Tylopilus
Encyclopedia
Tylopilus is a large genus
of around 75 species of mycorrhizal bolete
fungi separated from Boletus
. Its best known member is the bitter bolete (Tylopilus felleus
), the only species found in Europe. More species are found in North America, such as the edible
species Tylopilus chromapes and T. alboater
, and the tropics. Australia is another continent where many species are found. All members of the genus form mycorrhizal relationships with trees. Members of the genus are distinguished by their pinkish pore surfaces.
in 1881. Tylopilus means "bumpy or swollen pileus
". There are approximately 75 species in the genus, 40 of which are found in western North America. A large number have been recorded from Australia, with 26 aligned with existing taxa and another 15 not assignable. Members of the genus are also abundant in South America, particularly in forests with trees of the genus Dicymbe
in Guyana
, as well as Central America and elsewhere across tropical regions around the world. All are mycorrhizal.
Molecular analysis indicates the genus, like other large genera within the Boletales, is polyphyletic.
, which do not have a ring. A key field character which distinguishes them from members of the genus Boletus is the presence of their pink-tinged pores (though these may be white when young). The spore print
manifests various shades of pinkish-brown, through reddish-brown and even chocolate brown.
) is edible and tasty, but often ignored.
Genus
In biology, a genus is a low-level taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms, which is an example of definition by genus and differentia...
of around 75 species of mycorrhizal bolete
Bolete
A bolete is a type of fungal fruiting body characterized by the presence of a pileus that is clearly differentiated from the stipe, with a spongy surface of pores on the underside of the pileus...
fungi separated from Boletus
Boletus
Boletus is a genus of mushroom, comprising over 100 species. The genus Boletus was originally broadly defined and described by Elias Magnus Fries in 1821, essentially containing all fungi with pores...
. Its best known member is the bitter bolete (Tylopilus felleus
Tylopilus felleus
Tylopilus felleus, formerly Boletus felleus, is a fungus of the bolete family, found in Northern Europe and North America. Although it is not poisonous, it is not considered edible, due to its overwhelming bitterness.-Taxonomy:...
), the only species found in Europe. More species are found in North America, such as the edible
Edible mushroom
Edible mushrooms are the fleshy and edible fruiting bodies of several species of fungi. Mushrooms belong to the macrofungi, because their fruiting structures are large enough to be seen with the naked eye. They can appear either below ground or above ground where they may be picked by hand...
species Tylopilus chromapes and T. alboater
Tylopilus alboater
Tylopilus alboater, commonly known as the black velvet bolete, is a bolete fungus in the Boletaceae family. The species is found in North America east of the Rocky Mountains, and in eastern Asia, including China, Japan, Taiwan, and Thailand...
, and the tropics. Australia is another continent where many species are found. All members of the genus form mycorrhizal relationships with trees. Members of the genus are distinguished by their pinkish pore surfaces.
Taxonomy
The genus was first defined by Petter Adolf KarstenPetter Adolf Karsten
Petter Adolf Karsten was a Finnish mycologist, the foremost expert on the fungi of Finland in his day, and known in consequence as the "father of Finnish mycology"....
in 1881. Tylopilus means "bumpy or swollen pileus
Pileus (mycology)
The pileus is the technical name for the cap, or cap-like part, of a basidiocarp or ascocarp that supports a spore-bearing surface, the hymenium. The hymenium may consist of lamellae, tubes, or teeth, on the underside of the pileus...
". There are approximately 75 species in the genus, 40 of which are found in western North America. A large number have been recorded from Australia, with 26 aligned with existing taxa and another 15 not assignable. Members of the genus are also abundant in South America, particularly in forests with trees of the genus Dicymbe
Dicymbe
Dicymbe is a genus of flowering plants in the legume family, Fabaceae. It belongs to the sub family Caesalpinioideae....
in Guyana
Guyana
Guyana , officially the Co-operative Republic of Guyana, previously the colony of British Guiana, is a sovereign state on the northern coast of South America that is culturally part of the Anglophone Caribbean. Guyana was a former colony of the Dutch and of the British...
, as well as Central America and elsewhere across tropical regions around the world. All are mycorrhizal.
Molecular analysis indicates the genus, like other large genera within the Boletales, is polyphyletic.
Description
Fruit bodies of the genus Tylopilus are encountered as large stout bolete mushrooms, which generally arise from the ground or occasionally from wood. They have stout stipesStipe (mycology)
thumb|150px|right|Diagram of a [[basidiomycete]] stipe with an [[annulus |annulus]] and [[volva |volva]]In mycology a stipe refers to the stem or stalk-like feature supporting the cap of a mushroom. Like all tissues of the mushroom other than the hymenium, the stipe is composed of sterile hyphal...
, which do not have a ring. A key field character which distinguishes them from members of the genus Boletus is the presence of their pink-tinged pores (though these may be white when young). The spore print
Spore print
thumb|300px|right|Making a spore print of the mushroom Volvariella volvacea shown in composite: mushroom cap laid on white and dark paper; cap removed after 24 hours showing pinkish-tan spore print...
manifests various shades of pinkish-brown, through reddish-brown and even chocolate brown.
Edibility
Many species have a bitter taste and are inedible, a key feature in identification. The black velvet bolete (T. alboaterTylopilus alboater
Tylopilus alboater, commonly known as the black velvet bolete, is a bolete fungus in the Boletaceae family. The species is found in North America east of the Rocky Mountains, and in eastern Asia, including China, Japan, Taiwan, and Thailand...
) is edible and tasty, but often ignored.
Species
- Tylopilus alboaterTylopilus alboaterTylopilus alboater, commonly known as the black velvet bolete, is a bolete fungus in the Boletaceae family. The species is found in North America east of the Rocky Mountains, and in eastern Asia, including China, Japan, Taiwan, and Thailand...
- Tylopilus alkalixanthus
- Tylopilus ammiratii
- Tylopilus amylosporus
- Tylopilus appalachiensis
- Tylopilus atratus
- Tylopilus atronicotianusTylopilus atronicotianusTylopilus atronicotianus, commonly known as the false black velvet bolete, is a bolete fungus in the Boletaceae family. First described scientifically in 1998, it is known only from the southeastern United States.-Taxonomy:...
- Tylopilus badiceps
- Tylopilus ballouii
- Tylopilus brevisporus
- Tylopilus bulbosus
- Tylopilus brunneus
- Tylopilus castanoides
- Tylopilus chromapes
- Tylopilus conicus
- Tylopilus cyanescens
- Tylopilus cyanogranulifer
- Tylopilus exiguus
- Tylopilus eximius
- Tylopilus felleusTylopilus felleusTylopilus felleus, formerly Boletus felleus, is a fungus of the bolete family, found in Northern Europe and North America. Although it is not poisonous, it is not considered edible, due to its overwhelming bitterness.-Taxonomy:...
- Tylopilus ferrugineus
- Tylopilus formosus
- Tylopilus fuligineoviolaceus
- Tylopilus griseocarneus
- Tylopilus humilis
- Tylopilus indecisus
- Tylopilus intermedius
- Tylopilus leucomycelinus
- Tylopilus microsporus
- Tylopilus minor
- Tylopilus nebulosus
- Tylopilus obscureviolaceus
- Tylopilus oradivensis
- Tylopilus orsonianus
- Tylopilus pakaraimensis
- Tylopilus parachromapes
- Tylopilus peralbidus
- Tylopilus pernanus
- Tylopilus plumbeoviolaceoides
- Tylopilus plumbeoviolaceusTylopilus plumbeoviolaceusTylopilus plumbeoviolaceus , commonly known as the violet-grey bolete, is a fungus of the bolete family. First described in 1936, the mushroom has a disjunct distribution, and is distributed in eastern North America and Korea. The fruit bodies of the fungus are violet when young, but fade into a...
- Tylopilus potamogeton
- Tylopilus pseudoscaber
- Tylopilus rhoadsiae
- Tylopilus rhodoconius
- Tylopilus rubrobrunneus
- Tylopilus rufonigricans
- Tylopilus sordidus
- Tylopilus subvinaceipallidus
- Tylopilus tabacinusTylopilus tabacinusTylopilus tabacinus is a species of bolete fungus in the Boletaceae family. It is characterized by a tawny-brown cap measuring up to in diameter, and a reticulated stem up to long by thick. A characteristic microscopic feature is the distinctive crystalline substance encrusted on the hyphae in...
- Tylopilus temucensis
- Tylopilus variobrunneus
- Tylopilus vinaceipallidus
- Tylopilus violatinctus
- Tylopilus viscidichromapes
- Tylopilus williamsii