Uskok War
Encyclopedia
The Uskok War, also known as War of Gradisca was fought between the Austrian (Croatian Habsburg soldiers
- Uskoci) and Spanish on one side and the Venetians, Dutch and English on the other. Based out of Senj
(Ital. Segna) bands of Uskoks fought a fairly successful guerrilla war
against the Ottomans
, and they formed small units and rowed swift boats.
Since the Uskoks were checked on land and were rarely paid their annual subsidy, they resorted to acts of piracy
. Uskoks did not limit their attacks to Turkish vessels but also Venetian
merchantmen were often attacked by the Uskoks (and later also attacked by Spanish corsairs). The Venetians tried to protect their shipping with escorts, watchtowers, and other protective measures, but the costs became too high: 120,000 Thaler
s annually in the 1590s, 200,000 in the 17th century, and 360,000 by 1615. In December 1615, Venetian troops laid siege
to Gradisca, located on the Isonzo River
.
Venetian-Habsburg tension increased and escalated into the Uskok War (1615–1618). The conflict was provocated by the activities of the Uskok pirates, stationed by the Habsburg rulers along their frontiers as part of their military border
system. The pirates raided Venetian ships from harbours on the eastern Adriatic coast, within the domain of Ferdinand, Archuduke of Styria and future Holy Roman Emperior. Ferinand was unwilling to stop their attacks, but instead used the Uskoks to exert pressure on Venice in an attempt to hinder the Republic's ambitions in northeastern Italy. Ferdinand was aided by Spain, while Venice attracted Protestant assistance from, among others, the Dutch Republic. After the Uskok War, the bond between Venice and the United Provinces was finally formalized in an alliance. Ambassador Francois van Aerssen visited Venice in 1620 to ratify a treaty, signed the year before in The Hague, which entailed mutual assistance if one of the two republics were to enter into war with the Habsburg powers. Venetian relations with the Habsburgs grew less strained during the second half of the seventeenth century.
The Venetians launched a major diplomatic campaign for allies, since the Uskoks were vassals of then-Archduke Ferdinand
of Inner Austria
, who was likely to seek help from the Holy Roman Emperor Matthias
(his uncle) and King Philip III of Spain
(his brother-in-law). In September 1616, Count John Ernest of Nassau-Siegen agreed to raise 3,000 men in the Dutch Republic
for Venetian service. They arrived the next May, followed six months later by another 2,000 with a contingent of English volunteers. Support from the Spanish was prevented on sea by a flotilla of 12 Dutch and 10 English warships, and on land by the a war in Mantua
.
, where a garrison of Uskok and Segani was in favour of the Austrian faction. After the faction of Veneto gained an advantage in Mariano and after they placed the cavalry, they moved forward to Gradisca on 24 February 1616 and they encamped in Farra.
The Venetian Republic, being powerful at sea, was the absolute master of the Adriatic, while Austria had only a small part of the coast of Trieste and Croatia, which was blocked by the Republic of Venice. Any vessel could pass this border without paying taxes and without holding a Venetian residence. In January 1616 in Collio
, which was guarded by a Uskok and Segnana in Vipulzano and San Martino of Quisco. The Venetian troops left a detachment in the field of Mariano, and arranged the chivalry in Romans and Medea, who camped near Farra and advancing on 24 February 1616 in Gradisca. The siege lasted twenty-nine days.
The Venetian fleet crashes Trieste, whose garrison is reinforced by Captain Sebastian Zuech. The castle of San Servolo, the Karst Edge, has sacked two of infantry insignia Venetians in return are intercepted at the Rio Ospo from 240 German musketeers that causes them among a dozen killed and wounded.
The administrator Benedict Lezze with 1,000 cavalry and infantry occupies the Venetian castle of San Servolo.
Uscocchi and Croatian troops led by Wolfang Frangipane, Count of Tersato vicegeneral of Croatia comandant of a military expedition came to Monfalcone on 26 November 1615 and plunder its territory.
The Venetian garrison that was restricted to shoot some guns from the fortress.
On the Carso, Slovenia, and between Corgnale in today in today's Podgorje Piedimonte, gather 1,200 Croatian soldiers, 500 horsemen and 500 Uskoks, fronted by 3000 the Venetians led by Benedict Lezze administrator.
The Duke of Savoy in Venice offers an alliance but the Senate refused.
Carry out the raids and fires on the Karst of Trieste and Istria.
The administrator of today Palmanova mobilize militias Savorgnan and Friuli and has 3,000 men with whom stood on the Isonzo and the raids began around the fortress of the Habsburg Gradisca.
In the first phase of the war action in Venice (troops left from Palma) was characterized by the use of offensive forces, their mobility and surprise. The Archduke, actively renounced to defend a number of cities (Cervignano, Aquileia, Castelporpetto, Maranutto, Mariano, Romans d'Isonzo, Cormons, Medea Sagrado), castles and villages - some of them surrendered to Venice to be attacked before - to stand stronger and more defensible positions. At this retreat, we must note, however, the offensive in Istria, where the Austrians broke easily going up to Pola, and Dvigrad Svetvinčenat. Since rejected the Uskoks plundered and destroyed the surrounding villages. The Venetian Loredan administrator then asked, and received, substantial reinforcements to defend the South from the incursions of Uskoks Istria. Porec and Rovinj sent the artillery, and weapons in Pula Valley and Dvigrad food and weapons. The militias were concentrated in Barban (Croatia), and Svetvinčenat.
and Lucinico
. They are put in place three major culverins, four guns and three children culverins and other pieces on the side of Farra, damaging the walls and the buildings; and silenced the enemy artillery, except colubrina "Cerberus" from the castle.
The assaults on the breaches were repulsed with heavy losses.
The Venetians launched another futile assault in which only the courses differed. Giustiniani lifted the siege and retreated to Mariano.
In September, Count John VII, John Ernest of Nassau-Siegen agreed to raise 3,000 men from the Dutch Republic for Venetian service. They arrived the next May, followed six months later by another 2,000 with a contingent of English volunteers. Support from the Spanish was prevented on sea by a flotilla of 12 Dutch and 10 English warships, and on land by the a war in Mantua. Ferdinand only had 4,000 soldiers to defend Gradisca, but received military, political and financial support from the Spanish as part of a larger deal: Philip agreed to give aid against the Venetians and support Ferdinand as the next Holy Roman Emperor in return for the cession of Alsace, Finale Ligure and Piombino. This led to a negotiated settlement between Ferdinand in the Venetians in which many Uskok's pirates were executed or exiled, and a permanent Austrian garrison was installed in Senj.
Marcantonio of Manzano, the squadrons of cavalry Camillo Trevor and a group of Albanians resumed raids on the neck, killing 60 militants and citizens of the castle of St. Florian and the surrounding area.
Trautmansdorf, received reinforcements, passes between the Isonzo and is strengthened Lucenico and Gradisca. The Venetian dawn attack on three columns Mariano, Corona, and San Lorenzo Mossa, led by Orazio Baglioni: Albanians left in the middle of the mercenaries Ferrante de Fulvio Rossi and Count of Porcia, the cavalry on the right of Francis Camillo Martinengo and Trevor, for a total of 4,000 men. The Albanians occupy the trenches on Lucenico but they stop to sack the dead while the other columns are welcomed by a large fire, suffering heavy losses and are forced to retreat.
The Venetians, from disease, reduce military activities while the Austrians receive reinforcements.
The Austrians affected by the disease, losing one third of the militias and then retire on the left bank of the Isonzo. The Venetians occupied Lucinico, abandoned by their opponents. Even the last outposts have returned to the Austrian Isonzo infiltrating between the stations at night blinds.
Pompeo Piazza Giustiniani 4 guns and 2 culverins strong against St. Peter's (Mount Fortin) and started the bombing Sibel prompting the captain to give the yield. The defense comes out with the honors of war.
.
The Austrians advanced in three columns from Farra
, Gradisca
, and Gorizia
and assault the camp of the Albanian militias of Camillo Treviglio, inflicting them heavy losses, including the commanders Marcantonio Manzano, Leonardo and Pietro Avogadro Gualdo.
An Austrian column attack the Venetians that block Fort Stella killing Orazio Baglioni. The Austrians also take over the trenches on Monte San Michele. Lando is saved with difficulty.
Giovanni de Medici left the command for health reasons, replaced by Prince Luigi d'Este.
On the night the Venetians raise other forces and batteries around Fort Stella, but Albrecht von Wallenstein
managed to bring reinforcements and supplies to fort Stella.
He used his wealth to win favour, offering and commanding 200 horses for Archduke Ferdinand of Styria
for his war with Venice
in 1617, thereby relieving the fortress of Gradisca
from Venetian siege.
Ferdinand only had 4,000 soldiers to defend Gradisca, but received military, political and financial support from Spain as part of a larger deal: Philip agreed to give aid against the Venetians and support Ferdinand as the next Holy Roman Emperor in return for the cession of Alsace
, Finale Ligure
and Piombino
. This led to a negotiated settlement between Ferdinand and the Venetians in which many Uskok pirates were executed or exiled, and a permanent Austrian garrison was installed in Senj.
The truce was signed on November 6 and the armies began to demobilize on 28, but the prolonged of the peace talks and their outcome uncertain suggested in the Netherlands to the Republic of recruiting new contingent of soldiers would arrive in Venice, peace signed, where - literally - starved to death.
In the "Treaty of Peace concluded through the mediation of Philip III of Emperor Matthias de 'Romans and King of Bohemia and Archduke Ferdinand of Austria and the Republic of Venice" (now known as the Preliminary Treaty of Paris and the Treaty of Madrid) is resolved Uscoqui that pirates are driven by Mark and other maritime areas belonging to the House of Austria, and that, instead of the Venetians, they return to their Imperial and Royal Majesty all the places occupied by them and steps in Istria and Friuli. (When in Venice, he knew the conditions, signed by two resident ambassadors, the Elders Council of the Mainland by the Senate did approve the order for the arrest of the two, which were saved only through the intercession of the king of France).
The Venetians, however, emerged from the conflict head-on, getting what they wanted, namely the expulsion of Uscocchi by Mark and at the same time, the recognition of sovereignty over the Gulf, but the overall picture was bleak and the press indicate that during the first seventeenth century Friuli was in misery, famine, fever, livestock diseases and incursions of wolves.
Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg)
The Kingdom of Croatia was an administrative division that existed between 1527 and 1868 within the Habsburg Monarchy . The Kingdom was a part of the Lands of the Crown of St. Stephen, but was subject to direct Imperial Austrian rule for significant periods of time, including its final years...
- Uskoci) and Spanish on one side and the Venetians, Dutch and English on the other. Based out of Senj
Senj
Senj , German Zengg, Hungarian Zeng and Italian Segna) is the oldest town on the upper Adriatic, and it was founded in the time before the Romans some 3000 years ago on the hill Kuk. It was the center of the Illyrian tribe Iapydes. The current settlement is situated at the foot of the slopes Mala...
(Ital. Segna) bands of Uskoks fought a fairly successful guerrilla war
Guerrilla warfare
Guerrilla warfare is a form of irregular warfare and refers to conflicts in which a small group of combatants including, but not limited to, armed civilians use military tactics, such as ambushes, sabotage, raids, the element of surprise, and extraordinary mobility to harass a larger and...
against the Ottomans
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman EmpireIt was usually referred to as the "Ottoman Empire", the "Turkish Empire", the "Ottoman Caliphate" or more commonly "Turkey" by its contemporaries...
, and they formed small units and rowed swift boats.
Since the Uskoks were checked on land and were rarely paid their annual subsidy, they resorted to acts of piracy
Piracy
Piracy is an act of robbery or criminal violence at sea. The term can include acts committed on land, in the air, or in other major bodies of water or on a shore. It does not normally include crimes committed against persons traveling on the same vessel as the perpetrator...
. Uskoks did not limit their attacks to Turkish vessels but also Venetian
Republic of Venice
The Republic of Venice or Venetian Republic was a state originating from the city of Venice in Northeastern Italy. It existed for over a millennium, from the late 7th century until 1797. It was formally known as the Most Serene Republic of Venice and is often referred to as La Serenissima, in...
merchantmen were often attacked by the Uskoks (and later also attacked by Spanish corsairs). The Venetians tried to protect their shipping with escorts, watchtowers, and other protective measures, but the costs became too high: 120,000 Thaler
Thaler
The Thaler was a silver coin used throughout Europe for almost four hundred years. Its name lives on in various currencies as the dollar or tolar. Etymologically, "Thaler" is an abbreviation of "Joachimsthaler", a coin type from the city of Joachimsthal in Bohemia, where some of the first such...
s annually in the 1590s, 200,000 in the 17th century, and 360,000 by 1615. In December 1615, Venetian troops laid siege
Siege
A siege is a military blockade of a city or fortress with the intent of conquering by attrition or assault. The term derives from sedere, Latin for "to sit". Generally speaking, siege warfare is a form of constant, low intensity conflict characterized by one party holding a strong, static...
to Gradisca, located on the Isonzo River
Soca
The Soča or Isonzo is a 140 km long river that flows through western Slovenia and northeastern Italy. An Alpine river in character, its source lies in the Trenta Valley in the Julian Alps in Slovenia, at an elevation of around 1,100 metres...
.
Venetian-Habsburg tension increased and escalated into the Uskok War (1615–1618). The conflict was provocated by the activities of the Uskok pirates, stationed by the Habsburg rulers along their frontiers as part of their military border
Military Frontier
The Military Frontier was a borderland of Habsburg Austria and later the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, which acted as the cordon sanitaire against incursions from the Ottoman Empire...
system. The pirates raided Venetian ships from harbours on the eastern Adriatic coast, within the domain of Ferdinand, Archuduke of Styria and future Holy Roman Emperior. Ferinand was unwilling to stop their attacks, but instead used the Uskoks to exert pressure on Venice in an attempt to hinder the Republic's ambitions in northeastern Italy. Ferdinand was aided by Spain, while Venice attracted Protestant assistance from, among others, the Dutch Republic. After the Uskok War, the bond between Venice and the United Provinces was finally formalized in an alliance. Ambassador Francois van Aerssen visited Venice in 1620 to ratify a treaty, signed the year before in The Hague, which entailed mutual assistance if one of the two republics were to enter into war with the Habsburg powers. Venetian relations with the Habsburgs grew less strained during the second half of the seventeenth century.
The Venetians launched a major diplomatic campaign for allies, since the Uskoks were vassals of then-Archduke Ferdinand
Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor
Ferdinand II , a member of the House of Habsburg, was Holy Roman Emperor , King of Bohemia , and King of Hungary . His rule coincided with the Thirty Years' War.- Life :...
of Inner Austria
Inner Austria
Inner Austria was a term used from the late 14th to the early 17th century for the Habsburg hereditary lands south of the Semmering Pass, referring to the duchies of Styria, Carinthia, Carniola and the Windic March, the County of Gorizia , the city of Trieste and assorted smaller possessions...
, who was likely to seek help from the Holy Roman Emperor Matthias
Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor
Matthias of Austria was Holy Roman Emperor from 1612, King of Hungary and Croatia from 1608 and King of Bohemia from 1611...
(his uncle) and King Philip III of Spain
Philip III of Spain
Philip III , also known as Philip the Pious, was the King of Spain and King of Portugal and the Algarves, where he ruled as Philip II , from 1598 until his death...
(his brother-in-law). In September 1616, Count John Ernest of Nassau-Siegen agreed to raise 3,000 men in the Dutch Republic
Dutch Republic
The Dutch Republic — officially known as the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands , the Republic of the United Netherlands, or the Republic of the Seven United Provinces — was a republic in Europe existing from 1581 to 1795, preceding the Batavian Republic and ultimately...
for Venetian service. They arrived the next May, followed six months later by another 2,000 with a contingent of English volunteers. Support from the Spanish was prevented on sea by a flotilla of 12 Dutch and 10 English warships, and on land by the a war in Mantua
Mantua
Mantua is a city and comune in Lombardy, Italy and capital of the province of the same name. Mantua's historic power and influence under the Gonzaga family, made it one of the main artistic, cultural and notably musical hubs of Northern Italy and the country as a whole...
.
First military events
The first military events started in January 1616 in CollioCollio Goriziano
Collio Goriziano or Collio is a Denominazione di origine controllata located in the Italian wine region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia. The DOC is located in the province of Gorizia near the border with Slovenia. Some Slovenian wine from the region of Goriška Brda also carry the designation of Collio...
, where a garrison of Uskok and Segani was in favour of the Austrian faction. After the faction of Veneto gained an advantage in Mariano and after they placed the cavalry, they moved forward to Gradisca on 24 February 1616 and they encamped in Farra.
The Venetian Republic, being powerful at sea, was the absolute master of the Adriatic, while Austria had only a small part of the coast of Trieste and Croatia, which was blocked by the Republic of Venice. Any vessel could pass this border without paying taxes and without holding a Venetian residence. In January 1616 in Collio
Collio Goriziano
Collio Goriziano or Collio is a Denominazione di origine controllata located in the Italian wine region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia. The DOC is located in the province of Gorizia near the border with Slovenia. Some Slovenian wine from the region of Goriška Brda also carry the designation of Collio...
, which was guarded by a Uskok and Segnana in Vipulzano and San Martino of Quisco. The Venetian troops left a detachment in the field of Mariano, and arranged the chivalry in Romans and Medea, who camped near Farra and advancing on 24 February 1616 in Gradisca. The siege lasted twenty-nine days.
The Venetian fleet crashes Trieste, whose garrison is reinforced by Captain Sebastian Zuech. The castle of San Servolo, the Karst Edge, has sacked two of infantry insignia Venetians in return are intercepted at the Rio Ospo from 240 German musketeers that causes them among a dozen killed and wounded.
The administrator Benedict Lezze with 1,000 cavalry and infantry occupies the Venetian castle of San Servolo.
Uscocchi and Croatian troops led by Wolfang Frangipane, Count of Tersato vicegeneral of Croatia comandant of a military expedition came to Monfalcone on 26 November 1615 and plunder its territory.
The Venetian garrison that was restricted to shoot some guns from the fortress.
On the Carso, Slovenia, and between Corgnale in today in today's Podgorje Piedimonte, gather 1,200 Croatian soldiers, 500 horsemen and 500 Uskoks, fronted by 3000 the Venetians led by Benedict Lezze administrator.
The Duke of Savoy in Venice offers an alliance but the Senate refused.
Carry out the raids and fires on the Karst of Trieste and Istria.
The administrator of today Palmanova mobilize militias Savorgnan and Friuli and has 3,000 men with whom stood on the Isonzo and the raids began around the fortress of the Habsburg Gradisca.
In the first phase of the war action in Venice (troops left from Palma) was characterized by the use of offensive forces, their mobility and surprise. The Archduke, actively renounced to defend a number of cities (Cervignano, Aquileia, Castelporpetto, Maranutto, Mariano, Romans d'Isonzo, Cormons, Medea Sagrado), castles and villages - some of them surrendered to Venice to be attacked before - to stand stronger and more defensible positions. At this retreat, we must note, however, the offensive in Istria, where the Austrians broke easily going up to Pola, and Dvigrad Svetvinčenat. Since rejected the Uskoks plundered and destroyed the surrounding villages. The Venetian Loredan administrator then asked, and received, substantial reinforcements to defend the South from the incursions of Uskoks Istria. Porec and Rovinj sent the artillery, and weapons in Pula Valley and Dvigrad food and weapons. The militias were concentrated in Barban (Croatia), and Svetvinčenat.
First Siege of Gradisca
In 1616 the Venetians started to invest in Farra and Gradisca difensive works for the siege. The archducal disturbed by the chivalry from GoriziaGorizia
Gorizia is a town and comune in northeastern Italy, in the autonomous region of Friuli Venezia Giulia. It is located at the foot of the Julian Alps, bordering Slovenia. It is the capital of the Province of Gorizia, and it is a local center of tourism, industry, and commerce. Since 1947, a twin...
and Lucinico
Lucinico
Lucinico is a frazione in the Province of Gorizia, in Friuli-Venezia Giulia.The frazione lies 4.88 kilometres from the town of Gorizia.-References:...
. They are put in place three major culverins, four guns and three children culverins and other pieces on the side of Farra, damaging the walls and the buildings; and silenced the enemy artillery, except colubrina "Cerberus" from the castle.
The assaults on the breaches were repulsed with heavy losses.
The Venetians launched another futile assault in which only the courses differed. Giustiniani lifted the siege and retreated to Mariano.
In September, Count John VII, John Ernest of Nassau-Siegen agreed to raise 3,000 men from the Dutch Republic for Venetian service. They arrived the next May, followed six months later by another 2,000 with a contingent of English volunteers. Support from the Spanish was prevented on sea by a flotilla of 12 Dutch and 10 English warships, and on land by the a war in Mantua. Ferdinand only had 4,000 soldiers to defend Gradisca, but received military, political and financial support from the Spanish as part of a larger deal: Philip agreed to give aid against the Venetians and support Ferdinand as the next Holy Roman Emperor in return for the cession of Alsace, Finale Ligure and Piombino. This led to a negotiated settlement between Ferdinand in the Venetians in which many Uskok's pirates were executed or exiled, and a permanent Austrian garrison was installed in Senj.
Battle of Lucenico
The Venetians spread the voice of the opening of negotiations and meanwhile clear up the troops. It consists of a body of 200 convicts to whom it is offered forgiveness are hired 4,000 French, are the contacts Friedrich Wittelsbach Elector Palatine and Prince of Wuttemberg. Pompeo Giustiniani is flanked by Francesco Ferrante and Martinengo de Rossi.Marcantonio of Manzano, the squadrons of cavalry Camillo Trevor and a group of Albanians resumed raids on the neck, killing 60 militants and citizens of the castle of St. Florian and the surrounding area.
Trautmansdorf, received reinforcements, passes between the Isonzo and is strengthened Lucenico and Gradisca. The Venetian dawn attack on three columns Mariano, Corona, and San Lorenzo Mossa, led by Orazio Baglioni: Albanians left in the middle of the mercenaries Ferrante de Fulvio Rossi and Count of Porcia, the cavalry on the right of Francis Camillo Martinengo and Trevor, for a total of 4,000 men. The Albanians occupy the trenches on Lucenico but they stop to sack the dead while the other columns are welcomed by a large fire, suffering heavy losses and are forced to retreat.
The Venetians, from disease, reduce military activities while the Austrians receive reinforcements.
War in the Alpine Range
The superintendent Barbarigo is replaced by Antonio Priuli, who gets Friulan and Dalmatian troops, strengthen fortifications pitched and diversionary raids accomplished in Istria, calling opposing forces. The Austrians responded with other raids in Monfalcone. In Monfalconese armies face each extending trenches. The troops ran choices and Albanians in the pay strong Venetian attack Stella, on the heights in front of leaf, so named for its hexagonal shape, but are repulsed with heavy losses. The war lies on the arc mountains. The Venetians plunder the territories of Kobarid and Tolmin, Schmit English mercenary captain with 400 men, hired by the bishop of Bamberg, with as many regular Austrian Pontebba deal with a coup, countered by the militia of Marcantonio of Manzano and resume Pontebba Malborghetto, joined by the cavalry led by Giacomo Antonini that plunders the near Tarvisio. The Venetians then fold up Pontebba and strengthen defenses. Camillo Tevigiano with numerous stradioti Cividale making a foray into the valley of the Isonzo Kobarid and Tolmin.The Austrians affected by the disease, losing one third of the militias and then retire on the left bank of the Isonzo. The Venetians occupied Lucinico, abandoned by their opponents. Even the last outposts have returned to the Austrian Isonzo infiltrating between the stations at night blinds.
Pompeo Piazza Giustiniani 4 guns and 2 culverins strong against St. Peter's (Mount Fortin) and started the bombing Sibel prompting the captain to give the yield. The defense comes out with the honors of war.
Second Siege of Gradisca
The Venetians refrain from further offensive and intensify the blockade of Gradisca. The diseases reduce losses and their effects, the Dutch are halved. Austrian reinforcements arrived, led by Albrecht von WallensteinAlbrecht von Wallenstein
Albrecht Wenzel Eusebius von Wallenstein , actually von Waldstein, was a Bohemian soldier and politician, who offered his services, and an army of 30,000 to 100,000 men during the Danish period of the Thirty Years' War , to the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II...
.
The Austrians advanced in three columns from Farra
Farra d'Isonzo
Farra d'Isonzo is an Italian comune in the region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia, in the province of Gorizia.- History :The name "Farra" is of Lombard origin, and derives from "Fara" which in the Lombard dialect means a stronghold held by individual families or clans...
, Gradisca
Gradisca
Gradisca d'Isonzo is a town and comune of 6,600 inhabitants in the province of Gorizia, in Friuli-Venezia Giulia, north-eastern Italy...
, and Gorizia
Gorizia
Gorizia is a town and comune in northeastern Italy, in the autonomous region of Friuli Venezia Giulia. It is located at the foot of the Julian Alps, bordering Slovenia. It is the capital of the Province of Gorizia, and it is a local center of tourism, industry, and commerce. Since 1947, a twin...
and assault the camp of the Albanian militias of Camillo Treviglio, inflicting them heavy losses, including the commanders Marcantonio Manzano, Leonardo and Pietro Avogadro Gualdo.
An Austrian column attack the Venetians that block Fort Stella killing Orazio Baglioni. The Austrians also take over the trenches on Monte San Michele. Lando is saved with difficulty.
Giovanni de Medici left the command for health reasons, replaced by Prince Luigi d'Este.
On the night the Venetians raise other forces and batteries around Fort Stella, but Albrecht von Wallenstein
Albrecht von Wallenstein
Albrecht Wenzel Eusebius von Wallenstein , actually von Waldstein, was a Bohemian soldier and politician, who offered his services, and an army of 30,000 to 100,000 men during the Danish period of the Thirty Years' War , to the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II...
managed to bring reinforcements and supplies to fort Stella.
He used his wealth to win favour, offering and commanding 200 horses for Archduke Ferdinand of Styria
Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor
Ferdinand II , a member of the House of Habsburg, was Holy Roman Emperor , King of Bohemia , and King of Hungary . His rule coincided with the Thirty Years' War.- Life :...
for his war with Venice
Republic of Venice
The Republic of Venice or Venetian Republic was a state originating from the city of Venice in Northeastern Italy. It existed for over a millennium, from the late 7th century until 1797. It was formally known as the Most Serene Republic of Venice and is often referred to as La Serenissima, in...
in 1617, thereby relieving the fortress of Gradisca
Gradisca
Gradisca d'Isonzo is a town and comune of 6,600 inhabitants in the province of Gorizia, in Friuli-Venezia Giulia, north-eastern Italy...
from Venetian siege.
Ferdinand only had 4,000 soldiers to defend Gradisca, but received military, political and financial support from Spain as part of a larger deal: Philip agreed to give aid against the Venetians and support Ferdinand as the next Holy Roman Emperor in return for the cession of Alsace
Alsace
Alsace is the fifth-smallest of the 27 regions of France in land area , and the smallest in metropolitan France. It is also the seventh-most densely populated region in France and third most densely populated region in metropolitan France, with ca. 220 inhabitants per km²...
, Finale Ligure
Finale Ligure
Finale Ligure is a comune on the Gulf of Genoa in the Province of Savona in Liguria, Italy. It is considered part of the Italian Riviera.-Geography:...
and Piombino
Piombino
Piombino is an Italian town and comune of circa 35,000 inhabitants in the province of Livorno . It lies on the border between the Ligurian Sea and the Tyrrhenian Sea, in front of Elba Island and at the northern side of Maremma.-Overview:...
. This led to a negotiated settlement between Ferdinand and the Venetians in which many Uskok pirates were executed or exiled, and a permanent Austrian garrison was installed in Senj.
Aftermath
Archival study of Istrian circumstances at the time of this warfares documents and supports a thesis that in the clash between Austrians and Venetians" a squadron ( banderijska ), and not an ethnic, consciousness was dominant; this was not sort of progressive struggle against foreign rule but an unfortunate manipulation of our people by foreign camps, " which subordinated the local warriors " to the interests of foreign powers and pushed the Croatians ( and to a lesser extents slovenes and Italians ) into a brutal brother-killing-brother war ". Bertosa goes on to in the warfare of 1615-1287: 30-50 percent of Istria's inhabitants were killed or hauled off as captives, 90-99 percent of the livestock was destroyed, 60 - 90 percent of the houses were burned and destroyed, and 90 - 98 percent of the land was abandoned.Peace
At the front there was fighting but both sides yearned for peace, Ferdinand, already in anticipation imperial wanted to break away from the commitment of the war with Venice to think about the problems in Germany, and Venice - although it has not really been fully engaged in the conflict because of fear of direct intervention by the Spanish - did not think the conflict would contribute to his cause merchant.The truce was signed on November 6 and the armies began to demobilize on 28, but the prolonged of the peace talks and their outcome uncertain suggested in the Netherlands to the Republic of recruiting new contingent of soldiers would arrive in Venice, peace signed, where - literally - starved to death.
In the "Treaty of Peace concluded through the mediation of Philip III of Emperor Matthias de 'Romans and King of Bohemia and Archduke Ferdinand of Austria and the Republic of Venice" (now known as the Preliminary Treaty of Paris and the Treaty of Madrid) is resolved Uscoqui that pirates are driven by Mark and other maritime areas belonging to the House of Austria, and that, instead of the Venetians, they return to their Imperial and Royal Majesty all the places occupied by them and steps in Istria and Friuli. (When in Venice, he knew the conditions, signed by two resident ambassadors, the Elders Council of the Mainland by the Senate did approve the order for the arrest of the two, which were saved only through the intercession of the king of France).
The Venetians, however, emerged from the conflict head-on, getting what they wanted, namely the expulsion of Uscocchi by Mark and at the same time, the recognition of sovereignty over the Gulf, but the overall picture was bleak and the press indicate that during the first seventeenth century Friuli was in misery, famine, fever, livestock diseases and incursions of wolves.