Arrestin, beta 1, also known as ARRB1, is a protein

Protein

Proteins are biochemical compounds consisting of one or more polypeptides typically folded into a globular or fibrous form, facilitating a biological function. A polypeptide is a single linear polymer chain of amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of...

 which in humans is encoded by the ARRB1 gene

Gene

A gene is a molecular unit of heredity of a living organism. It is a name given to some stretches of DNA and RNA that code for a type of protein or for an RNA chain that has a function in the organism. Living beings depend on genes, as they specify all proteins and functional RNA chains...

.

Function

Members of arrestin

Arrestin

Arrestins are a small family of proteins important for regulating signal transduction.-Function:Arrestins were first discovered as a part of a conserved two-step mechanism for regulating the activity of G protein-coupled receptors in the visual rhodopsin system by Hermann Kühn and co-workers and...

/beta-arrestin protein family are thought to participate in agonist-mediated desensitization of G protein-coupled receptor

G protein-coupled receptor

G protein-coupled receptors , also known as seven-transmembrane domain receptors, 7TM receptors, heptahelical receptors, serpentine receptor, and G protein-linked receptors , comprise a large protein family of transmembrane receptors that sense molecules outside the cell and activate inside signal...

s and cause specific dampening of cellular responses to stimuli such as hormones, neurotransmitters, or sensory signals. Arrestin beta 1 is a cytosolic

Cytosol

The cytosol or intracellular fluid is the liquid found inside cells, that is separated into compartments by membranes. For example, the mitochondrial matrix separates the mitochondrion into compartments....

 protein and acts as a cofactor in the beta-adrenergic receptor kinase (BARK

Beta adrenergic receptor kinase

Beta adrenergic receptor kinase is a serine/threonine intracellular kinase. It is activated by PKA and its target is the beta adrenergic receptor...

) mediated desensitization of beta-adrenergic receptor

Adrenergic receptor

The adrenergic receptors are a class of metabotropic G protein-coupled receptors that are targets of the catecholamines, especially noradrenaline and adrenaline ....

s. Besides the central nervous system, it is expressed at high levels in peripheral blood leukocytes, and thus the BARK/beta-arrestin system is believed to play a major role in regulating receptor-mediated immune functions. Alternatively spliced transcripts encoding different isoforms of arrestin beta 1 have been described, however, their exact functions are not known.

Interactions

Arrestin beta 1 has been shown to interact

Protein-protein interaction

Protein–protein interactions occur when two or more proteins bind together, often to carry out their biological function. Many of the most important molecular processes in the cell such as DNA replication are carried out by large molecular machines that are built from a large number of protein...

 with Delta Opioid receptor

Delta Opioid receptor

The δ-opioid receptors, also known as delta opioid receptor or simply delta receptor, abbreviated DOR, is an opioid receptor that has enkephalins as its endogenous ligands.-Function:...

, Arf6

Arf6

ADP-ribosylation factor 6 is a member of the ADP ribosylation factor family of GTP-binding proteins. ARF6 has a variety of cellular functions that are frequently involved in trafficking of biological membranes and transmembrane protein cargo...

, Parathyroid hormone-related protein

Parathyroid hormone-related protein

Parathyroid hormone-related protein is a protein member of the parathyroid hormone family. It is occasionally secreted by cancer cells . However, it also has normal functions.- Function :PTHrP acts as an endocrine, autocrine, paracrine, and intracrine hormone...

, RALGDS

RALGDS

Ral guanine nucleotide dissociation stimulator is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RALGDS gene.-Interactions:RALGDS has been shown to interact with RRAS, RAP2A, RAP1A, KRAS, RAPGEF2, MRAS, HRAS, Arrestin beta 2 and Arrestin beta 1....

, PSCD2

PSCD2

Cytohesin-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CYTH2 gene.-Interactions:PSCD2 has been shown to interact with Arrestin beta 2 and Arrestin beta 1.-Further reading:...

, DVL2

DVL2

Segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DVL2 gene.-Interactions:DVL2 has been shown to interact with Zinc finger protein 165, DAB2 and Arrestin beta 1.-Further reading:...

 and Mdm2

Mdm2

Mdm2 is an important negative regulator of the p53 tumor suppressor. It is the name of a gene as well as the protein encoded by that gene. Mdm2 protein functions both as an E3 ubiquitin ligase that recognizes the N-terminal trans-activation domain of the p53 tumor suppressor and an inhibitor of...

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Further reading