Mathematics, statistics, and information theory

• Bayes factor
  Bayes factor
  In statistics, the use of Bayes factors is a Bayesian alternative to classical hypothesis testing. Bayesian model comparison is a method of model selection based on Bayes factors.-Definition:...
  
  , a statistical method that uses Bayes factors as an alternative to classical hypothesis testing
• Ban (information)
  Ban (information)
  A ban, sometimes called a hartley or a dit , is a logarithmic unit which measures information or entropy, based on base 10 logarithms and powers of 10, rather than the powers of 2 and base 2 logarithms which define the bit. As a bit corresponds to a binary digit, so a ban is a decimal digit...
  
  , a logarithmic unit of information
• Quasi-empirical method
  Quasi-empirical method
  Quasi-empirical methods are applied in science and in mathematics. The term "empirical methods" refers to experiment, disclosure of apparatus for reproduction of experiments, and other ways in which science is validated by scientists...
  
  , scientific methods that are "almost" or "socially approximate" an ideal of truly empirical methods
• Kullback–Leibler divergence
  Kullback–Leibler divergence
  In probability theory and information theory, the Kullback–Leibler divergence is a non-symmetric measure of the difference between two probability distributions P and Q...
  
  , in probability theory and information theory, a non-symmetric measure of the difference between two probability distributions
• History of information theory
  History of information theory
  The decisive event which established the discipline of information theory, and brought it to immediate worldwide attention, was the publication of Claude E...
  
  , a published paper that established the discipline of information theory

Psychology

• Group polarization
  Group polarization
  In social psychology, group polarization refers to the tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclination of its members. These more extreme decisions are towards greater risk if individual's initial tendency is to be risky and towards greater caution if...
  
  , the tendency of people to make decisions that are more extreme when they are in a group
• Influence diagrams approach
  Influence diagrams approach
  Influence Diagrams Approach is a technique used in the field of Human reliability Assessment , for the purposes of evaluating the probability of a human error occurring throughout the completion of a specific task...
  
   (IDA), a technique used in the field of Human reliability Assessment (HRA)

Law and courts

• Jury
  Jury
  A jury is a sworn body of people convened to render an impartial verdict officially submitted to them by a court, or to set a penalty or judgment. Modern juries tend to be found in courts to ascertain the guilt, or lack thereof, in a crime. In Anglophone jurisdictions, the verdict may be guilty,...
  
  , a sworn body of people convened to render an impartial verdict
• Jury nullification
  Jury nullification
  Jury nullification occurs in a trial when a jury reaches a verdict contrary to the judge's instructions as to the law.A jury verdict contrary to the letter of the law pertains only to the particular case before it; however, if a pattern of acquittals develops in response to repeated attempts to...
  
  , when a jury in a criminal case acquits a defendant despite the weight of evidence against the defendant
• Embracery
  Embracery
  Embracery is the attempt to influence a juror corruptly to give his verdict in favour of one side or the other in a trial, by promise, persuasions, entreaties, money, entertainments and the like....
  
  , the attempt to influence a juror corruptly
• Organised crime prevention order
  Organised crime prevention order
  Organised crime prevention orders are proposed new powers which the UK Home office would like to introduce in order to help combat serious and organised crime....
  
  , orders for courts in the UK

Business

• Credit scorecards
  Credit Scorecards
  Credit scorecards are mathematical models which attempt to provide a quantitative estimate of the probability that a customer will display a defined behavior Credit scorecards are mathematical models which attempt to provide a quantitative estimate of the probability that a customer will display a...
  
  , mathematical models which attempt to provide a quantitive measurement of the likelihood that a customer will display a defined behavior

Other uses

• Extrapolation domain analysis
  Extrapolation domain analysis
  Extrapolation domain analysis is a methodology for identifying geographical areas that seem suitable for adoption of innovative ecosystem management practices on the basis of sites exhibiting similarity in conditions such as climatic, land use and socio-economic indicators...
  
  , identifying geographical areas that seem suitable for adoption of innovative ecosystem management
• Banburismus
  Banburismus
  Banburismus was a cryptanalytic process developed by Alan Turing at Bletchley Park in England during the Second World War. It was used by Bletchley Park's Hut 8 to help break German Kriegsmarine messages enciphered on Enigma machines. The process used sequential conditional probability to infer...
  
  , a cryptanalytic process used during World War II