Andalusi nubah
Encyclopedia
Andalusi nubah is a musical genre found in the North African Maghrib
states of Morocco
, Algeria
, Tunisia
, and Libya
but, as the name indicates, it has its origins in the Arabo-Andalusian music. The name replaced the older use of sawt and originates from the musician waiting behind a curtain to be told it was his turn or nawbah by the sattar or curtain man (Touma 1996, p. 68).
According to tradition, there were initially 24 nuba, 1 nuba for each hour of the day, one nuba must have a duration of 1 hour.
Lyrics are sung by the soloist or in unison by the chorus are chosen from the muwashshah
or zajal
poetic forms, being in classical and colloquial Arabic, respectively. (ibid, pp. 70-71).
Andalusi nubah uses one tab' (similar to maqam
) per performance, and includes several instrumental pieces and predominantly vocal pieces accompanied by instrumentation. These differ as to mizan
or rhythmic pattern (wazn
) (ibid, p. 68).
Formally the tempo
increases while the awzan simply within each of five sections, called mizan
. The sections are introduced by short instrumental pieces and vary according to region, the name indicating the awzan used:
Unlike the nuba in Algeria or Tunisia, Morocco nuba are long. So, it is rare for a Moroccan Nuba are played in its entirety. Furthermore, many Tunisian or Libyan nuba and some Algerian nuba are considered as being of Turkish inspiration.
The ensemble used includes the ud, rabab or rebec
, nay
, box zither
, tambourine
, and goblet drum
, the players of which also serve as chorus
(ibid, p. 70).
If the term Gharnati refers in current Algeria
, especially in the region of Tlemcen, the entire directory Andalusian scholar, in Morocco
it designates a distinct musical style of the Andalusian "Tab Al Ala" as confirmed by the authors Rachid Aous, Mohammed Habib Samrakandi pages 15 and 24 in their book " Music of Algeria "
The North African cities have inherited particularly Andalusian musical style of Granada are also mentioned (pages 72 / 73) in the book "The Literature of Al-Andalus" (freely available on the net)
The Nuba of Morocco have been identified in the eighteenth century by the musician Al Haïk from Tetuan
Maghreb
The Maghreb is the region of Northwest Africa, west of Egypt. It includes five countries: Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, and Mauritania and the disputed territory of Western Sahara...
states of Morocco
Morocco
Morocco , officially the Kingdom of Morocco , is a country located in North Africa. It has a population of more than 32 million and an area of 710,850 km², and also primarily administers the disputed region of the Western Sahara...
, Algeria
Algeria
Algeria , officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria , also formally referred to as the Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria, is a country in the Maghreb region of Northwest Africa with Algiers as its capital.In terms of land area, it is the largest country in Africa and the Arab...
, Tunisia
Tunisia
Tunisia , officially the Tunisian RepublicThe long name of Tunisia in other languages used in the country is: , is the northernmost country in Africa. It is a Maghreb country and is bordered by Algeria to the west, Libya to the southeast, and the Mediterranean Sea to the north and east. Its area...
, and Libya
Libya
Libya is an African country in the Maghreb region of North Africa bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Egypt to the east, Sudan to the southeast, Chad and Niger to the south, and Algeria and Tunisia to the west....
but, as the name indicates, it has its origins in the Arabo-Andalusian music. The name replaced the older use of sawt and originates from the musician waiting behind a curtain to be told it was his turn or nawbah by the sattar or curtain man (Touma 1996, p. 68).
According to tradition, there were initially 24 nuba, 1 nuba for each hour of the day, one nuba must have a duration of 1 hour.
Lyrics are sung by the soloist or in unison by the chorus are chosen from the muwashshah
Muwashshah
Muwashshah or muwaššaḥ can mean:...
or zajal
Zajal
Zajal is a traditional form of oral strophic poetry declaimed in a colloquial dialect with ancient roots in a number of Mediterranean cultures. The form is similar to Muwashshah. The origin of zajal is Al-Andalus...
poetic forms, being in classical and colloquial Arabic, respectively. (ibid, pp. 70-71).
Andalusi nubah uses one tab' (similar to maqam
Arabic maqam
Arabic maqām is the system of melodic modes used in traditional Arabic music, which is mainly melodic. The word maqam in Arabic means place, location or rank. The Arabic maqam is a melody type...
) per performance, and includes several instrumental pieces and predominantly vocal pieces accompanied by instrumentation. These differ as to mizan
Mizan
Mizan is a comprehensive treatise on the contents of Islam, written by Javed Ahmad Ghamidi, a Pakistani Islamic scholar. It is published in Urdu by Al-Mawrid Institute of Islamic Sciences. The book is also available in the form of different booklets...
or rhythmic pattern (wazn
Wazn
Rhythm in Arabian music is analysed by means of rhythmic units called awzan and iqa'at.-Wazn and Iqa':A rhythmic pattern or cycle in Arabian music is called a "wazn" , literally a "measure", also called darb, mizan, and usul as is in Ottoman classical music)...
) (ibid, p. 68).
Formally the tempo
Tempo
In musical terminology, tempo is the speed or pace of a given piece. Tempo is a crucial element of any musical composition, as it can affect the mood and difficulty of a piece.-Measuring tempo:...
increases while the awzan simply within each of five sections, called mizan
Mizan
Mizan is a comprehensive treatise on the contents of Islam, written by Javed Ahmad Ghamidi, a Pakistani Islamic scholar. It is published in Urdu by Al-Mawrid Institute of Islamic Sciences. The book is also available in the form of different booklets...
. The sections are introduced by short instrumental pieces and vary according to region, the name indicating the awzan used:
- in Algeria (12 nubah and 4 incomplete): msaddar, btayhi, darj, insiraf, khlas
- in Tunisia (13 nubah): btaybhi, barwal, darj, khafif, khatm
- in Morocco (11 nubah): basitBasitBasīṭ , or al-basīṭ , is a compound meter used in classical Arabic poetry. The word literally means "extender" in Arabic...
, qayim wa-nisf, btayhi, darj, quddam
Unlike the nuba in Algeria or Tunisia, Morocco nuba are long. So, it is rare for a Moroccan Nuba are played in its entirety. Furthermore, many Tunisian or Libyan nuba and some Algerian nuba are considered as being of Turkish inspiration.
The ensemble used includes the ud, rabab or rebec
Rebec
The rebecha is a bowed string musical instrument. In its most common form, it has a narrow boat-shaped body and 1-5 strings and is played on the arm or under the chin, like a violin.- Origins :The rebec dates back to the Middle Ages and was particularly popular in the 15th and 16th centuries...
, nay
Nay
Nay or NAY may refer to:*Ney , a wind instrument*Nay, Manche, a place in the Manche département of France*Nay, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, a place in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département of France...
, box zither
Zither
The zither is a musical string instrument, most commonly found in Slovenia, Austria, Hungary citera, northwestern Croatia, the southern regions of Germany, alpine Europe and East Asian cultures, including China...
, tambourine
Riq
The riq is a type of tambourine used as a traditional instrument in Arabic music. It is an important instrument in both folk and classical music throughout the Arabic-speaking world...
, and goblet drum
Goblet drum
The goblet drum is a hand drum with a goblet shape used mostly in the Middle East, North Africa, and Eastern Europe....
, the players of which also serve as chorus
Choir
A choir, chorale or chorus is a musical ensemble of singers. Choral music, in turn, is the music written specifically for such an ensemble to perform.A body of singers who perform together as a group is called a choir or chorus...
(ibid, p. 70).
If the term Gharnati refers in current Algeria
Algeria
Algeria , officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria , also formally referred to as the Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria, is a country in the Maghreb region of Northwest Africa with Algiers as its capital.In terms of land area, it is the largest country in Africa and the Arab...
, especially in the region of Tlemcen, the entire directory Andalusian scholar, in Morocco
Morocco
Morocco , officially the Kingdom of Morocco , is a country located in North Africa. It has a population of more than 32 million and an area of 710,850 km², and also primarily administers the disputed region of the Western Sahara...
it designates a distinct musical style of the Andalusian "Tab Al Ala" as confirmed by the authors Rachid Aous, Mohammed Habib Samrakandi pages 15 and 24 in their book " Music of Algeria "
The North African cities have inherited particularly Andalusian musical style of Granada are also mentioned (pages 72 / 73) in the book "The Literature of Al-Andalus" (freely available on the net)
The Nuba of Morocco have been identified in the eighteenth century by the musician Al Haïk from Tetuan
Discography
Música Andalusi, Escuela de Rabat, Orquesta de la Radio Televisión de Marruecos, Mûlây Ahmed Lúkílí, Msháliyya l-Kbíra, Grabación año 1962, Btáyhi r-Rásd, Grabación año 1958, Madrid, Pneuma, 1998. Música Andalusi, Escuela de Tetuán-Tánger, Orquesta del Conservatorio de Tetúan, Mohammed Ben Arbi Temsamani, Qá'im Wa Nisf Al Istihlál, Grabación año 1960, Madrid, Pneuma, 1999. Música Andalusi, Escuela de Fez, Orquesta Brihi, Abdelkrim Rais, Qyddám Al-Máya, Cantor Muhammed Jsásí, Madrid, Pneuma, 2000.External links
Andaloussia bandBlog Musiques arabes, par Mario ScolasConférence du Professeur. Dwight Reynolds 'La tradition poétique et musicale andalouse au Moyen Age entre "influences" et "hybridation"Sources
- Touma, Habib Hassan (1996). The Music of the Arabs, trans. Laurie Schwartz. Portland, Oregon: Amadeus Press. ISBN 0931340888.