United States Anti-Doping Agency
Encyclopedia
The United States Anti-Doping Agency (USADA), is a non-profit organization and the national anti-doping organization (NADO) for the United States. The organization is charged with managing the anti-doping program for the U.S. Olympic and Paralympic movement including in-competition and out-of-competition testing, the results management and adjudication process, drug reference resources and therapeutic use exemption process, scientific research initiatives, and athlete and outreach education. It's testing program adheres to the World Anti-Doping Code, widely considered the basis for the strongest and strictest anti-doping programs in sports. In 2001, USADA was recognized by the U.S. Congress
as "the official anti-doping agency for Olympic
, Pan American
and Paralympic
sport in the United States."
While USADA is not a government agency, its budget is partially funded by a U.S. federal grant through the Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP) with the remaining budget generated from contracts for anti-doping services with sport organizations, most notably the United States Olympic Committee
.
USADA is headquartered in Colorado Springs, Colorado.
. The Code, works in conjunction with five international standards for uniformed and harmonization of testing programs across the globe and is widely considered the basis for the strongest and strictest anti-doping programs in sports. The Code works in conjunction with the following international standards:
The International Olympic Committee
(IOC) required that all Olympic sports adopt the World Anti-Doping Code prior to August 13, 2004.
Athletes subject to USADA testing and that fall under the organization's jurisdiction include:
USADA maintains a group of elite athletes as part of its registered testing pool. Consistent with the WADA Code, athletes in this pool are subject to strict whereabouts requirements in which they must inform the organization of their whereabouts (specific locations) at all times. Critics of WADA Code whereabouts requirements have criticized the requirement as overly strict, while proponents claim the requirement ensure athletes cannot evade tests.
USADA determines its test distribution plan (TDP) or the determination of who, when, and where the organization tests through a combination of many factors that are consistent with the WADA IST. The purpose of USADA's test distribution plan is to use all available information and resources to intelligently, strategically, and most effectively detect and deter the use of performance enhancing drugs. Tests in many cases are targeted to specific athletes, events, locations, and times. Factors for determining tests may include:
The term "random," has sometimes been used to describe Olympic style drug testing, although, as stated above, USADA uses a number of factors to intelligently and strategically plan when and where they test athletes. the term "random" refers to the fact that, to a tested athlete, there are no factors, compromises, stipulations, cut-off dates, or off-seasons restricting when and where an athlete may be tested, thus creating a more random experience in which an athlete is less likely to predict when they will or won't be tested.
Anti-doping sample collection is consistent with the WADA IST and are conducted by doping control officers (DCOs), specifically trained and employed by USADA. For tests in which blood is collected, USADA contracts with trained phlebotomist who work in conjunction with a USADA DCO.
In conjunction with the WADA International Standard for Laboratories, all samples are analyzed at laboratories that have been accredited by the World Anti-Doping Agency. In the United States there are only two WADA Accredited labs, the UCLA Olympic Analytical Laboratory in Los Angeles, CA., and the Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory(SMRTL)in Salt Lake City, Utah.
USADA can sanction athletes found to have committed an ADRV, a process that athletes can either accept or challenge through an established legal process. In the United States athletes can take a case before an arbitration panel with a final appeal to the Court of Arbitration for Sport
.
Sanctions normally include one or more of the following:
Sanctions have ranged from public warnings or time served while completing education (often the case for first time marijuana offenses) to life-time bans for repeated or particularly egregious cases. USADA maintains a list of all sanctioned athletes on its website.
USADA also allows athletes to apply for and obtain a therapeutic use exemptions (TUEs)when a legitimate medical need for a prohibited substance exists. The USADA TUE process is consistent with the WADA International Standard for Therapeutic Use Exemptions. TUE applications are reviewed by a TUE Committee consisting of independent doctors and medical experts. The TUE process varies depending on competition level. USADA's TUE process is considered strict, and a TUE is not always granted for applications.
, Major League Baseball
, the National Basketball Association
(NBA), the National Hockey League
, the U.S. Olympic Committee and other national sports and health organizations, to end, what the founding organizations feel, is the existence of dangerous and unscrupulous practices of “rogue” manufacturers within the nutritional supplement
industry. The effort, called “Supplement Safety Now,” works to eliminate the practice of selling supplement products containing steroid
s and other drugs which are labeled as “safe and legal” dietary supplements.
United States Congress
The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the federal government of the United States, consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Congress meets in the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C....
as "the official anti-doping agency for Olympic
Olympic Games
The Olympic Games is a major international event featuring summer and winter sports, in which thousands of athletes participate in a variety of competitions. The Olympic Games have come to be regarded as the world’s foremost sports competition where more than 200 nations participate...
, Pan American
Pan American Games
The Pan-American or Pan American Games are a major event in the Americas featuring summer and formerly winter sports, in which thousands of athletes participate in a variety of competitions. The Pan American Games are the second largest multi-sport event after the Summer Olympics...
and Paralympic
Paralympic Games
The Paralympic Games are a major international multi-sport event where athletes with a physical disability compete; this includes athletes with mobility disabilities, amputations, blindness, and Cerebral Palsy. There are Winter and Summer Paralympic Games, which are held immediately following their...
sport in the United States."
While USADA is not a government agency, its budget is partially funded by a U.S. federal grant through the Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP) with the remaining budget generated from contracts for anti-doping services with sport organizations, most notably the United States Olympic Committee
United States Olympic Committee
The United States Olympic Committee is a non-profit organization that serves as the National Olympic Committee and National Paralympic Committee for the United States and coordinates the relationship between the United States Anti-Doping Agency and the World Anti-Doping Agency and various...
.
USADA is headquartered in Colorado Springs, Colorado.
History and Independence
Recognizing the increased negative attention on doping in the Olympics, and a lack of credibility in the international community by the United States in anti-doping matters prior to 2000, the United State Olympic Committee's Select Task Force on Drug Externalization made the recommendation that an independent organization manage the anti-doping program on the USOC's behalf, rather than the USOC itself. In October 1999, the USOC announced the creation of USADA, to begin operation in October 2000. USADA's status and operation independent from the USOC is significant and contrasts the norm in the United States in which most professional sport organizations (MLB, NFL, NBA, NHL) manage the anti-doping aspects of their sports. The main benefits of using an independent organization are: 1) An independent organization can focus fully on anti-doping matters, and 2) An independent organization removes any potential or perceived conflicts of interest. As a result of the USOC's decision, all national governing bodies (USA Track & Field, USA Cycling, USA Swimming, US Soccer , etc.) rely on USADA to manage the anti-doping programs including testing and results management for their athletes and events throughout the year.World Anti-Doping Code
USADA is a signatory of, and responsible for implementation of, the World Anti-Doping Code in the United StatesUnited States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
. The Code, works in conjunction with five international standards for uniformed and harmonization of testing programs across the globe and is widely considered the basis for the strongest and strictest anti-doping programs in sports. The Code works in conjunction with the following international standards:
- WADA Prohibited List (outlining the substances and methods prohibited in sport)
- The International Standard for Testing (IST) (Testing and Sample Collection Process)
- International Standard for Laboratories (ISL) (Standard for the caliber of laboratories that can process athlete samples.)
- International Standard for Therapeutic Use Exemptions (TUEs) (the process for which athletes can obtain exemptions for prohibited substances when a legitimate medical reason exists.)
- International Standard for Protection of Privacy and Personal Information.
The International Olympic Committee
International Olympic Committee
The International Olympic Committee is an international corporation based in Lausanne, Switzerland, created by Pierre de Coubertin on 23 June 1894 with Demetrios Vikelas as its first president...
(IOC) required that all Olympic sports adopt the World Anti-Doping Code prior to August 13, 2004.
Testing Program
The USADA Protocol for Olympic and Paralympic Movement Testing is consistent with the WADA Code and International Standard for Testing and outlines the organization's testing program. The organization tests athletes by collecting both blood and urine samples, both during, or in-competition, as well as out-of-competition which can occur at any time, at any location, without any advanced notice. Athletes are subject to testing 365 days a year and testing is not restricted by "off-seasons," training schedules, or competition schedules. Drug testing programs, like USADA's, that are consistent with the WADA Code, have often been referred to as Olympic style drug testing.Athletes subject to USADA testing and that fall under the organization's jurisdiction include:
- Any Athlete who is a member or license holder of a sport National Governing Body (NGB)
- Any Athlete participating at an Event or Competition sanctioned by the USOC or an NGB or participating at an Event or Competition in the United States sanctioned by an International Federation (IF)
- Any foreign Athlete who is present in the United States
- Any other Athlete who has given his/her consent to Testing by USADA or who has submitted a Whereabouts Filing to USADA or an IF within the previous 12 months and has not given his or her NGB and USADA written notice of retirement
- Any Athlete who has been named by the USOC or an NGB to an international team or who is included in the USADA Registered Testing Pool (“USADA RTP”) or is competing in a qualifying event to represent the USOC or NGB in international competition
- Any United States Athlete or foreign Athlete present in the United States who is serving a period of Ineligibility on account of an anti-doping rule violation and who has not given prior written notice of retirement from all sanctioned competition to the applicable NGB and USADA, or the applicable foreign anti-doping agency or foreign sport association
- Any Athlete USADA is Testing under authorization from the USOC, an NGB, IF, any NADO, WADA, the International Olympic Committee (“IOC”), the International Paralympic Committee (“IPC”) or the organizing committee of any Event or Competition.
USADA maintains a group of elite athletes as part of its registered testing pool. Consistent with the WADA Code, athletes in this pool are subject to strict whereabouts requirements in which they must inform the organization of their whereabouts (specific locations) at all times. Critics of WADA Code whereabouts requirements have criticized the requirement as overly strict, while proponents claim the requirement ensure athletes cannot evade tests.
USADA determines its test distribution plan (TDP) or the determination of who, when, and where the organization tests through a combination of many factors that are consistent with the WADA IST. The purpose of USADA's test distribution plan is to use all available information and resources to intelligently, strategically, and most effectively detect and deter the use of performance enhancing drugs. Tests in many cases are targeted to specific athletes, events, locations, and times. Factors for determining tests may include:
- Physical demands of the sport and possible performance-enhancing effect that doping may elicit
- Available doping analysis statistics
- Available research on doping trends
- The history of doping in the sport and/or discipline
- Training periods and the competition calendar, season
- Information received on possible doping practices
- Resources aimed at the detection of doping may be specifically targeted.
The term "random," has sometimes been used to describe Olympic style drug testing, although, as stated above, USADA uses a number of factors to intelligently and strategically plan when and where they test athletes. the term "random" refers to the fact that, to a tested athlete, there are no factors, compromises, stipulations, cut-off dates, or off-seasons restricting when and where an athlete may be tested, thus creating a more random experience in which an athlete is less likely to predict when they will or won't be tested.
Anti-doping sample collection is consistent with the WADA IST and are conducted by doping control officers (DCOs), specifically trained and employed by USADA. For tests in which blood is collected, USADA contracts with trained phlebotomist who work in conjunction with a USADA DCO.
In conjunction with the WADA International Standard for Laboratories, all samples are analyzed at laboratories that have been accredited by the World Anti-Doping Agency. In the United States there are only two WADA Accredited labs, the UCLA Olympic Analytical Laboratory in Los Angeles, CA., and the Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory(SMRTL)in Salt Lake City, Utah.
Results Management
USADA is responsible for the results management aspect of drug testing for athletes that fall under their jurisdiction. Results management includes communicating the results of drug tests with athletes as well as the adjudication of athletes suspected of committing an anti-doping rule violation (ADRV), which can be the result of a positive drug test, as well as other methods including all forms of credible evidence. According to the Code, an ADRV consists of the following:- The presence of a prohibited substance or its metabolites or markers in an athlete’s sample. (positive test)
- Use or attempted use by an athlete of a prohibited substance or a prohibited method.
- Refusing or failing without compelling justification to submit to sample collection after notification as authorized in applicable anti-doping rules or otherwise evading sample collection.
- Violation of applicable requirements regarding athlete availability for Out-of-Competition Testing including failure to file required whereabouts information and missed tests which are declared based on rules which comply with the International Standard for Testing. Any combination of three missed tests and/or filing failures within an eighteen-month period as determined by anti-doping organizations with jurisdiction over the Athlete shall constitute an anti-doping rule violation. Click here for more information on whereabouts.
- Tampering or attempted tampering with any part of doping control.
- Possession of prohibited substances and prohibited methods.
- Trafficking or attempted trafficking in any prohibited substance or prohibited method.
- Administration or attempted administration to any athlete in-competition of any prohibited method or prohibited substance, or administration or attempted administration to any athlete out-of-competition of any prohibited method or any prohibited substance that is prohibited out-of-competition, or assisting, encouraging, aiding, abetting, covering up or any other type of complicity involving an anti-doping rule violation or any attempted anti-doping rule violation.
USADA can sanction athletes found to have committed an ADRV, a process that athletes can either accept or challenge through an established legal process. In the United States athletes can take a case before an arbitration panel with a final appeal to the Court of Arbitration for Sport
Court of Arbitration for Sport
The Court of Arbitration for Sport is an international arbitration body set up to settle disputes related to sport. Its headquarters are in Lausanne and its courts are located in New York, Sydney and Lausanne, Switzerland...
.
Sanctions normally include one or more of the following:
- Disqualification of results in a particular competition or event
- Forfeiture of any medals, points, and prizes
- Team disqualification and forfeiture
- An ineligibility period that may vary according to circumstances
- Public announcement
- Name and offense listed on USADA's website indefinitely
Sanctions have ranged from public warnings or time served while completing education (often the case for first time marijuana offenses) to life-time bans for repeated or particularly egregious cases. USADA maintains a list of all sanctioned athletes on its website.
Drug Reference Resources and Therapeutic Use Exemptions (TUE)
Athletes subject to testing by USADA have access to a number of resources designed to help athletes understand prohibited substances and if specific medications are prohibited according to the WADA prohibited List. In addition to a drug reference phone line, where athletes can speak to an expert, USADA has partnered with UK Anti-Doping (UKAD) and the Canadian Centre for Ethics in Sport (CCES) to provide the Global Drug Reference Online (GlobalDRO) tool. The tool allows athletes to search for the prohibited or not-prohibited status of a medication, by brand or generic drug name as well as drug ingredient.USADA also allows athletes to apply for and obtain a therapeutic use exemptions (TUEs)when a legitimate medical need for a prohibited substance exists. The USADA TUE process is consistent with the WADA International Standard for Therapeutic Use Exemptions. TUE applications are reviewed by a TUE Committee consisting of independent doctors and medical experts. The TUE process varies depending on competition level. USADA's TUE process is considered strict, and a TUE is not always granted for applications.
Science and Research
In the years 2001-2009, USADA budgeted $2 million per year to support research related to the deterrence of the use of performance-enhancing drugs in sport. Since 2009, the majority of anti-doping research activities previously undertaken by USADA has been assumed by the Partnership for Clean Competition. A List of research projects and grants can be found on USADA's website.Education and Outreach Efforts
USADA focuses on deterring the use of performance enhancing drugs in sport through education efforts that are targeted both at elite-level Olympic and Paralympic athletes as well as the general public, including specifically youth level athletes. In addition to topics surrounding performance enhancing drug use in sport, USADA claims to be an important promoter of other positive values associated with sport (sportsmanship, respect, teamwork.) In March 2011, USADA released a research report titled "What Sport Means in America: A Study of Sports Role In Society" The report aimed to measure the value of sport in American society and attitudes about the importance of protecting sport's integrity.Supplements
In December 2009, USADA launched Supplement Safety Now, in partnership with the National Football LeagueNational Football League
The National Football League is the highest level of professional American football in the United States, and is considered the top professional American football league in the world. It was formed by eleven teams in 1920 as the American Professional Football Association, with the league changing...
, Major League Baseball
Major League Baseball
Major League Baseball is the highest level of professional baseball in the United States and Canada, consisting of teams that play in the National League and the American League...
, the National Basketball Association
National Basketball Association
The National Basketball Association is the pre-eminent men's professional basketball league in North America. It consists of thirty franchised member clubs, of which twenty-nine are located in the United States and one in Canada...
(NBA), the National Hockey League
National Hockey League
The National Hockey League is an unincorporated not-for-profit association which operates a major professional ice hockey league of 30 franchised member clubs, of which 7 are currently located in Canada and 23 in the United States...
, the U.S. Olympic Committee and other national sports and health organizations, to end, what the founding organizations feel, is the existence of dangerous and unscrupulous practices of “rogue” manufacturers within the nutritional supplement
Dietary supplement
A dietary supplement, also known as food supplement or nutritional supplement, is a preparation intended to supplement the diet and provide nutrients, such as vitamins, minerals, fiber, fatty acids, or amino acids, that may be missing or may not be consumed in sufficient quantities in a person's diet...
industry. The effort, called “Supplement Safety Now,” works to eliminate the practice of selling supplement products containing steroid
Steroid
A steroid is a type of organic compound that contains a characteristic arrangement of four cycloalkane rings that are joined to each other. Examples of steroids include the dietary fat cholesterol, the sex hormones estradiol and testosterone, and the anti-inflammatory drug dexamethasone.The core...
s and other drugs which are labeled as “safe and legal” dietary supplements.
See also
- List of drugs banned from the Olympics
- Use of performance-enhancing drugs in sport