Wollaton Hall
Encyclopedia
Wollaton Hall is a country house standing on a small but prominent hill in Wollaton
Wollaton
Wollaton is an area in the western part of Nottingham, England. It is home to Wollaton Hall with its museum, deer park, lake, walks and golf course...

, Nottingham
Nottingham
Nottingham is a city and unitary authority in the East Midlands of England. It is located in the ceremonial county of Nottinghamshire and represents one of eight members of the English Core Cities Group...

, England
England
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, with the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separating it from continental...

. Wollaton Park is the area of parkland that the stately house stands in. The house itself is a natural history museum, with other museums in the out-buildings. The surrounding land is regularly used for large scale outdoor events such as rock concerts and festivals.

History

Wollaton Hall was built between 1580 and 1588 for Sir Francis Willoughby
Francis Willoughby (1547-1596)
Sir Francis Willoughby was an industrialist and coalowner, who built Wollaton Hall in Nottinghamshire.He was the son of Henry Willoughby, a Dorset landowner and Anne, daughter of Thomas Grey, Marquess of Dorset. Henry had inherited Wollaton from his uncle John Willoughby on 10 January 1549, but...

 and is believed to be designed by the Elizabethan architect, Robert Smythson
Robert Smythson
Robert Smythson was an English architect. Smythson designed a number of notable houses during the Elizabethan era. Little is known about his birth and upbringing—his first mention in historical records comes in 1556, when he was stonemason for the house at Longleat, built by Sir John Thynne...

, who was the architect of Hardwick Hall
Hardwick Hall
Hardwick Hall , in Derbyshire, is one of the most significant Elizabethan country houses in England. In common with its architect Robert Smythson's other works at both Longleat House and Wollaton Hall, Hardwick Hall is one of the earliest examples of the English interpretation of the Renaissance...

. The style is Elizabethan
Elizabethan architecture
Elizabethan architecture is the term given to early Renaissance architecture in England, during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I. Historically, the period corresponds to the Cinquecento in Italy, the Early Renaissance in France, and the Plateresque style in Spain...

 with early Jacobean
Jacobean architecture
The Jacobean style is the second phase of Renaissance architecture in England, following the Elizabethan style. It is named after King James I of England, with whose reign it is associated.-Characteristics:...

 elements. The floor plan has been said to derive from Serlio's drawing (in Book III of his Five Books of Architecture) of Giuliano da Majano's Villa Poggio Reale near Naples of the late fifteenth century, with elevations derived from Hans Vredeman de Vries
Hans Vredeman de Vries
Hans Vredeman de Vries was a Dutch Renaissance architect, painter, and engineer. Vredeman de Vries is known for his publication in 1583 on garden design and his books with many examples on ornaments and perspective ....

.. The architectural historian Mark Girouard
Mark Girouard
Dr Mark Girouard MA, PhD, DipArch, FSA is a British architectural writer, an authority on the country house, leading architectural historian, and biographer of James Stirling.- Family life :...

 has suggested that the design is in fact derived from Nikolaus de Lyra's reconstruction, and Josephus
Josephus
Titus Flavius Josephus , also called Joseph ben Matityahu , was a 1st-century Romano-Jewish historian and hagiographer of priestly and royal ancestry who recorded Jewish history, with special emphasis on the 1st century AD and the First Jewish–Roman War, which resulted in the Destruction of...

's description, of Solomon's Temple in Jerusalem,, with a more direct inspiration being the mid-sixteenth century Mount Edgcumbe
Mount Edgcumbe House
Mount Edgcumbe House is a stately home in south-east Cornwall. It is a Grade II listed building and the gardens are listed as Grade I in the Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in England....

 in Cornwall, which Smythson knew. The building is of Ancaster stone
Ancaster stone
Ancaster stone is Middle Jurassic oolitic limestone, quarried around Ancaster, Lincolnshire, England. There are three forms of this limestone, Weather Bed, Hard White and Freestone...

 from Lincolnshire
Lincolnshire
Lincolnshire is a county in the east of England. It borders Norfolk to the south east, Cambridgeshire to the south, Rutland to the south west, Leicestershire and Nottinghamshire to the west, South Yorkshire to the north west, and the East Riding of Yorkshire to the north. It also borders...

, and is said to have been paid for with coal from the Wollaton pits owned by Willoughby. Cassandra Willoughby, Duchess of Chandos
Cassandra Willoughby, Duchess of Chandos
Cassandra Willoughby, Duchess of Chandos was a British historian, travel writer and artist.She was the daughter of Francis Willoughby of Wollaton, Nottinghamshire, a Fellow of the Royal Society, and a writer on natural history, and his wife Emma, the daughter of Sir Henry Barnard of Bridgnorth,...

 recorded in 1702 that the master masons, and some of the statuary, were brought from Italy. The decorative but ludicrous gondola
Gondola
The gondola is a traditional, flat-bottomed Venetian rowing boat, well suited to the conditions of the Venetian Lagoon. For centuries gondolas were the chief means of transportation and most common watercraft within Venice. In modern times the iconic boats still have a role in public transport in...

 mooring rings carved in stone on the exterior walls offer some evidence of this, as do other architectural features. There are also obvious French and Dutch influences.

The building consists of a high central hall, surrounded by four towers. Unfortunately, a fire caused damage to Smythson's interior decoration of some of the ground floor rooms, but little structural damage occurred. Remodelling was carried out by Wyattville
Jeffry Wyattville
Sir Jeffry Wyattville was an English architect and garden designer. His original surname was Wyatt, and his name is sometimes also written as Jeffrey and his surname as Wyatville; he changed his name in 1824.He was trained by his uncles Samuel Wyatt and James Wyatt, who were both leading architects...

 in 1801 and continued intermittently until the 1830s.

The gallery of the main hall contains Nottinghamshire's oldest pipe organ
Pipe organ
The pipe organ is a musical instrument that produces sound by driving pressurized air through pipes selected via a keyboard. Because each organ pipe produces a single pitch, the pipes are provided in sets called ranks, each of which has a common timbre and volume throughout the keyboard compass...

, thought to date from the end of the seventeenth century, possibly by the builder Gerard Smith. It is still blown by hand. Paintings on the ceilings and one wall are attributed to Verrio or his assistant Laguerre. Directly over the main hall is a 'prospect room', from which there are extensive views of the Park. Beneath the hall are many cellars and passages, and a well
Water well
A water well is an excavation or structure created in the ground by digging, driving, boring or drilling to access groundwater in underground aquifers. The well water is drawn by an electric submersible pump, a trash pump, a vertical turbine pump, a handpump or a mechanical pump...

 and associated reservoir tank, in which some accounts report that an admiral
Admiral
Admiral is the rank, or part of the name of the ranks, of the highest naval officers. It is usually considered a full admiral and above vice admiral and below admiral of the fleet . It is usually abbreviated to "Adm" or "ADM"...

 of the Willoughby family took a daily bath.

The Willoughbys were noted for the number of explorers they produced, most famously Sir Hugh Willoughby who died in the Arctic in 1554 attempting a North East passage to Cathay
Cathay
Cathay is the Anglicized version of "Catai" and an alternative name for China in English. It originates from the word Khitan, the name of a nomadic people who founded the Liao Dynasty which ruled much of Northern China from 907 to 1125, and who had a state of their own centered around today's...

. Willoughby's Land
Willoughby's Land
During his 1553 voyage across the Barents Sea, English explorer Hugh Willoughby thought he saw islands to the north. Based on his description, these islands were subsequently depicted and named "Willoughby's Land" and "Macsinof Island" on maps published by Petrus Plancius in 1592 and 1594 ....

 is named after him.

In 1881, the house was still owned by the head of the Willoughby family, Digby Willoughby, 9th Baron Middleton
Digby Willoughby, 9th Baron Middleton
Digby Wentworth Bayard Willoughby, 9th Baron Middleton was an English nobleman, the eldest son of Henry Willoughby, 8th Baron Middleton....

, but by then it was "too near the smoke and busy activity of a large manufacturing town... now only removed from the borough by a narrow slip of country", so that the previous head of the family, Henry Willoughby, 8th Baron Middleton
Henry Willoughby, 8th Baron Middleton
Henry Willoughby, 8th Baron Middleton was an English peer.He was born at Apsley Hall, Nottingham, the eldest son of Henry Willoughby and Charlotte Eyre and educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge...

, had begun to let the house to tenants and in 1881 it was vacant.

The hall reopened in April 2007 after being closed for refurbishment. The prospect room at the top of the house, and the kitchens in the basement, were opened up for the public to visit, though this must be done on one of the escorted tours. The latter can be booked on the day, last about an hour, and a small charge is made.

In 2011, key scenes from the Batman
Batman
Batman is a fictional character created by the artist Bob Kane and writer Bill Finger. A comic book superhero, Batman first appeared in Detective Comics #27 , and since then has appeared primarily in publications by DC Comics...

 movie The Dark Knight Rises
The Dark Knight Rises
The Dark Knight Rises is an upcoming epic superhero film. Based on the DC Comics character Batman, the film will be the third and final installment in Nolan's Batman film series, and is a sequel to Batman Begins and The Dark Knight...

, were filmed there. The hall will feature as the latest Wayne Manor
Wayne Manor
In DC Comics, Wayne Manor is a fictional setting, the personal residence of Bruce Wayne, who is also Batman. The residence is typically depicted as a huge stately mansion on grounds outside Gotham City, maintained by the Wayne family's servant, Alfred Pennyworth...

.

History

The enclosure
Enclosure
Enclosure or inclosure is the process which ends traditional rights such as mowing meadows for hay, or grazing livestock on common land. Once enclosed, these uses of the land become restricted to the owner, and it ceases to be common land. In England and Wales the term is also used for the...

 of Wollaton Park required the destruction of the village of Sutton Passeys. It was enclosed by Henry Willoughby, 6th Baron Middleton
Henry Willoughby, 6th Baron Middleton
Henry Willoughby, 6th Baron Middleton was an English nobleman, the only son of Henry Willoughby, 5th Baron Middleton....

 with a 7 miles (11.3 km) red brick wall, at the start of the nineteenth century. Originally 790 acres (3.2 km²), land sales have reduced the park to 500 acres (2 km²).

In this park, during World War II
World War II
World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...

 members of the U.S.
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...

 508th Parachute Infantry Regiment were billeted waiting to be parachuted into Europe. A small plaque commemorates this event. Subsequently German prisoners of war were billeted here for employment in the locality between 1945 and 1947.

The grounds, Wollaton Park, are the home to the Intercounties Cross Country trials in March of each year, as well as many other events.

Nottingham Natural History Museum

Nottingham Natural History Museum started life as an interest group at the Nottingham Mechanics' Institution
Nottingham Mechanics' Institution
The Nottingham Mechanics' Institution was founded in 1837 in Nottingham to improve the knowledge of working men with classes and lectures, the provision of libraries, performances of music, drama and readings, and through social contact with a good cross-section of the better educated members of...

. Now owned by the Nottingham City Council, the Hall houses Nottingham City Museum & Galleries Natural History Collections.

Nottingham Industrial Museum

On the last Sunday of every month, visitors can experience 'Sunday Steamings' at the Industrial Museum based in the Courtyard which is open only for these special events. The Courtyard range contains a display of textile, transport and technology from Nottingham's past, including the Basford Beam Engine
Beam engine
A beam engine is a type of steam engine where a pivoted overhead beam is used to apply the force from a vertical piston to a vertical connecting rod. This configuration, with the engine directly driving a pump, was first used by Thomas Newcomen around 1705 to remove water from mines in Cornwall...

; a fully operational analogue telephone network; a display of cycles, motor cycles and motor cars linked to the city; and examples of significant lace-making machinery - which put Nottingham on the textile map. The Steaming Days are run by the Nottingham Arkwright Society on the last Sunday of every month.

On the exclusive Sunday Steaming events visitors can expect to see:
Vintage Tractor Collection
The Museum has a collection of vintage tractors, most of which are operational and used regularly for Steam-Up events:
  • Field Marshall
    Field Marshall
    The Field-Marshalls were a range of British farm tractors manufactured by Marshall, Sons & Co. of Gainsborough, Lincolnshire.Field-Marshalls were in production from 1945 to 1957. However, the first single-cylinder Marshall came into production in 1930....

     Series II tractor built in the 1940s. Painted green.
  • Standard Fordson tractor. Painted green.
  • 'Little Grey Fergi' tractor MWK 832 TE20D
    Ferguson TE20
    The Ferguson Model TE20 was a British agricultural tractor. It was Harry Ferguson's most successful design, commonly known as the Little Grey Fergie. It was manufactured from 1946 to 1956...

    . Painted Ferguson grey.
  • Fordson Major tractor, built in 1950s.
  • Ferguson tractor SAL 67. Undergoing restoration in the workshop.

Fowler ploughing engines
The museum has a pair of 1929 ploughing engines which were the last two to be built by John Fowler & Co.
John Fowler & Co.
thumb|right|John Fowler & Co. [[steam roller]] of 1923John Fowler & Co Engineers of Leathley Road, Hunslet, Leeds, West Yorkshire, England produced traction engines and ploughing implements and equipment, as well as railway equipment. Fowler also produced the Track Marshall tractor which was a...

. Unusually for ploughing engines, they each have a canopy fitted. One (registration no. VO 8987) is operational and is used regularly on steaming days, the other (VO 8988) is not operational and is awaiting a major overhaul, which will include the fitting of a new boiler
Boiler
A boiler is a closed vessel in which water or other fluid is heated. The heated or vaporized fluid exits the boiler for use in various processes or heating applications.-Materials:...

.
Portable engines
The museum has two portable engine
Portable engine
A portable engine is a small steam engine, mounted on wheels or skids, which is used for driving machinery using a belt from its flywheel. It is not self-propelled and is towed to the work site by horses or bullocks, or even a traction engine. Portable engines were used mainly for driving...

s on site. One was built in 1886 by Marshall and is in working order, the other was built by Crosskill and is disguised as Trevor the Traction Engine
Trevor the Traction Engine
Trevor the Traction Engine is a fictional anthropomorphic character from The Railway Series children's books by the Rev. W. Awdry, and the spin-off TV Series Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends....

.
Other items
As well as the tractors and traction engines there is a living van, a saw bench, and a Marshall threshing drum
Threshing machine
The thrashing machine, or, in modern spelling, threshing machine , was a machine first invented by Scottish mechanical engineer Andrew Meikle for use in agriculture. It was invented for the separation of grain from stalks and husks. For thousands of years, grain was separated by hand with flails,...

 (No. 29505) that operates in the summer months powered either by the Field Marshall tractor, the Standard Fordson tractor or the Fowler ploughing engine. The museum is also home to two balance ploughs – the type used with ploughing engines – and a collection of barn engines which are used during steam-up events.

Nature

The park is home to a herd of Red Deer
Red Deer
The red deer is one of the largest deer species. Depending on taxonomy, the red deer inhabits most of Europe, the Caucasus Mountains region, Asia Minor, parts of western Asia, and central Asia. It also inhabits the Atlas Mountains region between Morocco and Tunisia in northwestern Africa, being...

 and Fallow Deer
Fallow Deer
The Fallow Deer is a ruminant mammal belonging to the family Cervidae. This common species is native to western Eurasia, but has been introduced widely elsewhere. It often includes the rarer Persian Fallow Deer as a subspecies , while others treat it as an entirely different species The Fallow...

. Other wildlife of note at the park include a large corvid roost made up of Rook
Rook (bird)
The Rook is a member of the Corvidae family in the passerine order of birds. Named by Carl Linnaeus in 1758, the species name frugilegus is Latin for "food-gathering"....

, Jackdaw
Jackdaw
The Jackdaw , sometimes known as the Eurasian Jackdaw, European Jackdaw or Western Jackdaw, is a passerine bird in the crow family. Found across Europe, western Asia and North Africa, it is mostly sedentary, although northern and eastern populations migrate south in winter. Four subspecies are...

, and Carrion crow
Carrion Crow
The Carrion Crow is a member of the passerine order of birds and the crow family which is native to western Europe and eastern Asia.-Taxonomy:...

. Other notable species present at the site are populations of Jay
Jay
The jays are several species of medium-sized, usually colorful and noisy, passerine birds in the crow family Corvidae. The names jay and magpie are somewhat interchangeable, and the evolutionary relationships are rather complex...

, Nuthatch
Nuthatch
The nuthatches are a genus, Sitta, of small passerine birds belonging to the family Sittidae. Characterised by large heads, short tails, and powerful bills and feet, nuthatches advertise their territory using loud, simple songs...

 and Sparrowhawk. Migrating wildfowl grace the lake in the winter and species of note include Gadwall
Gadwall
The Gadwall is a common and widespread duck of the family Anatidae.- Description :The Gadwall is 46–56 cm long with a 78–90 cm wingspan. The male is slightly larger than the female, weighing on average 990 g against her 850 g...

, Northern Shoveler
Northern Shoveler
The Northern Shoveler , Northern Shoveller in British English, sometimes known simply as the Shoveler, is a common and widespread duck. It breeds in northern areas of Europe and Asia and across most of North America, and is a rare vagrant to Australia...

, Eurasian Wigeon and Tufted duck
Tufted Duck
The Tufted Duck, Aythya fuligula, is a medium-sized diving duck with a population of close to one million birds.- Description :The adult male is all black except for white flanks and a blue-grey bill. It has an obvious head tuft that gives the species its name.The adult female is brown with paler...

. There is a good diversity of Fungi present, especially in the winter months, mainly found near the wooded areas and the lake.

Lenton Lodge

Lenton Lodge is one of the Gatehouses built around the boundary of Wollaton Park. It was commissioned by Henry Willoughby, 6th Baron Middleton
Henry Willoughby, 6th Baron Middleton
Henry Willoughby, 6th Baron Middleton was an English nobleman, the only son of Henry Willoughby, 5th Baron Middleton....

. It was designed by the architect Jeffry Wyatville and completed in 1825. It is built in the Elizabethan Revival style.

With the sale of part of the park for residential building, Lenton Lodge is now separated from the rest of the park, and stands isolated but prominent on Derby Road in Lenton. In was sold by Nottingham City Council
Nottingham City Council
Nottingham City Council is the non-metropolitan district council for the unitary authority of Nottingham in Nottinghamshire. It consists of 55 councillors, representing a total of 20 wards, elected every four years. It is led by Jon Collins, of the majority Labour Party. The deputy leader of the...

 in the early 1980s .

A 99 year revolving lease was acquired by Moiz Saigara in 1996. Planning permission to convert Lenton Lodge to a single dwelling was obtained and major restoration work was undertaken by Moiz Saigara, using Julian Owen Associates as the architect. The main part of this work -apart from restoration and installation of services - was filling in the middle archway in such a way as to be able to connect the two wings without detracting from the appearance which identifies the building as a gatehouse. The Lodge was used by Moiz Saigara as his residence from 1996 to 2006, when the lease was sold to Mr Chek Whyte
Chek Whyte
Chek Whyte is a British property developer and businessman, living in Nottinghamshire.-Career:...

.

In 2006-8 Lenton Lodge was restored by Chek Whyte Industries and sold as a 3324 sq ft (308.8 m²) office in 2009. It is now occupied by Global Fire and Security.

Beeston Lodge

It was designed by the architect Jeffry Wyatville around 1832. It is built of coursed Gritstone ashlar in a heavy Gothic style with "martello-type" round outer towers with battlements. The square central gatehouse is connected to the towers at the second floor level. It has an arched carriage entrance with an oriel window above. It was built following the Nottingham Reform riots in October 1831, and is now a Grade II listed building.

Owners of Wollaton Hall

  • 1580 - 1596 Sir Francis Willoughby (1547-1596)
    Francis Willoughby (1547-1596)
    Sir Francis Willoughby was an industrialist and coalowner, who built Wollaton Hall in Nottinghamshire.He was the son of Henry Willoughby, a Dorset landowner and Anne, daughter of Thomas Grey, Marquess of Dorset. Henry had inherited Wollaton from his uncle John Willoughby on 10 January 1549, but...

  • 1596 - 1643 Sir Percival Willoughby
    Percival Willoughby
    Sir Percival Willoughby was a prominent land owner, businessman involved during his lifetime variously in mining, iron smelting, glass making and as an investor in the Newfoundland Company. He married Bridget Willoughby, evidently his third cousin, the daughter of Sir Francis Willoughby builder...

  • 1643 - 1672 Francis Willoughby
    Francis Willughby
    thumbnail|200px|right|A page from the Ornithologia, showing [[Jackdaw]], [[Chough]], [[European Magpie|Magpie]] and [[Eurasian Jay|Jay]], all [[Corvidae|crows]]....

  • 1672 - 1729 Thomas Willoughby, 1st Baron Middleton
    Thomas Willoughby, 1st Baron Middleton
    Thomas Willoughby, 1st Baron Middleton was a Baron in the Peerage of Great Britain.He was born at Middleton Hall, Middleton, Warwickshire, the second son of Francis Willughby, the famed mathematician and naturalist , and was educated at St Catharine's College, Cambridge and Jesus...

  • 1729 - 1758 Francis Willoughby, 2nd Baron Middleton
    Francis Willoughby, 2nd Baron Middleton
    Francis Willoughby, 2nd Baron Middleton was a baron in the Peerage of Great Britain.He was educated at Eton and at Jesus College, Cambridge, graduating MA in 1712....

  • 1758 - 1774 Francis Willoughby, 3rd Baron Middleton
    Francis Willoughby, 3rd Baron Middleton
    Francis Willoughby, 3rd Baron Middleton was an English nobleman, the eldest son of Francis Willoughby, 2nd Baron Middleton.He was educated at Bury St Edmund's School, and entered Jesus College, Cambridge in 1744....

  • 1774 - 1781 Thomas Willoughby, 4th Baron Middleton
    Thomas Willoughby, 4th Baron Middleton
    Thomas Willoughby, 4th Baron Middleton was an English nobleman, the second son of Francis Willoughby, 2nd Baron Middleton.He was educated at Bury St Edmund's School, and entered Jesus College, Cambridge in 1745...

  • 1781 - 1800 Henry Willoughby, 5th Baron Middleton
    Henry Willoughby, 5th Baron Middleton
    Henry Willoughby, 5th Baron Middleton was an English nobleman, the son of Hon. Thomas Willoughby.He was born at York in 1726 and entered Jesus College, Cambridge in 1745. In 1757, he served as High Sheriff of Yorkshire...

  • 1800 - 1835 Henry Willoughby, 6th Baron Middleton
    Henry Willoughby, 6th Baron Middleton
    Henry Willoughby, 6th Baron Middleton was an English nobleman, the only son of Henry Willoughby, 5th Baron Middleton....

  • 1835 - 1856 Digby Willoughby, 7th Baron Middleton
    Digby Willoughby, 7th Baron Middleton
    Digby Willoughby, 7th Baron Middleton was an English nobleman and sailor, the eldest son of Francis Willoughby of Hesley and Octavia Fisher, and grandson of Thomas Willoughby....

  • 1856 - 1877 Henry Willoughby, 8th Baron Middleton
    Henry Willoughby, 8th Baron Middleton
    Henry Willoughby, 8th Baron Middleton was an English peer.He was born at Apsley Hall, Nottingham, the eldest son of Henry Willoughby and Charlotte Eyre and educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge...

  • 1877 - 1922 Digby Wentworth Bayard Willoughby, 9th Baron Middleton
  • 1922 - 1924 Godfrey Ernest Percival Willoughby, 10th Baron Middleton
  • 1924 - 1925 Michael Guy Percival Willoughby, 11th Baron Middleton
  • 1925 – Present Nottingham Corporation now Nottingham City Council.

Similar buildings

In 1855 Joseph Paxton
Joseph Paxton
Sir Joseph Paxton was an English gardener and architect, best known for designing The Crystal Palace.-Early life:...

 designed a near replica of Wollaton Hall in Buckinghamshire
Buckinghamshire
Buckinghamshire is a ceremonial and non-metropolitan home county in South East England. The county town is Aylesbury, the largest town in the ceremonial county is Milton Keynes and largest town in the non-metropolitan county is High Wycombe....

, now known as Mentmore Towers
Mentmore Towers
Mentmore Towers is a 19th century English country house in the village of Mentmore in Buckinghamshire. The house was designed by Joseph Paxton and his son-in-law, George Henry Stokes, in the revival Elizabethan and Jacobean style of the late 16th century called Jacobethan, for the banker and...

.

External links

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