A Defence of Poetry is an essay by the English

England

England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, with the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separating it from continental...

 poet Percy Bysshe Shelley

Percy Bysshe Shelley

Percy Bysshe Shelley was one of the major English Romantic poets and is critically regarded as among the finest lyric poets in the English language. Shelley was famous for his association with John Keats and Lord Byron...

, written in 1821 and first published posthumously in 1840 in Essays, Letters from Abroad, Translations and Fragments (1840) [1839]. It contains Shelley's famous claim that "poets are the unacknowledged legislators of the world".

It was written in response to his friend Thomas Love Peacock

Thomas Love Peacock

Thomas Love Peacock was an English satirist and author.Peacock was a close friend of Percy Bysshe Shelley and they influenced each other's work...

's article The Four Ages of Poetry which had been published in 1820. Shelley wrote to the publishers Charles and James Ollier (who were also his own publishers):

I am enchanted with your Literary Miscellany, although the last article has excited my polemical faculties so violently that the moment I get rid of my ophthalmia, I mean to set about an answer to it. . . . It is very clever, but I think, very false.'

To Peacock Shelley wrote:

Your anathemas against poetry itself excited me to a sacred rage. . . . I had the greatest possible desire to break a lance with you . . . in honour of my mistress Urania.

A Defence of Poetry was eventually published, with some edits by John Hunt

John Hunt

John Hunt may refer to:*John Hunt , Quaker minister, originally from London, England, and one of the "Virginia Exiles"*John Hunt , Quaker minister and journalist from Moorestown, New Jersey...

, posthumously by Shelley's wife Mary Shelley

Mary Shelley

Mary Shelley was a British novelist, short story writer, dramatist, essayist, biographer, and travel writer, best known for her Gothic novel Frankenstein: or, The Modern Prometheus . She also edited and promoted the works of her husband, the Romantic poet and philosopher Percy Bysshe Shelley...

 in 1840.

From Editorial Introductions to A Defence of Poetry

Robert M. Hutchins and Mortimer J. Adler, eds. Gateway to the Great Books

Gateway to the Great Books

Gateway to the Great Books is a 10-volume series of books originally published by Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. in 1963 and edited by Mortimer Adler and Robert Maynard Hutchins. The set was designed as an introduction to the Great Books of the Western World, published by the same organization and...

Volume 5, Critical Essays. Toronto: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1963, p.214. (No ISBN.)

In A Defence of Poetry, [Shelley] attempts to prove that poets are philosophers; that they are the creators and protectors of moral and civil laws; and that if it were not for poets, scientists could not have developed either their theories or their inventions.

Perkins, David, ed. English Romantic Writers, 2nd Edition. Toronto: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1995, p.1131. ISBN 0-15-501688-1.

...Shelley was mainly concerned to explain the moral (and thus the social) function of poetry. In doing so, he produced one of the most penetrating general discussions on poetry that we have.

Major Themes

In A Defence of Poetry, Shelley argued that the invention of language reveals a human impulse to reproduce the rhythmic and ordered, so that harmony and unity are delighted in wherever they are found and incorporated, instinctively, into creative activities: ‘Every man in the infancy of art, observes an order which approximates more or less closely to that from which highest delight results...’ This ‘faculty of approximation’ enables the observer to experience the beautiful, by establishing a ‘relation between the highest pleasure and its causes’. Those who possess this faculty ‘in excess are poets’ and their task is to communicate the ‘pleasure’ of their experiences to the community. Shelley does not claim language is poetry on the grounds that language is the medium of poetry; rather he recognizes in the creation of language an adherence to the poetic precepts of order, harmony, unity, and a desire to express delight in the beautiful. Aesthetic admiration of ‘the true and the beautiful’ is provided with an important social aspect which extends beyond communication and precipitates self-awareness. Poetry and the various modes of art it incorporates are directly involved with the social activities of life.

For Shelley, ‘poets...are not only the authors of language and of music, of the dance, and architecture, and statuary, and painting; they are the institutors of laws, and the founders of civil society...’ Social and linguistic order are not the sole products of the rational faculty, as language is ‘arbitrarily produced by the imagination’ and reveals ‘the before unapprehended relations of things and perpetuates their apprehension’ of a higher beauty and truth. In short, "poets are the unacknowledged legislators of the world".

Sources

• Sandy, Mark. "Defence of Poetry" by Percy Bysshe Shelley. 25 August 2004. The Literary Encyclopaedia
• Shelley, Percy Bysshe. Essays, Letters from Abroad, Translations and Fragments. In two volumes. Edited by Mary Shelley. London: Edward Moxon, (1840) [1839].
• English Essays: From Sir Philip Sidney to Macaulay. With Introductions and Notes. The Harvard Classics. Edited by Charles W. Eliot, LL.D. NY: P.F. Collier and Son, 1909.
• Bennett, Betty T., and Stuart Curran, editors. Shelley: Poet and Legislator of the World. The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995.
• Kaufman, Robert. "Legislators of the Post-Everything World: Shelley's Defence of Adorno," English Literary History, 63 (Fall, 1996): 707-33.
• Lee, Monika. "Shelley's A Defence of Poetry and Frye: A Theory of Synchronicity." Lee, Alvin (ed.); Denham, Robert D. (ed.). The Legacy of Northrop Frye. Toronto: U of Toronto P, 1994. 190-200.
• Shelley, Percy Bysshe. "A Defense of Poetry." Romanticism: An Anthology. Ed. Duncan Wu. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1998. pp. 944-956.
• Verkoren, Lucas. A Study of Shelley's 'Defence of Poetry': Its Origin, Textual History, Sources and Significance. Amsterdam: Mijs, 1937.
• Delisle, Fanny. A Study of Shelley's A Defence of Poetry: A Textual and Critical Evaluation. Volume 2. Edwin Mellen Press, 1974.
• Dod, Elmar. "Die Vernünftigkeit der Imagination in Aufklärung und Romantik. Eine komparatistische Studie zu Schillers und Shelleys ästhetischen Theorien in ihrem europäischen Kontext." (Title: Imaginative Reason in Enlightenment and Romanticism. A Comparative Study of Schiller's and Shelley's Aesthetic Theories in Their European Context.) Tübingen: Max Niemeyer 1985.
• Ferguson, Margaret W. "Border Territories of Defense: Freud and Defenses of Poetry." The Literary Freud: Mechanisms of Defense and the Poetic Will. New Haven: Yale UP, 1980. 149-80.
• Mahoney, John L. (1984). "The Idea of Mimesis in Shelley's A Defence of Poetry." The British Journal of Aesthetics, 24(1), pp. 59-64.
• Mahoney, John L. "Teaching 'To a Sky-Lark' in Relation to Shelley's Defense." Hall, Spencer (ed.). Approaches to Teaching Shelley's Poetry. New York: MLA, 1990. 83-85.
• Cameron, Esther. (2003). "Shelley's 'Defence' Today." The Antigonish Review, 122.
• Macdonald, Kate. "A Defence of Poetry: A Study of the Relationship Between Percy Shelley and Thomas Love Peacock". Web link: http://www.clayfox.com/ashessparks/reports/kate.html
• Leigh, Ivey. "Percy Shelley's A Defense of Poetry: How Hidden Poets Lead to Society's Salvation." British Poetry, Suite101.com. February 25, 2009.
• Kucich, Greg. Keats, Shelley, and Romantic Spenserianism. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1991.
• Rudy, John G. "Romanticism and Buddhism: Shelley's Golden Wind: Zen Harmonics in A Defence of Poetry and 'Ode to the West Wind'". Romantic Circles Praxis Series.
• O'Neill, Michael. (Fall, 1996). "A Defense of Poetry: Reflections on the Occasion of Writing." Criticism.
• Turley, Richard Marggraf. (April, 2000). "An Echo of Clarke's Address in Shelley's Defence?" Neophilologus, 84, 2, pp. 323-27.
• Cox, Jeffrey. Poetry and Politics in the Cockney School: Keats, Shelley, Hunt and their Circle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
• Baker, John Ross. (1981). "Poetry and Language in Shelley's Defence of Poetry." Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, 39, 4, pp. 437-449.
• Eichman, Richard. (Spring, 2000). "'Imagining' History: Shelley’s Use of History as Rhetoric in A Defence of Poetry." Publication of the Illinois Philological Association, 3.
• Hall, Jean. (1992). "The Divine and Dispassionate Selves: Shelley’s Defence and Peacock’s The Four Ages." Keats-Shelley Journal: Keats, Shelley, Byron, Hunt, and Their Circles, 41, pp. 139-63.
• Mahon, James Edwin. "Truth and Metaphor: A Defense of Shelley." Debatin, Bernhard (ed.); Jackson, Timothy R. (ed.); Steuer, Daniel (ed.). Metaphor and Rational Discourse. Tubingen, Germany: Niemeyer, 1997. 137-46.
• Smith-Hubbard, Julie L. (2008). "Cosmopoetics and Politics: Were Those 'Unacknowledged Legislators of the World' Actually Women?" Forum on Public Policy.
• Pottle, Frederick A. "The Case of Shelley." English Romantic Poets: Modern Essays in Criticism. Ed. M. H. Abrams. 2nd ed. London: Oxford U. P., 1975. 366-83.
• Rich, Adrienne. "Legislators of the world. Commentary: In our dark times we need poetry more than ever, argues Adrienne Rich." The Guardian, Saturday 18 November 2006.
• McElderry, B.R., Jr. (1944). "Common Elements in Wordsworth's 'Preface' and Shelley's Defence of Poetry." Modern Language Quarterly, 5(2), pp. 175-181.
• Bradley, A.C. "Shelley's View of Poetry." Oxford Lectures on Poetry. London: 1909.
• Alden, R.M. "The Romantic Defence of Poetry." Schelling Anniversary Papers. NY: 1923.
• Peck, W.E. Shelley, His Life and Work. Boston: 1927.
• Hayashida, Minoru. (1964). "Shelley's View of Poetry Around his Defence of Poetry." [in Japanese] Osaka Shoin Women's College Collected Essays, pp. 1-15.
• Allard, James. (1997). "'The Unacknowledged Legislators of the World': Songs and Poetry in Guy Gavriel Kay's A Song for Arbonne." Bright Weavings.
• Kroeber, Karl, and Gene W. Ruoff. Romantic Poetry: Recent Revisionary Criticism. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1993.
• Bunn, James. "The 'True Utility' of Shelley's Method in A Defense of Poetry." Schoonmaker, Donald (ed.); Alford, John A. (ed.). English Romanticism: Preludes and Postludes. East Lansing: 1993. 97-114.
• Chapman, Robert. "Judges as Hierophants, Economists as the Unacknowledged Legislators of the World: Value, Truth, Poetry, Science." Paper presented at the annual meeting of the The Law and Society Association, Renaissance Hotel, Chicago, Illinois, May 27, 2004.
• Chappell, Michael. "De-Fencing the Poet: The Political Dilemma of the Poet and the People in Milton's Second Defense and Shelley's Defence of Poetry." Low, Lisa (ed.); Harding, Anthony John (ed.). Milton, the Metaphysicals, and Romanticism. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1994. 136-50.
• Ware, Tracy. "A New Miltonic Echo in Shelley's Defence." English Language Notes, 19.2 (1981): 120-22.
• Ware, Tracy. "Shelley's Platonism in A Defence of Poetry." SEL, 23.4 (1983): 549-66.
• Dawson, P.M.S. The Unacknowledged Legislator: Shelley and Politics. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1980.

External links

• Text of "A Defence of Poetry"
• See http://www.thomaslovepeacock.net/defence.html for additional background to 'A Defence of Poetry' and 'The Four Ages of Poetry.'
• The Thomas Love Peacock Society Homepage: http://www.thomaslovepeacock.net/