Allan Berube
Encyclopedia
Allan Ronald Bérubé was an American
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...

 historian
Historian
A historian is a person who studies and writes about the past and is regarded as an authority on it. Historians are concerned with the continuous, methodical narrative and research of past events as relating to the human race; as well as the study of all history in time. If the individual is...

, activist
Activism
Activism consists of intentional efforts to bring about social, political, economic, or environmental change. Activism can take a wide range of forms from writing letters to newspapers or politicians, political campaigning, economic activism such as boycotts or preferentially patronizing...

, independent scholar
Independent scholar
An independent scholar is anyone who conducts scholarly research outside universities and traditional academia. Independent scholars play an especially important role in areas such as art history and other humanities fields...

, self-described "community-based" researcher and college drop-out, and award-winning author
Author
An author is broadly defined as "the person who originates or gives existence to anything" and that authorship determines responsibility for what is created. Narrowly defined, an author is the originator of any written work.-Legal significance:...

, best known for his research and writing about homosexual members of the American Armed Forces
Military of the United States
The United States Armed Forces are the military forces of the United States. They consist of the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, Air Force, and Coast Guard.The United States has a strong tradition of civilian control of the military...

 during World War II
World War II
World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...

. He also wrote essays about the intersection of class and race in gay culture, and about growing up in a poor, working class family, his French-Canadian roots, and about his experience of anti-AIDS
AIDS
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is a disease of the human immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus...

 activism.

Among Bérubé's published works was the 1990 book Coming Out Under Fire
Coming Out Under Fire
Coming Out Under Fire is a documentary film directed and produced by Arthur Dong and narrated by actress Salome Jens. Based on Allan Bérubé's book of the same title, the film examines the attitudes toward homosexuality in the United States Armed Forces during World War II.-Awards:*Special Jury...

, which examined the stories of gay
Gay
Gay is a word that refers to a homosexual person, especially a homosexual male. For homosexual women the specific term is "lesbian"....

 men and women in the U.S. military between 1941 and 1945. The book used interviews with gay veterans, government documents, and other sources to discuss the social and political issues that faced over 9,000 servicemen and women during World War II. The book earned Bérubé the Lambda Literary Award
Lambda Literary Award
Lambda Literary Awards are awarded yearly by the US-based Lambda Literary Foundation to published works which celebrate or explore LGBT themes. Categories include Humor, Romance and Biography. To qualify, a book must have been published in the United States in the year current to the award...

 for outstanding Gay Men's Nonfiction book of 1990 and was later adapted as a film in 1994, narrated by Salome Jens
Salome Jens
Salome Jens is an American stage, film and television actress. She is perhaps best-known for portraying the Female Changeling on Star Trek: Deep Space Nine.-Life and career:...

 and Max Cole, with a screenplay by Bérubé and the film's director, Arthur Dong
Arthur Dong
Arthur Dong is an Academy Award-nominated American documentary filmmaker. His work combines the art of the visual medium with an investigation of social issues, examining topics such as Asian American history and identity, and gay oppression...

. The film received a Peabody Award
Peabody Award
The George Foster Peabody Awards recognize distinguished and meritorious public service by radio and television stations, networks, producing organizations and individuals. In 1939, the National Association of Broadcasters formed a committee to recognize outstanding achievement in radio broadcasting...

 for excellence in documentary media in 1995. Bérubé received a MacArthur Fellowship (often called the "genius grant") from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation in 1996. He received a Rockefeller grant from the Center for Lesbian and Gay Studies in 1994 to research a book on the Marine Cooks and Stewards Union, and he was working on this book at the time of his death.

Bérubé was born in Springfield, Massachusetts
Springfield, Massachusetts
Springfield is the most populous city in Western New England, and the seat of Hampden County, Massachusetts, United States. Springfield sits on the eastern bank of the Connecticut River near its confluence with three rivers; the western Westfield River, the eastern Chicopee River, and the eastern...

, and lived with his family in Monson
Monson, Massachusetts
Monson is a town in Hampden County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 8,560 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Springfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area.The village of Monson Center lies at the center of the town....

, Massachusetts, and later in a trailer park near the waterfront in Bayonne, New Jersey
Bayonne, New Jersey
Bayonne is a city in Hudson County, New Jersey, United States. Located in the Gateway Region, Bayonne is a peninsula that is situated between Newark Bay to the west, the Kill van Kull to the south, and New York Bay to the east...

. He lived for a time in Boston
Boston
Boston is the capital of and largest city in Massachusetts, and is one of the oldest cities in the United States. The largest city in New England, Boston is regarded as the unofficial "Capital of New England" for its economic and cultural impact on the entire New England region. The city proper had...

 and for many years in San Francisco. He moved to New York City
New York City
New York is the most populous city in the United States and the center of the New York Metropolitan Area, one of the most populous metropolitan areas in the world. New York exerts a significant impact upon global commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education, and...

, and finally settled in Liberty, New York
Liberty, New York
Liberty, New York relates to two locations in Sullivan County, New York, United States:*Liberty , New York*Liberty , New York...

, where he died in 2007.

Starting in 1979, Bérubé was interviewed about his work in publications including Time (magazine)
Time (magazine)
Time is an American news magazine. A European edition is published from London. Time Europe covers the Middle East, Africa and, since 2003, Latin America. An Asian edition is based in Hong Kong...

, The New York Times
The New York Times
The New York Times is an American daily newspaper founded and continuously published in New York City since 1851. The New York Times has won 106 Pulitzer Prizes, the most of any news organization...

, the Washington Post, The Advocate
The Advocate
The Advocate is an American LGBT-interest magazine, printed monthly and available by subscription. The Advocate brand also includes a web site. Both magazine and web site have an editorial focus on news, politics, opinion, and arts and entertainment of interest to LGBT people...

, Christopher Street (magazine)
Christopher Street (magazine)
Christopher Street was a gay-oriented magazine published in New York City, New York. Known both for its serious discussion of issues within the gay community and its satire of anti-gay criticism, it was one of the two most-widely read gay-issues publications in the United States...

, Gay Community News (Boston)
Gay Community News (Boston)
Gay Community News was a weekly journal published in Boston from 1973 to 1992 by the Bromfield Street Educational Foundation. It was an important resource for the LGBT community...

, and the San Francisco Examiner. His many radio and television appearances included interviews by Studs Terkel
Studs Terkel
Louis "Studs" Terkel was an American author, historian, actor, and broadcaster. He received the Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction in 1985 for The Good War, and is best remembered for his oral histories of common Americans, and for hosting a long-running radio show in Chicago.-Early...

, Sonia Freedman on CNN
CNN
Cable News Network is a U.S. cable news channel founded in 1980 by Ted Turner. Upon its launch, CNN was the first channel to provide 24-hour television news coverage, and the first all-news television channel in the United States...

, and two by Terry Gross
Terry Gross
Terry Gross is the host and co-executive producer of Fresh Air, an interview format radio show produced by WHYY-FM in Philadelphia and distributed throughout the United States by National Public Radio....

 on National Public Radio's Fresh Air.

Bérubé was twice elected Trustee, Village of Liberty, Liberty, NY, 2003 and 2005.

Personal and professional papers

The records of Bérubé's life and work are preserved by the GLBT Historical Society in San Francisco, of which he was a founding member. Bérubé donated the research and administrative files of his World War II Project to the society in 1995, with an accretion in 2000 (collection no. 1995-16). That collection is processed and open to researchers; a finding aid is available on the Web at the Online Archive of California.

Bérubé also donated the records of the Forget-Me-Nots (collection no. 1989-10), an affinity group of which he was a member; the group performed civil disobedience
Civil disobedience
Civil disobedience is the active, professed refusal to obey certain laws, demands, and commands of a government, or of an occupying international power. Civil disobedience is commonly, though not always, defined as being nonviolent resistance. It is one form of civil resistance...

 at the United States Supreme Court during the 1987 Second National March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rights
Second National March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rights
The Second National March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rights was a large political rally that took place in Washington, D.C. on October 11, 1987...

, with each participant protesting in honor of an individual who had died of AIDS.

Following Bérubé's death, the executors of his estate donated his complete personal and professional papers to the Historical Society in 2010. Preliminary processing of those papers is underway as of fall 2010; the records will not be open to researchers until processing is complete and a finding aid is prepared. A number of other collections of personal papers and organizational records at the GLBT Historical Society also include correspondence from Bérubé and other material documenting his work; details are available by searching the society's online catalog of manuscript collections.

Books

  • Coming Out Under Fire: The History of Gay Men and Women in World War Two, a social history based on oral history interviews, declassified government documents, letters and diaries. NY: Free Press, April 1990; paperback reprint: Plume/New American Library, April 1991.
  • My Desire for History: Essays in Gay, Community, and Labor History, Chapel Hill: UNC Press, 2011.

Essays

  • "Behind the Spectre of San Francisco," The Body Politic, April 1981.
  • "Caught in the Storm: AIDS and the Meaning of Natural Disaster." Outlook, 1, no. 3 (Fall 1988), pp. 8–19.
  • "Coming Out Under Fire," Mother Jones, February/March 1983.
  • "Don't Save Us From Our Sexuality." Coming Up!. April 1984.
  • "The First Stonewall," San Francisco Lesbian & Gay Freedom Day Program, June 1983.
  • "The History of Gay Bathhouses." First published in Coming Up! (San Francisco). Revised and reprinted in Policing Public Sex: Queer Politics And the Future of AIDS Activism. Edited by Dangerous Bedfellows (Ephen Glenn Colter, Wayne Hoffman, Eva Pendleton, Allison Redick, David Serlin). Cambridge, MA: South End Press
    South End Press
    South End Press is a non-profit book publisher run on a model of participatory economics. It was founded in 1977 by Michael Albert, Lydia Sargent, John Schall, Pat Walker, Juliet Schor, Mary Lea, Joe Bowring, and Dave Millikan, among others, in Boston's South End...

    , 1996. Revised and reprinted based on first version in: Gay Bathhouses and Public Health Policy, ed. by William J. Woods and Diane Binson. NY: Harrington Park Press, An Imprint of The Haworth Press, 2003. Co-published as the Journal of Homosexuality, Vol. 44 No. 3/4, 2003.
  • "How Gay Stays White and What Kind of White It Stays."In The Making and Unmaking of Whiteness, ed. by Birgit Rasmussen, Eric Klineberg, Irene Nexica, and Matt Wray. Duke University Press, 2001. Reprinted in Privilege: A Reader, ed. by Michael S. Kimmel and Abby L. Ferber. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, A Member of the Perseus Book group,2003.
  • "Intellectual Desire," GLQ 3, no. 1 (1996): 139-157. [Includes a revised version of the autobiographical keynote address on his Franco-American, working-class origins that Bérubé presented at the First Quebec Lesbian and Gay Studies Conference, Montreal, November, 1992.] Reprinted in: Susan Raffo, ed., Queerly Classed: Gay Men and Lesbians Write About Class (Cambridge, MA: South End Press
    South End Press
    South End Press is a non-profit book publisher run on a model of participatory economics. It was founded in 1977 by Michael Albert, Lydia Sargent, John Schall, Pat Walker, Juliet Schor, Mary Lea, Joe Bowring, and Dave Millikan, among others, in Boston's South End...

    , 1997.
  • Introduction to German silent film, "Anders Als Die Anderen," premier San Francisco showing, Seventh San Francisco International Lesbian and Gay Film Festival, June 20, 1983.
  • "Lesbian Masquerade," Gay Community News, November 17, 1979.
  • "Lesbians at War with the Military: Tragedies, facts, and secret documents." Edited by Berube and Rebecca Isaacs. Out/Look (San Francisco), Issue 13, Summer 19991, pp. 14–27.
  • "Marching to a Different Drummer," The Advocate, Issue 320, October 1981.
  • "Marching to a Different Drummer: Lesbian and Gay GIs in World War II," in Duberman, and others, eds. Hidden from History, 383-394.
  • "Medical Scapegoating: An Historical Perspective." Gay Community News, April 21, 1984.
  • "Murder in the Women's Army Corps: An Interview with Actress Pat Bond." Out/Look (San Francisco), Issue 13, Summer 1991. p. 17-20.
  • "Rediscovering Our Forgotten Past" [interview with Woodie Wilson and Norman Sansom about the publication "Myrtle Beach Bitch"]. The Front Page, Vol. V, No. 11, June 26, 1984.
  • "Sunset Trailer Park" (with Florence Bérubé; dated November 1995) In: White Trash: Race and Class in America edited by Matt Wray and Annalee Newitz. NY: Routledge, 1997, pp. 15–39.
  • "The War Years Were Critical," Washington Blade Pride Guide, June 1983.
  • "To Acknowledge Every Person As A Person." One-page anti-war essay in: Living at War: A Collection of Contemporary Responses to the Draft. Edited by Berube and David Worstell. Chicago: no publisher, no date (before November 1968).

Film, TV

  • Consultant. "The Times of Harvey Milk"; documentary film directed by Robert Epstein, 1984; photography by Frances Reid; edited by Deborah Hoffman and Epstein; music by Mark Isham; produced by Richard Schmiechen; released by Teleculture Films Inc. Running time: 87 minutes. Not rated.
  • Interviewee. "Over Our Dead Bodies," documentary film directed by Stuart Marshall, with Bérubé, Gregg Bordowitz, Michael Callen, Douglas Crimp.
  • Screenplay, with Arthur Dong, for documentary film "Coming Out Under Fire," made for television, produced and directed by Arthur Dong, and funded with grants from the National Endowment for the Arts and the Corporation for Public Broadcasting (1994), based on the book by Bérubé. Director of photography, Stephen Lighthill; edited by Veronica Selver; music by Mark Adler; released by Zeitgeist Films. Running time: 71 minutes. Not rated. Broadcast nationally, PBS, June 1995; released on home video, 1996; released on DVD. 2003.
  • Story consultant. "The Castro"; documentary film produced by KQED TV, San Francisco, 1997.
  • Story consultant. "Licensed to Kill"; documentary film by Arthur Dong, 1996.
  • Story consultant and advisor. "Out At Work"; documentary film by Tami Gold, 1996.
  • Story consultant and historical consultant. "The Question of Equality"; documentary television series funded by Independent Television Service, 1994.

Media

  • Co-curator, with Jonathan Ned Katz, of the U.S. section of "Goodbye to Berlin? Hundert Jahre Schwulenbewegung," an exhibition on the international history of the gay rights movement held at the Berlin Academy of the Arts, produced by the Schwules Museum of Berlin and the Academy, May 14-August 3, 1997.

Conference Presentations & Unpublished Essays

  • First Canadian Lesbian and Gay Trade Union Conference, Ottawa,1997
  • The Making and Unmaking of Whiteness, Berkeley, 1997
  • Southwest Labor Studies Conference, San Francisco, 1996
  • The Marine Cooks and Stewards Union, CIO (1930s, 1940s), slide show and presentation, Pride at Work, 2nd Biennial National Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Labor Conference, Oakland, CA, June, 1996; also co-led workshop on recording union history.
  • American Historical Association, Annual Meetings, Atlanta, 1996; San Francisco, 1994
  • First Leadership Conference of the Lavender Caucus of the Service Employees International Union Western Conference, Oakland, California, 1993
  • Reworking American Labor History: Race, Gender and Class, Wisconsin Historical Society, Madison, 1992
  • American Psychological Association, Annual Meeting, San Francisco, 1991
  • Society of American Archivists, Annual Meeting, Seattle, 1990
  • "The Politics of Grief." (24 double-spaced pages; handwritten at top: "3-5-89," "(c) 1989 Allan Berube" and "For Michael [Lynch] with love, from Allan." Copy in the collection of Bert Handsen.)
  • "Pioneers of the Lesbian and Gay Press in America," keynote speech, Gay Press Association, West Coast Regional Conference, San Francisco, June 20, 1983.
  • Second National Conference on Lesbian and Gay Aging, San Francisco, 1983
  • American Sociologist Association, Annual Meeting, San Francisco, 1982
  • American Library Association, Annual Meeting, San Francisco, 1981
  • American Historical Association, Annual Meeting, Los Angeles, 1981
  • First White House National Conference on Lesbian and Gay Aging, Los Angeles, 1981

As author, historian, lecturer, teacher

  • "Allan Berube Day," proclaimed by San Francisco Board of Supervisors, June 17, 1996.
  • Certificate of Appreciation, National Park Service, Western Region, 1992.
  • Certificate of Honor, San Francisco Board of Supervisors, "in appreciative public recognition of distinction and merit," 1984.
    • Certificate reads: "We congratulate you for your extensive historical research and study of the gay community, held in high esteem and greatly valued throughout the country. This outstanding contribution to our society, focusing attention on the gay community during and after World War II, is a significant piece of history and we are grateful for your dedication to this effort."
  • Community Service Award, Bay Area Physicians for Human Rights, 1990.
  • Distinguished Achievement Award, Monette-Horwitz Trust, 2001.
  • Lambda Book Award for Best Gay Male Nonfiction Book of 1990, 1991.
  • Outstanding Book Award, Gustavus Myers Center for the Study of Human Rights in the United States: for the best scholarship on the subject of intolerance in the United States, 1991.
  • MacArthur Fellowship, John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, "in recognition of your accomplishments in history which demonstrate your originality, creativity, capacity for self-direction, and ability to make a contribution to our lives," 1996-2001.
  • Rockefeller Residency Fellowship in the Humanities, Center for Lesbian and Gay Studies (CLAGS), Graduate Center, City University of New York, for research on "The Marine Cooks and Stewards Union 1930s to 1950s," 1994-1995.

For film Coming Out Under Fire

(Berube was co-screenwriter of documentary based on his book of the same title)
  • Berlin International Film Festival, Best Gay Documentary, 1994.
  • George Foster Peabody Award for Excellence in Television Broadcasting, 1995.
  • GLAAD Media Award Best Documentary.
  • Sundance Film Festival Special Jury Award for Excellence, 1994.

Liberty and Sullivan County, New York

  • Beautification Award, Greater Liberty Chamber of Commerce, 2004.
  • Pride of Sullivan Award, Sullivan County Chamber of Commerce and Industry, for Carrier House Bed & Breakfast, May 1, 2005.

Liberty and Sullivan County, New York

  • Created, designed, and maintained website: LibertyPride.org, "A Community Website to Promote Clean-Up & Beautification Projects."
  • Created, designed, and maintained website: VillageOfLiberty.org.
  • Helped to save the Town and Country Building
    Town and Country Building
    Town and Country Building, also known as the Lyric Theatre and New Lyric Theatre , is a historic commercial building located at Liberty in Sullivan County, New York. It was built about 1890 as a combination meeting hall and retail space and has been occupied by a series of stores, theatres, and...

    , Liberty, NY; prepared sales booklet for building; initiated facade restoration by volunteers from Cornell University's Historic Preservation Planning Program, April 15–18, 2004.
  • Initiated the listing of 127 buildings located in the Downtown Civic and Commercial Historic District
    Liberty Downtown Historic District (Liberty, New York)
    Liberty Downtown Historic District is a historic district located at Liberty in Sullivan County, New York. The district includes 112 contributing buildings and comprises the village's commercial core. It subsumes the Liberty Village Historic District listed in 1978, which had 12 contributing...

     of Liberty, NY, on both the New York State Register of Historic Places and the National Register of Historic Places
    National Register of Historic Places
    The National Register of Historic Places is the United States government's official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation...

    , 2006.
  • Initiated the saving, redevelopment, and moving of the Munson Diner
    Munson Diner
    Munson Diner is a historic diner located at Liberty in Sullivan County, New York. It was manufactured in 1945 by the Kullman Dining Car Company of Lebanon, New Jersey. It has a riveted steel frame and exterior of stainless steel and porcelain enamel. It has a long, rectangular form, 16 feet wide...

     from New York City to Liberty, NY.
  • Member, ALIVE (Assembly for Liberty's Investment in Visual Enhancement).
  • Member, Cornell-Liberty Economic Action Project Steering Committee.
  • Member, Habitat for Humanity Advisory Board.
  • Member, J.C. Young Hose Company No. 1, Liberty Volunteer Fire Department; served as Fire Police Officer.
  • Member, Revitalization Committee.
  • Member, Sullivan County United Against Prejudice.
  • Member (with Dara Smith), Sign Review Committee.
  • Represented the Village of Liberty at meetings of the Community Development Corporation.
  • Researched and produced an illustrated history: "A Century of Theaters on Liberty's Main Street," and other local history research.
  • Rewrote and reorganized "A User's Guide To Recycling & Trash Removal in the Village of Liberty."

San Francisco

  • Appointed by the Chair of the San Francisco Human Rights Commission to the Lesbian and Gay Advisory Committee (now the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual Transgender Advisory Committee), serving three years, 1983-1986.
  • Founding Member, The Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender Historical Society (GLBT Historical Society), San Francisco, 1985.
  • Founding Member, San Francisco Lesbian and Gay History Project, 1978.

National

  • Member, National Writers Union.
  • Wrote detailed history of the U.S. ban on homosexuals in the military for Senator Edward Kennedy, who included it in the record of the 1993 hearings on homosexuals in the military. "Additional Views of Mr. Kennedy. Excerpted from the Senate Debate regarding the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1994. 139 Congressional Record, S11194; daily ed. September 9, 1993." available online

Employment and entrepreneurial activities

  • Bought "Carrier Grove," wooded property on Carrier Street, Liberty, NY, with aim of furthering green development.
  • Coordinator of Community & Economic Development and founding member of Liberty Economic Action Project (LEAP), 2004-05.
  • Manager & Program Director, Liberty Theatre, 2002-2003.
  • Bought, renovated, operated Carrier House Bed and Breakfast, 64 Carrier Street, Liberty, NY, 2002-2007.
  • With life partner John Nelson, operated Intelligent Design Antiques (1930s-40s-50s collectibles), Liberty, NY.
  • With Maurice Gerry, bought the Shelburne Playhouse/Theatre
    Shelburne Playhouse
    Shelburne Playhouse is a historic theatre located at Ferndale in Sullivan County, New York. It was built in 1922 as part of a small resort known as the Shelburne Hotel and used as the hotel social hall. It is a long, rectangular wood-frame building, 95 feet long and 35 feet wide...

    , Ferndale, NY; coordinated its restoration; initiated its being placed on the register of New York State and National Historic Places; initiated facade restoration by group of Cornell University historic preservation volunteers, 2003-2007.

Archives/research

  • Oral History: Conducted 70 oral history interviews since 1980 with lesbians and gay men about their experiences in the military and on the home front during World War II and about their experiences as members of the Marine Cooks and Stewards Union.
  • Government Documents: Through the use of the Freedom of Information Act and the National Archives, uncovered thousands of pages of Army, Navy and FBI documents relating to the management of homosexual military personnel during World War II.

Teaching

  • New School for Social Research, Fall 1996
  • Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, Summer Session 1994
  • University of California at Santa Cruz, Winter 1991 and Spring 1992
  • Stanford University, Fall 1991

Consulting

  • Consultant on many museum exhibits, radio and television shows, books, magazine and newspaper articles and plays.
  • Conducted many workshops at universities and community groups on conducting community-based historical research, including oral history interviews and archival research.
  • Freelance historical consultant (1985–2007).
  • Freelance developmental editor (1991–2007).
  • Community-based gay history researcher and writer: Full-time (1982–2001); Part-time (1978–1982).
  • Free-lance direct mail copywriter for nonprofit organizations.

Education

  • Courses in "Multi-Image Production," City College of San Francisco, 1991–92
  • Harvard Summer School, 1968
  • Undergraduate education, University of Chicago (English Literature major), 1964–68
  • High School diploma, Mount Hermon School for Boys (now the Northfield Schools), Mount Hermon, Massachusetts, 1964

Obituaries


Quotations from Allan Bérubé

"I do my work now in the borderlands between social classes, between the university and the community, between heterosexual and homosexual, between educated speech and down-to-earth talk, between Franco-American and Québécois, between my family and the gay community." From the essay "Intellectual Desire."

"None of us can do our best work until we believe that the life of the mind really does belong to us." From the essay "Intellectual Desire."
The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.  The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.
 
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