Adelaide Hasse
Encyclopedia
Adelaide Rosalie Hasse is listed as one of the “100 most important leaders we had in the 20th century” in the December 1999 edition of American Libraries
. She is credited with having developed the Superintendent of Documents Classification system used by the Government Printing Office and Federal Depository Library Program.
, Hasse was the first-born of a surgeon of German ancestry, a fact of which she was very proud despite the negative impact it would have on her mid-career. While there is no record of her ever formally attending school, it is assumed that she would have been educated through the local public school system.
Eventually Hasse’s family made its way to southern California
where she not only earned the title of “Champion Fast Lady Bicycle Rider of Los Angeles,” but also obtained her first library job. From 1889 to 1895, Hasse worked under the resolute tutelage of Tessa Kelso, the Head Librarian at the Los Angeles Public Library
(LAPL). Hasse and Kelso became lifelong friends in their endeavors to collect, organize, and maintain libraries and their documents as well as making libraries, and the United States, in general, more equitable places for women to work and live.
When the library officially part of the Federal Depository Library Program in 1891, Hasse set to work on classifying its United States Department of Agriculture
documents. The Dewey Decimal Classification
(DDC) system was largely in use at this time, but it was not “suitable” for Hasse’s needs. She needed a more specific system, and one not classified by author as government documents frequently do not have an author listed beyond the department. Classifying by department seemed to make the most sense; however, this proved equally problematic as many departments begin with the same word. Thus, Hasse devised an inverted, departmental system for classification, e.g., “Agriculture, Dept. of” rather than “Dept. of Agriculture.” As her system for government documents differed significantly from the rest of the library’s collection, which was organized by DDC, Hasse marked them as a special collection.
During her tenure at the LAPL, Hasse also organized the Santa Barbara, Santa Monica
, Pasadena, Riverside, and local normal school collections as well. She also began attending local and national conferences, publishing bibliographies with some regularity, was promoted to First Assistant, and began to go by “Adelaide R.” rather than simply, “Addie.” Early in her career, Hasse gained the attention of prominent librarians and made a rather notable name for herself in the field.
While Hasse’s work with Kelso significantly improved many areas of the LAPL and earned them high marks with outsiders, the duo increasingly found themselves in trouble with the local library board. The board, consisting of men, was unhappy with their frequent travel to conferences, living arrangements, and outspokenness on community issues. After enduring much harassment, pay decreases, threats to cut library funding, and general moral outrage from the board, Hasse and Kelso resigned from their positions in 1895.
, even going so far as to look in ceilings and behind walls. According to the New York Times article from 1897, Hasse's work “unearth[ing] the heap from the sub-cellar of the Interior Department” took “ten men and four teams six weeks’ time to remove the mass to her office” from a room that had supposedly been sealed for almost two decades. Of this experience, Hasse reportedly exclaimed: “I dare say never had a young collector been given such an opportunity to revel in a very orgy of collecting.” In fact, in just a little over a year, Hasse had “unearthed” 252,602 volumes.
Once she had all of the documents, she had to come up with a way to classify them. Building on her work with the Department of Agriculture documents at LAPL, she devised a system of letters and numbers that denoted the department, division, document type, and volume or series (if needed). This system is now generally referred to Superintendent of Documents Classification, or SuDocs. While she was collecting and organizing, Hasse continued to regularly publish not only bibliographies of government publications, but also items of other interest such as “Travel and Exploration” that appeared in List of Books for Girls and Women and Their Clubs.
Crandall eventually hired several catalogers to assist in the GPO’s work; Edith Clarke was one such employee. Right away, Clarke made it clear to Hasse that their relationship was one of associate, not of supervisor-employee. In both Hasse and Clarke’s personal documents, there are vague references to regular squabbling over whether SuDocs or DDC was a better system; Clarke favored the latter, though, and later declared that SuDocs was “indisputable for its special situation.” Hasse grew tired of Crandall’s lack of recognition for her work and resigned from the GPO in March 1897. Hasse’s worries about Crandall were not unfounded as he later accused her of stealing GPO documents and often publicly took the bulk of the credit for the system over which Hasse had so lovingly labored. In the 1980s, Hasse finally received the GPO recognition she deserved when it named a room for her.
, Director of the recently reorganized New York Public Library
(NYPL), for several years and was thrilled to take a position in NYPL's newly created Astor Library. A reporter from the New York Times met Hasse on her second day of work and wrote an article entitled, “Miss Hasse’s Unique Task.” In it, Hasse described her previous work at the GPO and her hopes for developing a public documents division in New York.
When the NYPL consolidated its borough branches, it was said to have housed “one of the world’s greatest collections of government publications,” with items dating back to the American colonies. Hasse’s work developing and classifying this special collection garnered her praise from the top periodicals in the field, most especially from Library Journal, for which she was a regular contributor. As the leader in document classification, she was selected to serve on the ALA Committee on Public Documents in 1897, and from 1904–1908, even served as its chair.
Billings, like Kelso at the LAPL, was a warm, nurturing supervisor to Hasse, giving her free rein to work as she pleased. Due to this freedom, she was able to track down the first book ever published in New York (1693), Narrative of an Attempt Made by the French of Canada Upon the Mohaque’s Country, which, coincidentally, also happened to be the first government publication as it was written at the request of the governor. As Hasse increasingly became a household name for librarians, it was only natural that librarians in the Federal Depository system would begin requesting her assistance in dealing with their own documents. She even assisted Oregon
employment lawyers in compiling information and documentation to support their cases against the state, as in Muller v. Oregon and Bunting v. Oregon. At a time when women were expected to be seen and not heard, once again, her actions won her more enemies than friends.
In 1911, Hasse was moved to the Documents Division of the NYPL where she was given the additional task of providing reference services, which greatly diminished the time she had available for working on NYPL’s massive collection of government and municipal documents. The Documents Division was closely related to the Economics Division, which was led by Charles Williamson. It was at this point that Hasse’s reputation as a misandrist and “classic difficult woman, selfish, bad-tempered, and unreasonable” began to unfold. As she was passed over for promotions with some regularity, her less experienced male supervisors sought to undermine her authority and expertise in government documents at every turn. In 1915, the Chief Reference Librarian, Harry Miller Lydenberg, under new NYPL Director Edwin Anderson, launched a campaign against her, claiming that her entries were “erroneous or inconsistent.” This campaign gathered steam and continued until her termination from the NYPL in 1919. The beginning of the end for Hasse was when Anderson and Lydenberg removed her from her special collection to the Cataloging Division because they claimed that she “refused to ‘coordinate’ with the cataloging office on her work.” After twenty years of cataloging government documents on her own, she was now little more than just another cataloging staff member. Anderson eventually fired Hasse “via a two-sentence letter” and denied her request for a meeting as to why she was fired as well as for a hearing. Patrons of the library were even told not to associate with her when she came in as a patron after her dismissal, and her supporters working in the library, as well as those she hired, were fired soon after.
in 1917 for “suspicious activity,” which was largely due in part to her seeking other employment with President Wilson's Inquiry group. The Inquiry
was formed by President Woodrow Wilson
to “collect and organize information for the eventual peace conference” that would occur at the conclusion of World War I. Hasse inquired about work with the group only to find that Lydenberg and Anderson were already heading it up in the basement of the NYPL. Anderson claimed that since she had been born to German parents (her parents were Americans of German heritage) and was at a conference in Germany when the war began, she could not possibly have any other motive for working with The Inquiry other than that as a German spy.
The NYPL special collections division had an extensive collection of Latin American documents. There was, however, a gap in the collection, and in 1918, Hasse asked Anderson for permission to travel to Mexico
on a vacation to California to collect the missing documents. Anderson again reported Hasse to the Secret Service for suspicious activity because this was during a time of great unrest in Mexico. She was denied permission to go to Mexico, but while she was in California, her house was searched by the Secret Service no fewer than four times over the course of six weeks. Later in 1918, when the New York city police came to the library to inquire about possible suspicious activity by library employees, Lydenberg readily offered Hasse up to them, claiming she had ties to Jews, Marxism
, Trotskyism
, and Bolshevism because of a thank you note she had written to him regarding a “Marx book” a patron had requested. Also in 1918, Anderson and Lydenberg hired Edith Clarke, Hasse’s colleague from the GPO, who eagerly “came out against Hasse’s work” and agreed that she was difficult to work with. The Anderson file also contained accusations that Hasse was a lesbian and was involved in a relationship with Tilloah Squires, an assistant Hasse hired in 1918 to work on the Foreign Relations Index.
As late as 1922, three years after her departure from the NYPL, Anderson was still reporting her to the Justice Department and even worked with J. Edgar Hoover
and the Federal Bureau of Investigation
(FBI) to open a file on her. The Anderson file is located in the NYPL Archives, which, in addition to the Library of Congress
, the National Archives and Records Administration
, and FBI, also has their own files on Hasse. As of 2006, the FBI still refuses to release five pages of their file on Hasse.
In 1923, she was hired on as a bibliographer for the Brookings Institution
through 1932, at which time she was again out of a job, this time for a year. She finally obtained employment as an instructor at George Washington University
and as a research consultant for what would later become the Works Progress Administration
(WPA), publishing bibliographies of Social Security information. From there she worked temporarily for the Temporary National Economic Committee
(TNEC) and then as indexer for the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), and later still, as a bibliographer for the Immigration and Naturalization Service
.
American Libraries
American Libraries is the official news and features magazine of the American Library Association. Published six times per year, along with four additional digital-only supplements, it is distributed to all members of the organization...
. She is credited with having developed the Superintendent of Documents Classification system used by the Government Printing Office and Federal Depository Library Program.
Early life and library beginnings
Born in Milwaukee, WisconsinWisconsin
Wisconsin is a U.S. state located in the north-central United States and is part of the Midwest. It is bordered by Minnesota to the west, Iowa to the southwest, Illinois to the south, Lake Michigan to the east, Michigan to the northeast, and Lake Superior to the north. Wisconsin's capital is...
, Hasse was the first-born of a surgeon of German ancestry, a fact of which she was very proud despite the negative impact it would have on her mid-career. While there is no record of her ever formally attending school, it is assumed that she would have been educated through the local public school system.
Eventually Hasse’s family made its way to southern California
California
California is a state located on the West Coast of the United States. It is by far the most populous U.S. state, and the third-largest by land area...
where she not only earned the title of “Champion Fast Lady Bicycle Rider of Los Angeles,” but also obtained her first library job. From 1889 to 1895, Hasse worked under the resolute tutelage of Tessa Kelso, the Head Librarian at the Los Angeles Public Library
Los Angeles Public Library
The Los Angeles Public Library system serves the residents of Los Angeles, California, United States. With over 6 million volumes, LAPL is one of the largest publicly funded library systems in the world. The system is overseen by a Board of Library Commissioners with five members appointed by the...
(LAPL). Hasse and Kelso became lifelong friends in their endeavors to collect, organize, and maintain libraries and their documents as well as making libraries, and the United States, in general, more equitable places for women to work and live.
Los Angeles Public Library
When Hasse was hired on at the LAPL as “Addie Hasse,” she dove into her work with a passion and eagerness that she managed to retain for the remainder of career. In her first six years of library work, she and Kelso developed the LAPL’s collection from 6,000 items to 42,000 items. The two also worked to make the LAPL more user-friendly by offering free borrowing privileges, adding additional weekend hours, and allowing check-out of periodicals. Later, they developed a librarian training course that was offered through the library.When the library officially part of the Federal Depository Library Program in 1891, Hasse set to work on classifying its United States Department of Agriculture
United States Department of Agriculture
The United States Department of Agriculture is the United States federal executive department responsible for developing and executing U.S. federal government policy on farming, agriculture, and food...
documents. The Dewey Decimal Classification
Dewey Decimal Classification
Dewey Decimal Classification, is a proprietary system of library classification developed by Melvil Dewey in 1876.It has been greatly modified and expanded through 23 major revisions, the most recent in 2011...
(DDC) system was largely in use at this time, but it was not “suitable” for Hasse’s needs. She needed a more specific system, and one not classified by author as government documents frequently do not have an author listed beyond the department. Classifying by department seemed to make the most sense; however, this proved equally problematic as many departments begin with the same word. Thus, Hasse devised an inverted, departmental system for classification, e.g., “Agriculture, Dept. of” rather than “Dept. of Agriculture.” As her system for government documents differed significantly from the rest of the library’s collection, which was organized by DDC, Hasse marked them as a special collection.
During her tenure at the LAPL, Hasse also organized the Santa Barbara, Santa Monica
Santa Mônica
Santa Mônica is a town and municipality in the state of Paraná in the Southern Region of Brazil.-References:...
, Pasadena, Riverside, and local normal school collections as well. She also began attending local and national conferences, publishing bibliographies with some regularity, was promoted to First Assistant, and began to go by “Adelaide R.” rather than simply, “Addie.” Early in her career, Hasse gained the attention of prominent librarians and made a rather notable name for herself in the field.
While Hasse’s work with Kelso significantly improved many areas of the LAPL and earned them high marks with outsiders, the duo increasingly found themselves in trouble with the local library board. The board, consisting of men, was unhappy with their frequent travel to conferences, living arrangements, and outspokenness on community issues. After enduring much harassment, pay decreases, threats to cut library funding, and general moral outrage from the board, Hasse and Kelso resigned from their positions in 1895.
The Government Printing Office and the work that launched her career
Upon her departure from the LAPL, Hasse went to work in the newly formed Government Printing Office library program under Francis Crandall. Her assigned task was to collect, organize, and classify government documents from its various departments, divisions, and bureaus. Hasse set to work immediately, uncovering documents from all over Washington, D.C.Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, "the District", or simply D.C., is the capital of the United States. On July 16, 1790, the United States Congress approved the creation of a permanent national capital as permitted by the U.S. Constitution....
, even going so far as to look in ceilings and behind walls. According to the New York Times article from 1897, Hasse's work “unearth[ing] the heap from the sub-cellar of the Interior Department” took “ten men and four teams six weeks’ time to remove the mass to her office” from a room that had supposedly been sealed for almost two decades. Of this experience, Hasse reportedly exclaimed: “I dare say never had a young collector been given such an opportunity to revel in a very orgy of collecting.” In fact, in just a little over a year, Hasse had “unearthed” 252,602 volumes.
Once she had all of the documents, she had to come up with a way to classify them. Building on her work with the Department of Agriculture documents at LAPL, she devised a system of letters and numbers that denoted the department, division, document type, and volume or series (if needed). This system is now generally referred to Superintendent of Documents Classification, or SuDocs. While she was collecting and organizing, Hasse continued to regularly publish not only bibliographies of government publications, but also items of other interest such as “Travel and Exploration” that appeared in List of Books for Girls and Women and Their Clubs.
Crandall eventually hired several catalogers to assist in the GPO’s work; Edith Clarke was one such employee. Right away, Clarke made it clear to Hasse that their relationship was one of associate, not of supervisor-employee. In both Hasse and Clarke’s personal documents, there are vague references to regular squabbling over whether SuDocs or DDC was a better system; Clarke favored the latter, though, and later declared that SuDocs was “indisputable for its special situation.” Hasse grew tired of Crandall’s lack of recognition for her work and resigned from the GPO in March 1897. Hasse’s worries about Crandall were not unfounded as he later accused her of stealing GPO documents and often publicly took the bulk of the credit for the system over which Hasse had so lovingly labored. In the 1980s, Hasse finally received the GPO recognition she deserved when it named a room for her.
New York City
Once again, Hasse left an unpleasant situation only to land in the beginnings of an organization. Hasse had known John Shaw BillingsJohn Shaw Billings
John Shaw Billings was an American librarian and surgeon best known as the modernizer of the Library of the Surgeon General's Office of the Army and as the first director of the New York Public Library.-Biography:...
, Director of the recently reorganized New York Public Library
New York Public Library
The New York Public Library is the largest public library in North America and is one of the United States' most significant research libraries...
(NYPL), for several years and was thrilled to take a position in NYPL's newly created Astor Library. A reporter from the New York Times met Hasse on her second day of work and wrote an article entitled, “Miss Hasse’s Unique Task.” In it, Hasse described her previous work at the GPO and her hopes for developing a public documents division in New York.
When the NYPL consolidated its borough branches, it was said to have housed “one of the world’s greatest collections of government publications,” with items dating back to the American colonies. Hasse’s work developing and classifying this special collection garnered her praise from the top periodicals in the field, most especially from Library Journal, for which she was a regular contributor. As the leader in document classification, she was selected to serve on the ALA Committee on Public Documents in 1897, and from 1904–1908, even served as its chair.
Billings, like Kelso at the LAPL, was a warm, nurturing supervisor to Hasse, giving her free rein to work as she pleased. Due to this freedom, she was able to track down the first book ever published in New York (1693), Narrative of an Attempt Made by the French of Canada Upon the Mohaque’s Country, which, coincidentally, also happened to be the first government publication as it was written at the request of the governor. As Hasse increasingly became a household name for librarians, it was only natural that librarians in the Federal Depository system would begin requesting her assistance in dealing with their own documents. She even assisted Oregon
Oregon
Oregon is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. It is located on the Pacific coast, with Washington to the north, California to the south, Nevada on the southeast and Idaho to the east. The Columbia and Snake rivers delineate much of Oregon's northern and eastern...
employment lawyers in compiling information and documentation to support their cases against the state, as in Muller v. Oregon and Bunting v. Oregon. At a time when women were expected to be seen and not heard, once again, her actions won her more enemies than friends.
In 1911, Hasse was moved to the Documents Division of the NYPL where she was given the additional task of providing reference services, which greatly diminished the time she had available for working on NYPL’s massive collection of government and municipal documents. The Documents Division was closely related to the Economics Division, which was led by Charles Williamson. It was at this point that Hasse’s reputation as a misandrist and “classic difficult woman, selfish, bad-tempered, and unreasonable” began to unfold. As she was passed over for promotions with some regularity, her less experienced male supervisors sought to undermine her authority and expertise in government documents at every turn. In 1915, the Chief Reference Librarian, Harry Miller Lydenberg, under new NYPL Director Edwin Anderson, launched a campaign against her, claiming that her entries were “erroneous or inconsistent.” This campaign gathered steam and continued until her termination from the NYPL in 1919. The beginning of the end for Hasse was when Anderson and Lydenberg removed her from her special collection to the Cataloging Division because they claimed that she “refused to ‘coordinate’ with the cataloging office on her work.” After twenty years of cataloging government documents on her own, she was now little more than just another cataloging staff member. Anderson eventually fired Hasse “via a two-sentence letter” and denied her request for a meeting as to why she was fired as well as for a hearing. Patrons of the library were even told not to associate with her when she came in as a patron after her dismissal, and her supporters working in the library, as well as those she hired, were fired soon after.
The Anderson File
From 1917 forward, Hasse would struggle because of her German ancestry, support of the women’s suffrage movement and equal pay and working conditions, desire to aggressively market library services, and lack of a husband. Anderson began keeping a file on Hasse, documenting every questionable move she made, even misconstruing legitimate inquiries to suit his needs. He reported her to the United States Secret ServiceUnited States Secret Service
The United States Secret Service is a United States federal law enforcement agency that is part of the United States Department of Homeland Security. The sworn members are divided among the Special Agents and the Uniformed Division. Until March 1, 2003, the Service was part of the United States...
in 1917 for “suspicious activity,” which was largely due in part to her seeking other employment with President Wilson's Inquiry group. The Inquiry
The Inquiry
The Inquiry was a study group established in September 1917 by Woodrow Wilson to prepare materials for the peace negotiations following World War I. The group, composed of around 150 academics, was directed by presidential adviser Edward House and supervised directly by philosopher Sidney Mezes...
was formed by President Woodrow Wilson
Woodrow Wilson
Thomas Woodrow Wilson was the 28th President of the United States, from 1913 to 1921. A leader of the Progressive Movement, he served as President of Princeton University from 1902 to 1910, and then as the Governor of New Jersey from 1911 to 1913...
to “collect and organize information for the eventual peace conference” that would occur at the conclusion of World War I. Hasse inquired about work with the group only to find that Lydenberg and Anderson were already heading it up in the basement of the NYPL. Anderson claimed that since she had been born to German parents (her parents were Americans of German heritage) and was at a conference in Germany when the war began, she could not possibly have any other motive for working with The Inquiry other than that as a German spy.
The NYPL special collections division had an extensive collection of Latin American documents. There was, however, a gap in the collection, and in 1918, Hasse asked Anderson for permission to travel to Mexico
Mexico
The United Mexican States , commonly known as Mexico , is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of...
on a vacation to California to collect the missing documents. Anderson again reported Hasse to the Secret Service for suspicious activity because this was during a time of great unrest in Mexico. She was denied permission to go to Mexico, but while she was in California, her house was searched by the Secret Service no fewer than four times over the course of six weeks. Later in 1918, when the New York city police came to the library to inquire about possible suspicious activity by library employees, Lydenberg readily offered Hasse up to them, claiming she had ties to Jews, Marxism
Marxism
Marxism is an economic and sociopolitical worldview and method of socioeconomic inquiry that centers upon a materialist interpretation of history, a dialectical view of social change, and an analysis and critique of the development of capitalism. Marxism was pioneered in the early to mid 19th...
, Trotskyism
Trotskyism
Trotskyism is the theory of Marxism as advocated by Leon Trotsky. Trotsky considered himself an orthodox Marxist and Bolshevik-Leninist, arguing for the establishment of a vanguard party of the working-class...
, and Bolshevism because of a thank you note she had written to him regarding a “Marx book” a patron had requested. Also in 1918, Anderson and Lydenberg hired Edith Clarke, Hasse’s colleague from the GPO, who eagerly “came out against Hasse’s work” and agreed that she was difficult to work with. The Anderson file also contained accusations that Hasse was a lesbian and was involved in a relationship with Tilloah Squires, an assistant Hasse hired in 1918 to work on the Foreign Relations Index.
As late as 1922, three years after her departure from the NYPL, Anderson was still reporting her to the Justice Department and even worked with J. Edgar Hoover
J. Edgar Hoover
John Edgar Hoover was the first Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation of the United States. Appointed director of the Bureau of Investigation—predecessor to the FBI—in 1924, he was instrumental in founding the FBI in 1935, where he remained director until his death in 1972...
and the Federal Bureau of Investigation
Federal Bureau of Investigation
The Federal Bureau of Investigation is an agency of the United States Department of Justice that serves as both a federal criminal investigative body and an internal intelligence agency . The FBI has investigative jurisdiction over violations of more than 200 categories of federal crime...
(FBI) to open a file on her. The Anderson file is located in the NYPL Archives, which, in addition to the Library of Congress
Library of Congress
The Library of Congress is the research library of the United States Congress, de facto national library of the United States, and the oldest federal cultural institution in the United States. Located in three buildings in Washington, D.C., it is the largest library in the world by shelf space and...
, the National Archives and Records Administration
National Archives and Records Administration
The National Archives and Records Administration is an independent agency of the United States government charged with preserving and documenting government and historical records and with increasing public access to those documents, which comprise the National Archives...
, and FBI, also has their own files on Hasse. As of 2006, the FBI still refuses to release five pages of their file on Hasse.
Life after the NYPL
For the first time in her career, Hasse was out of a job and had no immediate prospects for one. From 1919 to 1923, she conducted research for the War Labor Policies Board, becoming an “expert in the Council of National Defense” and identified herself as a bibliographer rather than a librarian. She went on to found the School for Business Librarians within the Washington School for Secretaries and became editor of Special Libraries. She also wrote an autobiography entitled Compensations of Librarianship, in which she finally had her say against Anderson, Crandall, Clarke, and Lydenberg.In 1923, she was hired on as a bibliographer for the Brookings Institution
Brookings Institution
The Brookings Institution is a nonprofit public policy organization based in Washington, D.C., in the United States. One of Washington's oldest think tanks, Brookings conducts research and education in the social sciences, primarily in economics, metropolitan policy, governance, foreign policy, and...
through 1932, at which time she was again out of a job, this time for a year. She finally obtained employment as an instructor at George Washington University
George Washington University
The George Washington University is a private, coeducational comprehensive university located in Washington, D.C. in the United States...
and as a research consultant for what would later become the Works Progress Administration
Works Progress Administration
The Works Progress Administration was the largest and most ambitious New Deal agency, employing millions of unskilled workers to carry out public works projects, including the construction of public buildings and roads, and operated large arts, drama, media, and literacy projects...
(WPA), publishing bibliographies of Social Security information. From there she worked temporarily for the Temporary National Economic Committee
Temporary National Economic Committee
The Temporary National Economic Committee was established by a joint resolution of the United States Congress on June 16, 1938 and operated until its defunding on April 3, 1941. The TNEC's function was to study the monopoly powers and to report to Congress with its findings.One of the many firms...
(TNEC) and then as indexer for the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), and later still, as a bibliographer for the Immigration and Naturalization Service
Immigration and Naturalization Service
The United States Immigration and Naturalization Service , now referred to as Legacy INS, ceased to exist under that name on March 1, 2003, when most of its functions were transferred from the Department of Justice to three new components within the newly created Department of Homeland Security, as...
.