Action in Tarafal Bay
Encyclopedia
The Action in Tarafal Bay was a naval engagement which took place during the Battle of the Atlantic in the Second World War. It was notable in that the four vessels involved were all submarine
s.
) in the person of V Adm.
Karl Donitz
dispatched a force of U-boats to operate in the South Atlantic, principally off the west African coast.
The first wave of four boats left in late August and early September. They had little success; one factor in this was that the Allies had penetrated the German Enigma
code system, and were able to garner up-to-date intelligence (Ultra
) on the whereabouts of marauding U-boats. This enabled them to re-route merchant shipping to avoid trouble.
The following wave also of four U boats departed in mid-September; these were more successful, mounting an attack on convoy SL 87, sinking six ships.
In the process of attacking SL 87 one boat, U-68 (KK K-F Merten
), fired most of her torpedoes, many of which had malfunctioned (a late example of the torpedo problems that be-devilled the U-boat Arm in the early part of the war) and was left without enough to continue. Another U-boat, U-67 (KL G Muller-Stockheim), had a crewman requiring medical attention. BdU decided to have U-67 and U-68 rendezvous with U-111
(KL W Kleinschmidt
), a first wave boat which was returning to base. Thus, U-111 would transfer fuel and torpedoes to U-68, while the doctor aboard U-68 could treat the sick man on U-67. If he needed hospitalization he could then be shipped home in U-111.
The RV was set for Tarafal Bay
, on the island of Santiago
in the Cape Verde
island group. Cape Verde was neutral Portuguese territory and Tarafal Bay was a remote region of it; BdU reasoned it would be an eminently suitable site for the meeting.
The arrangement for the RV were transmitted encrypted by radio; the messages were received and decoded at Bletchley Park
, including an indiscrete reference by the captain of U-111 to Tarafal Bay as the rendezvous site. Despite the risk of acting directly on Ultra intelligence, thereby risking exposing the fact that the code had been penetrated, the Admiralty decided to intercept the RV and ordered the submarine HMS Clyde
(LtCdr. DC Ingram), on ASW
duty in the South Atlantic, to intercept and destroy them.
. After transferring torpedoes, and making social exchanges, both Merten and Kleinschmidt chose to stand out to sea, in order to gain sea-room, while awaiting U-67. At midnight both U-68 and U-111 were heading out of the bay on the surface, when Clyde, also on the surface, arrived at the mouth of the bay. Catching sight of U-68, Ingram quickly set up a torpedo attack, but before he could fire, his lookouts spotted U-111 heading towards him on a collision course. At the same moment U-111’s bridge crew spotted Clyde, but as Clyde turned to face the oncoming boat, Kleinschmidt elected to crash-dive rather than risk ramming the larger British vessel. His boat submerged, passing a few feet below Clyde’s keel. Ingram quickly turned back to his attack on U-68, firing a full salvo
of six torpedoes.
However Merten had seen the commotion and the torpedo tracks, and turned to comb them before crash-diving himself. The torpedoes shot past harmlessly, two exploding on the shore, and Clyde also dived to re-load.
At this point Tarafal bay had three submarines all submerged and searching for each other by hydrophone
.
Into this scene Muller-Stockheim in U-67 arrived, expecting to find his two comrades. He was alerted by the explosions ashore, and he too dived to start a hydrophone search.
Shortly, he heard propellers approaching, but could see nothing; and decided to surface and make for open water. While doing so he encountered Clyde, heading out of the bay. Having re-loaded, Ingram had decided to regain sea-room and was now on a collision course for U-67. Judging it was too close for a torpedo attack, Ingram determined to ram her, while Muller-Stockheim, deciding against a crash-dive, backed engines to avoid the oncoming submarine. He escaped his boat being sliced in two, but U-67’s bow struck a glancing blow against Clyde’s stern. Clyde escaped serious damage, but U-67’s prow was bent almost to right angles to the hull.
At this both vessels submerged and lost each other in the open water.
U-67 was unable to continue; her torpedo tubes were inoperable and she was ordered to return, still carrying the sick crew-member whose plight had sparked the incident.
U-68 was unaffected, and was ordered to continue her patrol. BdU arranged a further rendezvous with U-67 to take on more fuel and torpedoes; this took place without incident on in a remote bay on the coast of Africa.
U-111 set out for home, but on 4 October was sunk in an action with the armed trawler, HMS Lady Shirley
.
The arrival of Clyde in Tarafal bay on the same evening that U-boats were due to rendezvous was immediately seen as too unlikely to be a coincidence; BdU ordered a full investigation of security, including a check to see whether Enigma had been breached. This was carried out by V Adm
. E Maertens, the German Navy's
chief of communications; his report, on 24 October concluded that Enigma was safe, reinforcing the general view that penetration of Enigma was impossible.
Despite this, BdU had ordered temporary measures on 1 October, leading to an Enigma "blackout" at Bletchley Park. This lasted seven days, when Allied code-breakers re-gained access.
The action had jeopardized Britain's fragile advantage in the intelligence war, and was saved only by the German Navy's complacency concerning its Enigma code. Maertens report, which ran to 18 pages, dismissed the idea of a breach, attributing the discovery to radio direction finding, or to reports from neutral vessels.
However both the suspicion and the investigation of the security breach were overtaken in late October, when the U-boat Arm implemented some long-planned changes to the Enigma system (the change to the Triton network, and the four-rotor machine) which resulted in a prolonged blackout well into the following year.
Submarine
A submarine is a watercraft capable of independent operation below the surface of the water. It differs from a submersible, which has more limited underwater capability...
s.
Background
In September 1941 the German U-boat Arm was engaged in a war against Allied trade; as part of this offensive the U-boat Command (BdUBDU
The abbreviation BDU may refer to:*Battle Dress Uniform, United States' combat uniforms.*Befehlshaber der U-Boote , commander-in-chief of Germany's submarine fleets in WW-II.*FAA location identifier for Boulder Municipal Airport...
) in the person of V Adm.
Vice Admiral
Vice admiral is a senior naval rank of a three-star flag officer, which is equivalent to lieutenant general in the other uniformed services. A vice admiral is typically senior to a rear admiral and junior to an admiral...
Karl Donitz
Karl Dönitz
Karl Dönitz was a German naval commander during World War II. He started his career in the German Navy during World War I. In 1918, while he was in command of , the submarine was sunk by British forces and Dönitz was taken prisoner...
dispatched a force of U-boats to operate in the South Atlantic, principally off the west African coast.
The first wave of four boats left in late August and early September. They had little success; one factor in this was that the Allies had penetrated the German Enigma
Enigma machine
An Enigma machine is any of a family of related electro-mechanical rotor cipher machines used for the encryption and decryption of secret messages. Enigma was invented by German engineer Arthur Scherbius at the end of World War I...
code system, and were able to garner up-to-date intelligence (Ultra
Ultra
Ultra was the designation adopted by British military intelligence in June 1941 for wartime signals intelligence obtained by "breaking" high-level encrypted enemy radio and teleprinter communications at the Government Code and Cypher School at Bletchley Park. "Ultra" eventually became the standard...
) on the whereabouts of marauding U-boats. This enabled them to re-route merchant shipping to avoid trouble.
The following wave also of four U boats departed in mid-September; these were more successful, mounting an attack on convoy SL 87, sinking six ships.
In the process of attacking SL 87 one boat, U-68 (KK K-F Merten
Karl-Friedrich Merten
Captain Karl-Friedrich Merten was a German U-boat commander during World War II. He is credited with the sinking of 27 ships for a total of of allied shipping. For this achievement he was awarded the Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves...
), fired most of her torpedoes, many of which had malfunctioned (a late example of the torpedo problems that be-devilled the U-boat Arm in the early part of the war) and was left without enough to continue. Another U-boat, U-67 (KL G Muller-Stockheim), had a crewman requiring medical attention. BdU decided to have U-67 and U-68 rendezvous with U-111
German submarine U-111 (1940)
German submarine U-111 was a Type IXB U-boat of the German Kriegsmarine during World War II. U-111 was ordered by the Kriegsmarine on 8 August 1939 in violation of the Treaty of Versailles and as part of the German naval rearmament program known as Plan Z. Her keel was laid down by AG Weser in...
(KL W Kleinschmidt
Wilhelm Kleinschmidt
Kapitänleutnant Wilhelm Kleinschmidt was captain of U-111 during World War II which was sunk on 4 October 1941 by HMS Lady Shirley a Royal Navy Anti-submarine warfare trawler when he was killed in action....
), a first wave boat which was returning to base. Thus, U-111 would transfer fuel and torpedoes to U-68, while the doctor aboard U-68 could treat the sick man on U-67. If he needed hospitalization he could then be shipped home in U-111.
The RV was set for Tarafal Bay
Tarrafal, Cape Verde
Tarrafal is a municipality located in the northern part of the island of Santiago in Sotavento in Cape Verde. The municipal population is around 18000, the area is 112.4 km² and the density is about 160/km². Tarrafal is located 75 km NNW of Cape Verde's capital, Praia.Farmland surrounds...
, on the island of Santiago
Santiago, Cape Verde
Santiago , or Santiagu in Cape Verdean Creole, is the largest island of Cape Verde, its most important agricultural centre and home to half the nation’s population. At the time of Darwin's voyage it was called St. Jago....
in the Cape Verde
Cape Verde
The Republic of Cape Verde is an island country, spanning an archipelago of 10 islands located in the central Atlantic Ocean, 570 kilometres off the coast of Western Africa...
island group. Cape Verde was neutral Portuguese territory and Tarafal Bay was a remote region of it; BdU reasoned it would be an eminently suitable site for the meeting.
The arrangement for the RV were transmitted encrypted by radio; the messages were received and decoded at Bletchley Park
Bletchley Park
Bletchley Park is an estate located in the town of Bletchley, in Buckinghamshire, England, which currently houses the National Museum of Computing...
, including an indiscrete reference by the captain of U-111 to Tarafal Bay as the rendezvous site. Despite the risk of acting directly on Ultra intelligence, thereby risking exposing the fact that the code had been penetrated, the Admiralty decided to intercept the RV and ordered the submarine HMS Clyde
HMS Clyde (N12)
HMS Clyde was an ocean-going submarine of the River Class. She was built by Vickers Armstrong, Barrow and launched on 15 March 1934. Building was completed on 12 April 1935.-Service history:...
(LtCdr. DC Ingram), on ASW
Anti-submarine warfare
Anti-submarine warfare is a branch of naval warfare that uses surface warships, aircraft, or other submarines to find, track and deter, damage or destroy enemy submarines....
duty in the South Atlantic, to intercept and destroy them.
Action
On the evening of 27 September U-68 and U-111 made rendezvous in Tarafal bayTarrafal, Cape Verde
Tarrafal is a municipality located in the northern part of the island of Santiago in Sotavento in Cape Verde. The municipal population is around 18000, the area is 112.4 km² and the density is about 160/km². Tarrafal is located 75 km NNW of Cape Verde's capital, Praia.Farmland surrounds...
. After transferring torpedoes, and making social exchanges, both Merten and Kleinschmidt chose to stand out to sea, in order to gain sea-room, while awaiting U-67. At midnight both U-68 and U-111 were heading out of the bay on the surface, when Clyde, also on the surface, arrived at the mouth of the bay. Catching sight of U-68, Ingram quickly set up a torpedo attack, but before he could fire, his lookouts spotted U-111 heading towards him on a collision course. At the same moment U-111’s bridge crew spotted Clyde, but as Clyde turned to face the oncoming boat, Kleinschmidt elected to crash-dive rather than risk ramming the larger British vessel. His boat submerged, passing a few feet below Clyde’s keel. Ingram quickly turned back to his attack on U-68, firing a full salvo
Salvo
A salvo is the simultaneous discharge of artillery or firearms including the firing of guns either to hit a target or to perform a salute.Troops armed with muzzleloaders required time in which to refill their arms with gun powder and shot...
of six torpedoes.
However Merten had seen the commotion and the torpedo tracks, and turned to comb them before crash-diving himself. The torpedoes shot past harmlessly, two exploding on the shore, and Clyde also dived to re-load.
At this point Tarafal bay had three submarines all submerged and searching for each other by hydrophone
Hydrophone
A hydrophone is a microphone designed to be used underwater for recording or listening to underwater sound. Most hydrophones are based on a piezoelectric transducer that generates electricity when subjected to a pressure change...
.
Into this scene Muller-Stockheim in U-67 arrived, expecting to find his two comrades. He was alerted by the explosions ashore, and he too dived to start a hydrophone search.
Shortly, he heard propellers approaching, but could see nothing; and decided to surface and make for open water. While doing so he encountered Clyde, heading out of the bay. Having re-loaded, Ingram had decided to regain sea-room and was now on a collision course for U-67. Judging it was too close for a torpedo attack, Ingram determined to ram her, while Muller-Stockheim, deciding against a crash-dive, backed engines to avoid the oncoming submarine. He escaped his boat being sliced in two, but U-67’s bow struck a glancing blow against Clyde’s stern. Clyde escaped serious damage, but U-67’s prow was bent almost to right angles to the hull.
At this both vessels submerged and lost each other in the open water.
Aftermath
Clyde was not seriously damaged and was able to resume her patrol, but was unable to regain contact with any of the U-boats.U-67 was unable to continue; her torpedo tubes were inoperable and she was ordered to return, still carrying the sick crew-member whose plight had sparked the incident.
U-68 was unaffected, and was ordered to continue her patrol. BdU arranged a further rendezvous with U-67 to take on more fuel and torpedoes; this took place without incident on in a remote bay on the coast of Africa.
U-111 set out for home, but on 4 October was sunk in an action with the armed trawler, HMS Lady Shirley
HMS Lady Shirley
HMS Lady Shirley was a fishing trawler requisitioned by the Royal Navy in 1940 and converted for anti-submarine warfare. In its brief career it sunk German submarine U-111.-Service record:...
.
The arrival of Clyde in Tarafal bay on the same evening that U-boats were due to rendezvous was immediately seen as too unlikely to be a coincidence; BdU ordered a full investigation of security, including a check to see whether Enigma had been breached. This was carried out by V Adm
Vice Admiral
Vice admiral is a senior naval rank of a three-star flag officer, which is equivalent to lieutenant general in the other uniformed services. A vice admiral is typically senior to a rear admiral and junior to an admiral...
. E Maertens, the German Navy's
Kriegsmarine
The Kriegsmarine was the name of the German Navy during the Nazi regime . It superseded the Kaiserliche Marine of World War I and the post-war Reichsmarine. The Kriegsmarine was one of three official branches of the Wehrmacht, the unified armed forces of Nazi Germany.The Kriegsmarine grew rapidly...
chief of communications; his report, on 24 October concluded that Enigma was safe, reinforcing the general view that penetration of Enigma was impossible.
Despite this, BdU had ordered temporary measures on 1 October, leading to an Enigma "blackout" at Bletchley Park. This lasted seven days, when Allied code-breakers re-gained access.
The action had jeopardized Britain's fragile advantage in the intelligence war, and was saved only by the German Navy's complacency concerning its Enigma code. Maertens report, which ran to 18 pages, dismissed the idea of a breach, attributing the discovery to radio direction finding, or to reports from neutral vessels.
However both the suspicion and the investigation of the security breach were overtaken in late October, when the U-boat Arm implemented some long-planned changes to the Enigma system (the change to the Triton network, and the four-rotor machine) which resulted in a prolonged blackout well into the following year.