continent situated in the Western Hemisphere, mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere. The continent is also considered a subcontinent of the Americas. It is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean and on the north and east...
, Africa
Africa
Africa is the world's second largest and second most populous continent, after Asia. At about 30.2 million km² including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of the Earth's total surface area and 20.4% of the total land area...
and India
India
India , officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world...
suggest a post-Gondwana
Gondwana
In paleogeography, Gondwana , originally Gondwanaland, was the southernmost of two supercontinents that later became parts of the Pangaea supercontinent. It existed from approximately 510 to 180 million years ago . Gondwana is believed to have sutured between ca. 570 and 510 Mya,...
n origin, that is less than 60 million years ago.
Taxonomy
Currently there are three African species of Artoria. A. amoena and A. maculipes were described under genus Artoriella by Carl Friedrich RoewerCarl Friedrich Roewer
Carl Friedrich Roewer was a German arachnologist. He concentrated on harvestmen, where he described almost a third of today's known species, but also almost 700 taxa of spiders and numerous Solifugae....
, who also moved A. lycosimorpha and the Australian A. cingulipes, A. flavimana and A. taeniifera there. As the type species
Type species
In biological nomenclature, a type species is both a concept and a practical system which is used in the classification and nomenclature of animals and plants. The value of a "type species" lies in the fact that it makes clear what is meant by a particular genus name. A type species is the species...
of Artoriella, A. flavimana belongs to Artoria, the whole genus is now considered a junior synonym of Artoria. However, based on Roewer's descriptions, the African Artoria are more likely to belong to genus Pardosa
Pardosa
Pardosa is a large genus of wolf spiders, with more than 500 described species that are found in all regions of the world.-References: : , version 8.5. American Museum of Natural History....
or a related genus. Until a revision of these species is undertaken, these African species will technically reside in Artoria.
Genera
- Anoteropsis L. Koch, 1878 — New ZealandNew ZealandNew Zealand is an island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses and numerous smaller islands. The country is situated some east of Australia across the Tasman Sea, and roughly south of the Pacific island nations of New Caledonia, Fiji, and Tonga...
(PolynesiaPolynesiaPolynesia is a subregion of Oceania, made up of over 1,000 islands scattered over the central and southern Pacific Ocean. The indigenous people who inhabit the islands of Polynesia are termed Polynesians and they share many similar traits including language, culture and beliefs...
n species is misplaced) - Artoria Thorell, 1877 — AustraliaAustraliaAustralia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area...
, New Zealand, PhilippinesPhilippinesThe Philippines , officially known as the Republic of the Philippines , is a country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the Luzon Strait lies Taiwan. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam...
, Africa (however, see Taxonomy) - ArtoriopsisArtoriopsisArtoriopsis is a genus of wolf spiders that is endemic to Australia.Their body size ranges from 3 to 11 mm, with males smaller than females. They appear to prefer open, vegetated or sandy areas of moderate humidity.-Distribution:Although A...
Framenau, 2007 — Australia - Diahogna Roewer, 1960 — Australia
- Lycosella Thorell, 1890 — Hawai'i, SumatraSumatraSumatra is an island in western Indonesia, westernmost of the Sunda Islands. It is the largest island entirely in Indonesia , and the sixth largest island in the world at 473,481 km2 with a population of 50,365,538...
- Notocosa Vink, 2002 — New Zealand
- Syroloma Simon, 1900 — Hawai'i
- Tetralycosa Roewer, 1960 — Australia
Two as yet unnamed genera with sixteen known species also belong to this subfamily.