Tuvinian People's Republic
Encyclopedia
The Tuvan People's Republic (People's Republic of Tannu Tuva; Tuvan
: Tьвa Arat Respuвlik, Тыва Арат Республик, Tyva Arat Respublik) (1921–1944) was an independent state in the territory of the former Tuva
n protectorate
of Imperial Russia
(though part of the Qing Empire
until its collapse in 1911), also known as Uryankhaisky Krai . It was a satellite state
of USSR
. The Tuvan People's Republic is now formally known as Tuva Republic
within the Russian Federation
.
, Communist troops took Tuva in January 1920. The chaos accompanying this era allowed the Tuvans to again proclaim their independence. On 14 August 1921, the Bolshevik
s (supported by Russia
) established a Tuvan People's Republic, called Tannu Tuva until 1926. The capital Khem-Beldir was eventually renamed Kyzyl
('Red' in Tuvan; in Tuvan and Russian: Кызыл; in 1922-26 named "Красный", Krasnyy, 'Red' in Russian). A treaty between the Soviet Union
and the Mongolian People's Republic in 1926 affirmed the country’s independence. No other countries formally recognized it, although it appeared on maps and globes produced in the United States.
Tuva’s first Prime Minister was Donduk Kuular
of the Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party
. Kuular made Buddhism
the state religion and tried to limit settlers and propaganda coming from Russia. He also tried to establish ties with Mongolia. The Soviet Union became increasingly alarmed by these initiatives and in 1929 Prime Minister Kuular was arrested and later executed. In the USSR meanwhile (in 1930) five members of the Communist University of the Toilers of the East
(KUTV), the same group that executed Kuular, were appointed "commissars extraordinary" for Tuva. Staunchly loyal to Joseph Stalin
's government, they purged the Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party of about a third of its members and pushed collectivisation in the traditionally nomadic cattle-breeding country. The new government set about trying to destroy Buddhism and shamanism in Tuva, a policy encouraged by Stalin. Evidence of the success of these actions can be seen in the decline in the numbers of lama
s in the country: in 1929 there were 25 lamaseries and about 4,000 lamas and Shamans; in 1931 there was just one lamasery, 15 lamas, and approximately 725 shamans. The attempts at eradicating nomadic husbandry were more difficult. A census in 1931 showed that 82.2% of Tuvans still engaged in nomadic cattle breeding. Salchak Toka
, one of the commissars extraordinary mentioned above, was made General Secretary of the Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party in 1932. He stayed in power in Tuva until his death in 1973.
Tuva entered World War II
with the USSR
on 25 June 1941, three days after the German attack
on the Soviet Union. On 11 October 1944, at the request of Tuva's Small People's Khural (parliament), Tuva has become a part of the Soviet Union as the Tuvan Autonomous Oblast
of the Russian SFSR by the decision of Presidium of the Supreme Soviet
of the USSR. The Small People's Khural formalized the reunion at its final session on 1 November 1944. Salchak Toka was given the title of First Secretary of the Tuvan Communist Party. Tuva was an autonomous republic
(Tuvan ASSR within the Russian SFSR) from 10 October 1961 until 1992.
The area that was the Tuvan People's Republic is now known as Tyva Republic
within the Russian Federation. Over 75% of population of Tuva are ethnic Tuvans
.
.png)
*: Russian population declined due to the conscription
("call up") to the Red Army
in the Second World War period
Tuvan language
Tuvan , also known as Tuvinian, Tyvan or Tuvin, is a Turkic language spoken in the Republic of Tuva in south-central Siberia in Russia. The language has borrowed a great number of roots from the Mongolian language and more recently from the Russian language...
: Tьвa Arat Respuвlik, Тыва Арат Республик, Tyva Arat Respublik) (1921–1944) was an independent state in the territory of the former Tuva
Tuva
The Tyva Republic , or Tuva , is a federal subject of Russia . It lies in the geographical center of Asia, in southern Siberia. The republic borders with the Altai Republic, the Republic of Khakassia, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Irkutsk Oblast, and the Republic of Buryatia in Russia and with Mongolia to the...
n protectorate
Protectorate
In history, the term protectorate has two different meanings. In its earliest inception, which has been adopted by modern international law, it is an autonomous territory that is protected diplomatically or militarily against third parties by a stronger state or entity...
of Imperial Russia
Russian Empire
The Russian Empire was a state that existed from 1721 until the Russian Revolution of 1917. It was the successor to the Tsardom of Russia and the predecessor of the Soviet Union...
(though part of the Qing Empire
Qing Dynasty
The Qing Dynasty was the last dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 with a brief, abortive restoration in 1917. It was preceded by the Ming Dynasty and followed by the Republic of China....
until its collapse in 1911), also known as Uryankhaisky Krai . It was a satellite state
Satellite state
A satellite state is a political term that refers to a country that is formally independent, but under heavy political and economic influence or control by another country...
of USSR
Soviet Union
The Soviet Union , officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991....
. The Tuvan People's Republic is now formally known as Tuva Republic
Tuva
The Tyva Republic , or Tuva , is a federal subject of Russia . It lies in the geographical center of Asia, in southern Siberia. The republic borders with the Altai Republic, the Republic of Khakassia, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Irkutsk Oblast, and the Republic of Buryatia in Russia and with Mongolia to the...
within the Russian Federation
Russia
Russia or , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
.
History
Following the Russian Revolution of 1917Russian Revolution of 1917
The Russian Revolution is the collective term for a series of revolutions in Russia in 1917, which destroyed the Tsarist autocracy and led to the creation of the Soviet Union. The Tsar was deposed and replaced by a provisional government in the first revolution of February 1917...
, Communist troops took Tuva in January 1920. The chaos accompanying this era allowed the Tuvans to again proclaim their independence. On 14 August 1921, the Bolshevik
Bolshevik
The Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists , derived from bol'shinstvo, "majority") were a faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party which split apart from the Menshevik faction at the Second Party Congress in 1903....
s (supported by Russia
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic , commonly referred to as Soviet Russia, Bolshevik Russia, or simply Russia, was the largest, most populous and economically developed republic in the former Soviet Union....
) established a Tuvan People's Republic, called Tannu Tuva until 1926. The capital Khem-Beldir was eventually renamed Kyzyl
Kyzyl
-External links:*** in Kyzyl, Russia*...
('Red' in Tuvan; in Tuvan and Russian: Кызыл; in 1922-26 named "Красный", Krasnyy, 'Red' in Russian). A treaty between the Soviet Union
Soviet Union
The Soviet Union , officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991....
and the Mongolian People's Republic in 1926 affirmed the country’s independence. No other countries formally recognized it, although it appeared on maps and globes produced in the United States.
Tuva’s first Prime Minister was Donduk Kuular
Donduk Kuular
Donduk Kuular was a Tuvan monk, politician, and first prime minister of the Tuvinian People's Republic.Donduk was originally a Lamaist monk. As leader of a group of Russian-supported Bolsheviks, he proclaimed the independence of the People's Republic of Tannu Tuva, in 1921. He subsequently...
of the Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party
Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party
Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party was a political party in Tuva, founded in 1921. When the Tuvinian People's Republic was founded in the same year, the party held single-party control over its government as a vanguard party.-History:...
. Kuular made Buddhism
Buddhism
Buddhism is a religion and philosophy encompassing a variety of traditions, beliefs and practices, largely based on teachings attributed to Siddhartha Gautama, commonly known as the Buddha . The Buddha lived and taught in the northeastern Indian subcontinent some time between the 6th and 4th...
the state religion and tried to limit settlers and propaganda coming from Russia. He also tried to establish ties with Mongolia. The Soviet Union became increasingly alarmed by these initiatives and in 1929 Prime Minister Kuular was arrested and later executed. In the USSR meanwhile (in 1930) five members of the Communist University of the Toilers of the East
Communist University of the Toilers of the East
The Communist University of the Toilers of the East or KUTV was established April 21, 1921, in Moscow by the Communist International as a training college for communist cadres in the colonial world. The school officially opened on October 21, 1921...
(KUTV), the same group that executed Kuular, were appointed "commissars extraordinary" for Tuva. Staunchly loyal to Joseph Stalin
Joseph Stalin
Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin was the Premier of the Soviet Union from 6 May 1941 to 5 March 1953. He was among the Bolshevik revolutionaries who brought about the October Revolution and had held the position of first General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union's Central Committee...
's government, they purged the Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party of about a third of its members and pushed collectivisation in the traditionally nomadic cattle-breeding country. The new government set about trying to destroy Buddhism and shamanism in Tuva, a policy encouraged by Stalin. Evidence of the success of these actions can be seen in the decline in the numbers of lama
Lama
Lama is a title for a Tibetan teacher of the Dharma. The name is similar to the Sanskrit term guru .Historically, the term was used for venerated spiritual masters or heads of monasteries...
s in the country: in 1929 there were 25 lamaseries and about 4,000 lamas and Shamans; in 1931 there was just one lamasery, 15 lamas, and approximately 725 shamans. The attempts at eradicating nomadic husbandry were more difficult. A census in 1931 showed that 82.2% of Tuvans still engaged in nomadic cattle breeding. Salchak Toka
Salchak Toka
Salchak Kalbakkhorekovich Toka was a Tuvan politician. He was for many years the communist ruler of Tuva, and as well the Second Prime Minister of the Tuvan People's Republic....
, one of the commissars extraordinary mentioned above, was made General Secretary of the Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party in 1932. He stayed in power in Tuva until his death in 1973.
Tuva entered World War II
World War II
World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...
with the USSR
Soviet Union
The Soviet Union , officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991....
on 25 June 1941, three days after the German attack
Operation Barbarossa
Operation Barbarossa was the code name for Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II that began on 22 June 1941. Over 4.5 million troops of the Axis powers invaded the USSR along a front., the largest invasion in the history of warfare...
on the Soviet Union. On 11 October 1944, at the request of Tuva's Small People's Khural (parliament), Tuva has become a part of the Soviet Union as the Tuvan Autonomous Oblast
Tuvan Autonomous Oblast
The Tuvan Autonomous Oblast was an autonomous oblast of the Soviet Union created on 11 October 1944 following the annexation of the Tuvan People's Republic by the Soviet Union. On 10 October 1961 it was transformed into the Tuvan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic....
of the Russian SFSR by the decision of Presidium of the Supreme Soviet
Presidium of the Supreme Soviet
The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet was a Soviet governmental institution – a permanent body of the Supreme Soviets . This body was of the all-Union level , as well as in all Soviet republics and autonomous republics...
of the USSR. The Small People's Khural formalized the reunion at its final session on 1 November 1944. Salchak Toka was given the title of First Secretary of the Tuvan Communist Party. Tuva was an autonomous republic
Autonomous republics of the Soviet Union
Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics of the Soviet Union were administrative units created for certain nations. The ASSRs had a status lower than the union republics of the Soviet Union, but higher than the autonomous oblasts and the autonomous okrugs....
(Tuvan ASSR within the Russian SFSR) from 10 October 1961 until 1992.
The area that was the Tuvan People's Republic is now known as Tyva Republic
Tuva
The Tyva Republic , or Tuva , is a federal subject of Russia . It lies in the geographical center of Asia, in southern Siberia. The republic borders with the Altai Republic, the Republic of Khakassia, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Irkutsk Oblast, and the Republic of Buryatia in Russia and with Mongolia to the...
within the Russian Federation. Over 75% of population of Tuva are ethnic Tuvans
Tuvans
Tuvans or Tuvinians are Turkic peoples living in southern Siberia. They are historically known as one of the Uriankhai, from the Mongolian designation...
.
Heads of Institutions
Heads of state
- Chairman of the Constituent Khural
- Mongush Buyan-Badyrgy (14 August 1921 - 15 August 1921)
- Chairmen of the Presidium of the Little Hural
- Nimachyan (Nimazhav) (18 September 1924 - 4 February 1929)
- Chuldum Lopsakovi (5 February 1929 - 5 November 1936)
- Adyg-Tulush Khemchik-ool (6 November 1936 - February 1938)
- Oyun Polat (2 March 1938 - 4 April 1940)
- Khertek Anchimaa-TokaKhertek Anchimaa-TokaKhertek Amyrbitovna Anchimaa-Toka was a Tuvinian/Soviet politician who in 1940-1944 was a chairman of Little Khural of Tuvan People's Republic, and the first elected or appointed female head of state in the modern world.-Biography:Khertek Anchimaa was born in what is now Bay-Tayginsky...
(6 April 1940 - 11 October 1944)
Heads of government
- Chairman of the Central Council
- Sodnam Balchir Ambyn-noyon (15 August 1921 - 28 February 1922)
- Chairmen of the Council of Ministers
- Lobsang-Osur (1 March 1922 - 15 August 1922)
- Idam-Syurun (Sürun) (15 August 1922 - 19 September 1923)
- Mongush Buyan-Badyrgy (20 September 1923 - 18 September 1924)
- Soyan Oruygu (18 September 1924 - 1925)
- Donduk KuularDonduk KuularDonduk Kuular was a Tuvan monk, politician, and first prime minister of the Tuvinian People's Republic.Donduk was originally a Lamaist monk. As leader of a group of Russian-supported Bolsheviks, he proclaimed the independence of the People's Republic of Tannu Tuva, in 1921. He subsequently...
(1925 - January 1929) - Adyg-Tulush Khemchik-ool (January 1929 - 6 November 1936)
- Sat Churmit-Dazhi (6 November 1936 - February 1938)
- Bair Ondar (Aleksey Shirinmeyevich Bair) (1938 - 1940)
- Saryg-Dongak Chymba (Aleksandr Mangeyevich Chimba) (6 April 1940 - 11 October 1944)
Heads of party
- General Secretaries
- Nimachyan (Nimazhav, Nimazhap) (1921 - 1923)
- Lobsang-Osur (1923)
- President
- Oyun Kursedy (9 July 1923 - 15 March 1924)
- General Secretary
- Shagdyr (April 1924 - January 1926)
- First Secretaries
- Mongush Buyan-Badyrgy (January 1926 - February 1927)
- Sodnam Balchir Ambyn-noyon (February 1927 - January 1929)
- Irgit Shagdyrzhap (January 1929 - March 1932)
- General Secretary
- Salchak TokaSalchak TokaSalchak Kalbakkhorekovich Toka was a Tuvan politician. He was for many years the communist ruler of Tuva, and as well the Second Prime Minister of the Tuvan People's Republic....
(6 March 1932 - 11 October 1944)
- Salchak Toka
Population
| 1918 | 1931 | 1944 | 1958 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tuvans Tuvans Tuvans or Tuvinians are Turkic peoples living in southern Siberia. They are historically known as one of the Uriankhai, from the Mongolian designation... |
48,000 | 64,900 | 81,100 | 98,000 |
| Russians Russians The Russian people are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Russia, speaking the Russian language and primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries.... and other |
12,000 | 17,300 | 14,300* | 73,900 |
| Total | 60,000 | 82,200 | 95,400 | 171,900 |
*: Russian population declined due to the conscription
Conscription
Conscription is the compulsory enlistment of people in some sort of national service, most often military service. Conscription dates back to antiquity and continues in some countries to the present day under various names...
("call up") to the Red Army
Red Army
The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army started out as the Soviet Union's revolutionary communist combat groups during the Russian Civil War of 1918-1922. It grew into the national army of the Soviet Union. By the 1930s the Red Army was among the largest armies in history.The "Red Army" name refers to...
in the Second World War period
See also
- Tannu UriankhaiTannu UriankhaiTannu Uriankhai is a historic region of the Mongol Empire and, later, the Qing Dynasty. The realms of Tannu Uriankhai largely correspond to the Tuva Republic of the Russian Federation, neighboring areas in Russia, and a part of the modern state of Mongolia....
- Postage stamps and postal history of Tannu TuvaPostage stamps and postal history of Tannu TuvaThe postage stamps of Tannu Tuva form one of philately's curious byways, featuring quirky and colorful stamps, many of questionable validity, issued by an obscure country which held special fascination for young stamp collectors in the middle of the twentieth century....
- Tuvan akşaTuvan aksaThe akşa was the currency of Tuva between 1934 and 1944. It was subdivided into 100 .Prior to the introduction of the akşa, Tuva issued overstamped Russian and Soviet banknotes. The first series was overstamped with denominations in lan, with the number of lan equal to the face value of the ...
– the national currency - Mongolian People's Republic