Turkish vocabulary
Encyclopedia
This article is a companion to Turkish grammar
and contains some information that might be considered grammatical. The purpose of this article is mainly to show the use of some of the yapım ekleri "structural suffixes" of the Turkish language
, as well as to give some of the structurally important words, like pronouns, determiners, postpositions, and conjunctions.
In the ninth century, Turks began to convert to Islam
and to use the Arabic
(or Arabo-Persian) alphabet. When the Seljuk Turks overran Persia, they adopted for official and literary use the Persian language
—which meanwhile had borrowed many Arabic
words. Thus educated Turks had available for their use the vocabularies of three languages: Turkish
, Arabic, and Persian.
When the Ottoman Empire
arose out of the remains of the Selcuk Empire in Anatolia, its official language, Osmanlıca or Ottoman Turkish, became the only language to approach English in the size of its vocabulary (according to #Lewis). However, common people continued to use kaba Türkçe or "rough Turkish" which was much purer and which is the basis of the modern Turkish language.
With the advent of the Turkish Republic in 1923 came the attempt to unify the languages of the people and the administration, and to westernize the country. The modern Turkish alphabet
, based on the Roman alphabet, was introduced. Also, Arabic and Persian words were replaced, as possible, by:
Turkish words surviving in speech, obsolete Turkish words, new words formed regularly from the agglutinative resources of Turkish, thoroughly new words or formations. However, still a large portion of current Turkish words have Arabic or Persian origins.
The Ottoman Empire having been the successor of the Byzantine Empire
, Turkish has words borrowed from Greek
. There are also borrowings from other European languages, or from the common technical vocabulary of Europe.
In the latter case, the borrowings are usually taken in their French
pronunciation.
, contains 104,481 words, of which about 86% are Turkish and 14% are of foreign origin. Among the most significant foreign contributors to Turkish vocabulary are Arabic
, French
, Persian
, Italian
, English
, and Greek
.
işçi "worker" (iş "work"; işadamı "businessman" uses adam "man");
balıkçı "fishmonger" (balık "fish");
gazeteci "newsagent" or "journalist".
The suffix -lik attached to a noun or adjective denotes an abstraction, or an object involved with what is named by the noun:
iyilik "goodness" (iyi "good");
tuzluk "saltcellar" (tuz "salt");
günlük "daily" (gün "day");
gecelik "nightgown" (gece "night")
.
yat- "lie down",
yatır- "lay down",
yatırım "investment".
For more examples on word derivations, see the related article: List of replaced loanwords in Turkish.
For an intensive form, the first consonant and vowel of a (descriptive) adjective can be reduplicated; a new consonant is added too, m, p, r, or s, but there is no simple rule for which one:
başka "other"; bambaşka "completely different";
katı "hard"; kaskatı "hard as a rock";
kuru "dry"; kupkuru "dry as a bone";
temiz "clean"; tertemiz "clean as a whistle".
The determinative adjectives, or determiners, are an essential part of the language, although Turkish takes some of its determiners from Arabic and Persian.
These are also demonstrative pronouns. Used with plural nouns, these adjectives represent the English "those" and "these"; there is no such inflexion of adjectives in Turkish.
s are built up in a regular way from the following:
Units follow multiples of ten; powers of ten come in descending order:
yüz kırk dokuz milyar beş yüz doksan yedi milyon
sekiz yüz yetmiş bin altı yüz doksan bir metre "149 597 870 691 metres".
The cardinals are generally not used alone, but a general word for a unit is used, such as:
Remembering that the plural suffix is not used when numbers are named, we have:
dört tane bira "four beers";
Altı kişiyiz "We are six."
From the cardinal numbers, others can be derived with suffixes:
Sırada yedincisiniz "You are seventh in line";
birer, ikişer "one each, two each";
ikizler "twins".
.
Other so-called indefinite adjectives might be listed as follows:
Saat kaç? "What time is it?"
Kaç saat? "How many hours?"
tuzlu/tuzsuz "salted/salt-free";
ümitli/ümitsiz "hopeful/hopeless".
Also, -li indicates origin:
Ankaralıyım "I am from Ankara."
Finally, added to the verbal noun in -me, the suffix -li creates the necessitative verb:
Gitmeliyim "I must go".
The pattern is
(verb-stem) + meli + (personal ending).
The native speaker may perceive -meli as an indivisible suffix denoting compulsion; the analysis here is in #Lewis [VIII,30].
Added to a noun for a person, -ce makes an adjective #Lewis [IV,4]:
çocukça "childish" (çocuk "child");
kahramanca "heroic" (kahraman "hero").
iyi "good" or "well".
The adjective might then be repeated, as noted earlier. A repeated noun also serves as an adverb:
kapı "door"; kapı kapı "door-to-door".
The suffix -ce makes nouns and adjectives into adverbs. One source [Özkırımlı, p. 155] calls it the benzerlik ("similarity") or görelik (from göre "according to") eki, considering it as another case-ending.
güzelce "beautifully".
Türkçe konuş-, "speak like Turks": "speak Turkish".
Adverbs of place include:
These can also be treated as adjectives and nouns (in particular, they can be given case-endings).
Also, to the demonstrative pronouns o, bu, and şu, as well as to the interrogative pronoun ne, the suffix -re can be added; treated as a noun, the result has cases serving as adverbs of place:
For example, a certain corporation may describe its soft-drink as
buz gibi "like ice", that is, "ice cold".
However, another corporation may say of itself
Gibisi yok "Its-like non-existent", that is, "There's nothing like it".
Thus the label of postposition does not adequately describe gibi; Turkish vocabulary#Schaaik proposes calling it a predicate, because of its use in establishing similarity:
Eşek gibisin "Thou art like a donkey";
beni küçümseyecekmiş gibi bir duygu "me s/he-will-look-down-on like a feeling", that is,
"a feeling as if s/he will look down on me".
The particle ile can be both comitative and instrumental; it can also join the preceding word as a suffix:
Deniz ile konuştuk or Deniz'le konuştuk "Deniz and I [or we], we spoke":
here the literal translation "We spoke with Deniz" may be incorrect;
çekiç ile vur- or çekiçle vur- "hit with a hammer".
For the adversative sense of "but" or "only", there are ama and fakat (both Arabic), also yalnız (which is also an adjective corresponding to "alone").
For emphasis: hem A hem B "both A and B".
The pattern of the last two can be extended:
NE ABD NE AB TAM BAĞIMSIZ DEMOKRATİK TÜRKİYE
"Neither USA nor EU: Fully Independent Democratic Turkey"
(slogan on placard at demonstration);
Both çünkü and eğer are Persian; the latter is not generally needed, because the conditional form of the verb is available.
The Persian conjunction ki brings to Turkish the Indo-European
style of relating ideas (#Lewis [XIII,15]):
Beklemesini istiyorum "Her-waiting I-desire"; but
İstiyorum ki beklesin "I-desire that he-wait."
Thus ki corresponds roughly to English "that", but with a broader sense:
Güneş batmıştı ki köye vardık "The-sun had-set [when] that at-the-village we-arrived."
Kirazı yedim ki şeker gibi "The-cherry I-ate [and found] that [it was] sugar like."
The following is from a newspaper:
"Vahdettin
ne yazık ki haindi"
...Bu iki açıklamadan anlıyoruz ki
Ecevit, Osmanlı Tarihi adlı bir kitap hazırlıyormuş...
Vahdettin, Tevfik Paşa ve Londra Konferansı hakkındaki açıklamaları gösteriyor ki
Sayın Ecevit, yakın tarihimizi ciddi olarak incelememiş,
bu konudaki güvenilir araştırmaları ve sağlam belgeleri görmemiş...
Diyor ki:
"Benim şahsen çocukluğumdan beri dinlediğim şeyler var..."
"...From these two accounts, we understand that
Ecevit is preparing a book called Ottoman History...
His accounts concerning Vahdettin, Tevfik Pasha and the London Conference show that
Mr Ecevit has not seriously studied our recent history,
has not seen trustworthy research and sound documentation on this subject...
He says that:
"'There are many things I heard personally from my childhood till today...'"
(Source: Cumhuriyet 19 July 2005.)
The suffix -iş- indicates reciprocal action, which is expressed in English by "each other" or "one another".
(literally "We see one another"))
(But there are exceptions: sevişmek does not mean "to love one another" (from sevmek "to love") but rather "to make love with each other."
Many causative verbs are formed with -dir-.
Turkish grammar
Turkish is a highly agglutinative language, i.e., Turkish words have many grammatical suffixes or endings that determine meaning. Turkish vowels undergo vowel harmony. When a suffix is attached to a stem, the vowel in the suffix agrees in frontness or backness and in roundedness with the last vowel...
and contains some information that might be considered grammatical. The purpose of this article is mainly to show the use of some of the yapım ekleri "structural suffixes" of the Turkish language
Turkish language
Turkish is a language spoken as a native language by over 83 million people worldwide, making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. Its speakers are located predominantly in Turkey and Northern Cyprus with smaller groups in Iraq, Greece, Bulgaria, the Republic of Macedonia, Kosovo,...
, as well as to give some of the structurally important words, like pronouns, determiners, postpositions, and conjunctions.
Origins
See also Turkish language#Vocabulary.In the ninth century, Turks began to convert to Islam
Islam
Islam . The most common are and . : Arabic pronunciation varies regionally. The first vowel ranges from ~~. The second vowel ranges from ~~~...
and to use the Arabic
Arabic alphabet
The Arabic alphabet or Arabic abjad is the Arabic script as it is codified for writing the Arabic language. It is written from right to left, in a cursive style, and includes 28 letters. Because letters usually stand for consonants, it is classified as an abjad.-Consonants:The Arabic alphabet has...
(or Arabo-Persian) alphabet. When the Seljuk Turks overran Persia, they adopted for official and literary use the Persian language
Persian language
Persian is an Iranian language within the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European languages. It is primarily spoken in Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan and countries which historically came under Persian influence...
—which meanwhile had borrowed many Arabic
Arabic language
Arabic is a name applied to the descendants of the Classical Arabic language of the 6th century AD, used most prominently in the Quran, the Islamic Holy Book...
words. Thus educated Turks had available for their use the vocabularies of three languages: Turkish
Turkish language
Turkish is a language spoken as a native language by over 83 million people worldwide, making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. Its speakers are located predominantly in Turkey and Northern Cyprus with smaller groups in Iraq, Greece, Bulgaria, the Republic of Macedonia, Kosovo,...
, Arabic, and Persian.
When the Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman EmpireIt was usually referred to as the "Ottoman Empire", the "Turkish Empire", the "Ottoman Caliphate" or more commonly "Turkey" by its contemporaries...
arose out of the remains of the Selcuk Empire in Anatolia, its official language, Osmanlıca or Ottoman Turkish, became the only language to approach English in the size of its vocabulary (according to #Lewis). However, common people continued to use kaba Türkçe or "rough Turkish" which was much purer and which is the basis of the modern Turkish language.
Turkish alphabet
The Turkish alphabet is a Latin alphabet used for writing the Turkish language, consisting of 29 letters, seven of which have been modified from their Latin originals for the phonetic requirements of the language. This alphabet represents modern Turkish pronunciation with a high degree of accuracy...
, based on the Roman alphabet, was introduced. Also, Arabic and Persian words were replaced, as possible, by:
Turkish words surviving in speech, obsolete Turkish words, new words formed regularly from the agglutinative resources of Turkish, thoroughly new words or formations. However, still a large portion of current Turkish words have Arabic or Persian origins.
The Ottoman Empire having been the successor of the Byzantine Empire
Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine Empire was the Eastern Roman Empire during the periods of Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, centred on the capital of Constantinople. Known simply as the Roman Empire or Romania to its inhabitants and neighbours, the Empire was the direct continuation of the Ancient Roman State...
, Turkish has words borrowed from Greek
Greek language
Greek is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages. Native to the southern Balkans, it has the longest documented history of any Indo-European language, spanning 34 centuries of written records. Its writing system has been the Greek alphabet for the majority of its history;...
. There are also borrowings from other European languages, or from the common technical vocabulary of Europe.
In the latter case, the borrowings are usually taken in their French
French language
French is a Romance language spoken as a first language in France, the Romandy region in Switzerland, Wallonia and Brussels in Belgium, Monaco, the regions of Quebec and Acadia in Canada, and by various communities elsewhere. Second-language speakers of French are distributed throughout many parts...
pronunciation.
Origin of the words in Turkish vocabulary
The 2005 edition of Güncel Türkçe Sözlük, the official dictionary of the Turkish language published by Turkish Language AssociationTurkish Language Association
The Turkish Language Association is the official regulatory body of the Turkish language, founded on July 12, 1932 and headquartered in Ankara, Turkey...
, contains 104,481 words, of which about 86% are Turkish and 14% are of foreign origin. Among the most significant foreign contributors to Turkish vocabulary are Arabic
Arabic language
Arabic is a name applied to the descendants of the Classical Arabic language of the 6th century AD, used most prominently in the Quran, the Islamic Holy Book...
, French
French language
French is a Romance language spoken as a first language in France, the Romandy region in Switzerland, Wallonia and Brussels in Belgium, Monaco, the regions of Quebec and Acadia in Canada, and by various communities elsewhere. Second-language speakers of French are distributed throughout many parts...
, Persian
Persian language
Persian is an Iranian language within the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European languages. It is primarily spoken in Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan and countries which historically came under Persian influence...
, Italian
Italian language
Italian is a Romance language spoken mainly in Europe: Italy, Switzerland, San Marino, Vatican City, by minorities in Malta, Monaco, Croatia, Slovenia, France, Libya, Eritrea, and Somalia, and by immigrant communities in the Americas and Australia...
, English
English language
English is a West Germanic language that arose in the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England and spread into what was to become south-east Scotland under the influence of the Anglian medieval kingdom of Northumbria...
, and Greek
Greek language
Greek is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages. Native to the southern Balkans, it has the longest documented history of any Indo-European language, spanning 34 centuries of written records. Its writing system has been the Greek alphabet for the majority of its history;...
.
Nouns from nouns and adjectives
The suffix -ci attached to a noun denotes a person involved with what is named by the noun:işçi "worker" (iş "work"; işadamı "businessman" uses adam "man");
balıkçı "fishmonger" (balık "fish");
gazeteci "newsagent" or "journalist".
The suffix -lik attached to a noun or adjective denotes an abstraction, or an object involved with what is named by the noun:
iyilik "goodness" (iyi "good");
tuzluk "saltcellar" (tuz "salt");
günlük "daily" (gün "day");
gecelik "nightgown" (gece "night")
Nouns from verbs
The noun in -im denoting an instance of action was mentioned in the introduction to Turkish grammarTurkish grammar
Turkish is a highly agglutinative language, i.e., Turkish words have many grammatical suffixes or endings that determine meaning. Turkish vowels undergo vowel harmony. When a suffix is attached to a stem, the vowel in the suffix agrees in frontness or backness and in roundedness with the last vowel...
.
yat- "lie down",
yatır- "lay down",
yatırım "investment".
For more examples on word derivations, see the related article: List of replaced loanwords in Turkish.
Classification of adjectives
Adjectives can be distinguished as being- descriptive (niteleme "qualifying"), or
- determinative (belirtme): in particular:
- demonstrative (gösterme "to show" or işaret "sign"),
- numerical (sayı "number"),
- indefinite (belirsizlik or belgisiz),
- interrogative (soru "question").
For an intensive form, the first consonant and vowel of a (descriptive) adjective can be reduplicated; a new consonant is added too, m, p, r, or s, but there is no simple rule for which one:
başka "other"; bambaşka "completely different";
katı "hard"; kaskatı "hard as a rock";
kuru "dry"; kupkuru "dry as a bone";
temiz "clean"; tertemiz "clean as a whistle".
The determinative adjectives, or determiners, are an essential part of the language, although Turkish takes some of its determiners from Arabic and Persian.
Demonstrative adjectives
- o "that",
- bu "this",
- şu "this" or "that" (thing pointed to).
These are also demonstrative pronouns. Used with plural nouns, these adjectives represent the English "those" and "these"; there is no such inflexion of adjectives in Turkish.
Numerical adjectives
The cardinal numberCardinal number
In mathematics, cardinal numbers, or cardinals for short, are a generalization of the natural numbers used to measure the cardinality of sets. The cardinality of a finite set is a natural number – the number of elements in the set. The transfinite cardinal numbers describe the sizes of infinite...
s are built up in a regular way from the following:
| n | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | sıfır | bir | iki | üç | dört | beş | altı | yedi | sekiz | dokuz |
| 10·n | sıfır | on | yirmi | otuz | kırk | elli | altmış | yetmiş | seksen | doksan |
| 10n | bir | on | yüz | bin | milyon | milyar |
Units follow multiples of ten; powers of ten come in descending order:
yüz kırk dokuz milyar beş yüz doksan yedi milyon
sekiz yüz yetmiş bin altı yüz doksan bir metre "149 597 870 691 metres".
The cardinals are generally not used alone, but a general word for a unit is used, such as:
- tane, literally "grain";
- kişi "person".
Remembering that the plural suffix is not used when numbers are named, we have:
dört tane bira "four beers";
Altı kişiyiz "We are six."
From the cardinal numbers, others can be derived with suffixes:
- ordinal -(i)nci;
- distributive -(ş)er;
- collective -(i)z.
Sırada yedincisiniz "You are seventh in line";
birer, ikişer "one each, two each";
ikizler "twins".
Indefinite adjectives
The cardinal bir "one" can be used as an indefinite articleArticle (grammar)
An article is a word that combines with a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the noun. Articles specify the grammatical definiteness of the noun, in some languages extending to volume or numerical scope. The articles in the English language are the and a/an, and some...
.
Other so-called indefinite adjectives might be listed as follows:
- universal: her "each, every", tüm "the whole", bütün "whole, all";
- existential: bazı "some", biraz "a little", birkaç "a few, several";
- negative: hiç "none";
- quantitative: az "little, few", çok "much, many";
- distinguishing: başka, diğer, öteki, öbür "other";
- identifying: aynı "same".
Interrogative adjectives
- hangi "which?";
- kaç "how much?" or "how many?";
- nasıl "what sort?" (this is also the interrogative adverb "how?").
Saat kaç? "What time is it?"
Kaç saat? "How many hours?"
Adjectives from nouns
Added to a noun, -li or -siz indicates presence or absence of what is named by the noun:tuzlu/tuzsuz "salted/salt-free";
ümitli/ümitsiz "hopeful/hopeless".
Also, -li indicates origin:
Ankaralıyım "I am from Ankara."
Finally, added to the verbal noun in -me, the suffix -li creates the necessitative verb:
Gitmeliyim "I must go".
The pattern is
(verb-stem) + meli + (personal ending).
The native speaker may perceive -meli as an indivisible suffix denoting compulsion; the analysis here is in #Lewis [VIII,30].
Added to a noun for a person, -ce makes an adjective #Lewis [IV,4]:
çocukça "childish" (çocuk "child");
kahramanca "heroic" (kahraman "hero").
Adverbs
Adjectives can generally serve as adverbs:iyi "good" or "well".
The adjective might then be repeated, as noted earlier. A repeated noun also serves as an adverb:
kapı "door"; kapı kapı "door-to-door".
The suffix -ce makes nouns and adjectives into adverbs. One source [Özkırımlı, p. 155] calls it the benzerlik ("similarity") or görelik (from göre "according to") eki, considering it as another case-ending.
- Attached to adjectives, -ce is like the English -ly:
güzelce "beautifully".
- Attached to nouns, -ce can be like the English like:
Türkçe konuş-, "speak like Turks": "speak Turkish".
Adverbs of place include:
- aşağı/yukarı "down/up";
- geri/ileri "backwards/forwards";
- dışarı/içeri "outside/inside";
- beri/öte "hither/yon";
- karşı "opposite".
These can also be treated as adjectives and nouns (in particular, they can be given case-endings).
Also, to the demonstrative pronouns o, bu, and şu, as well as to the interrogative pronoun ne, the suffix -re can be added; treated as a noun, the result has cases serving as adverbs of place:
- nereye/buraya/oraya "whither?/hither/thither";
- nerede/burada/orada "where?/here/there";
- nereden/buradan/oradan "whence?/hence/thence".
With genitive and absolute
The following are used after the genitive pronouns benim, bizim, senin, sizin, onun, and kimin, and after the absolute case of other pronouns and nouns:- gibi "like, as";
- için "for";
- ile "with";
- kadar (Arabic) "as much as".
For example, a certain corporation may describe its soft-drink as
buz gibi "like ice", that is, "ice cold".
However, another corporation may say of itself
Gibisi yok "Its-like non-existent", that is, "There's nothing like it".
Thus the label of postposition does not adequately describe gibi; Turkish vocabulary#Schaaik proposes calling it a predicate, because of its use in establishing similarity:
Eşek gibisin "Thou art like a donkey";
beni küçümseyecekmiş gibi bir duygu "me s/he-will-look-down-on like a feeling", that is,
"a feeling as if s/he will look down on me".
The particle ile can be both comitative and instrumental; it can also join the preceding word as a suffix:
Deniz ile konuştuk or Deniz'le konuştuk "Deniz and I [or we], we spoke":
here the literal translation "We spoke with Deniz" may be incorrect;
çekiç ile vur- or çekiçle vur- "hit with a hammer".
With dative
Used after nouns and pronouns in the dative case are:- doğru "towards";
- göre "according to";
- kadar "as far as";
- karşı "against".
With ablative
- önce/sonra "before/after";
- beri "since";
- itibaren (Arabic) "from…on";
- dolayı "because of".
With absolute
The following postpositions are case-forms of nouns with the third-person possessional suffix; they can be understood as forming nominal compounds, always indefinite, with the preceding words (see also Turkish grammar#Nouns):- bakımdan "from the point of view of" (bak- "look");
- hakkında "concerning, about" (hak "right, justice");
- tarafından "by the agency of" (taraf "side");
- yüzünden "because of" (yüz "face").
Interjections
Some samples include:- secular:
- Öf [disgust];
- Haydi "Come on": Haydi kızlar okula "Girls to school!" (slogan for an education campaign);
- invoking the Deity:
- implicitly:
- Aman "Mercy";
- Çok şükür "Much thanks";
- explicitly:
- Allah Allah "Goodness gracious";
- Hay Allah;
- Vallah "By God [I swear it]".
- implicitly:
Logical conjunction
The cumulative sense of the English "A and B" can be expressed several ways:- A ve B (an Arabic borrowing);
- B ile A (ile is also a postposition);
- A, B de.
For the adversative sense of "but" or "only", there are ama and fakat (both Arabic), also yalnız (which is also an adjective corresponding to "alone").
For emphasis: hem A hem B "both A and B".
Logical disjunction
For the sense of English "(either)…or":- A veya B;
- ya A veya B;
- ya A ya da B.
The pattern of the last two can be extended:
- ya A ya B veya C;
- ya A ya B ya da C.
Logical non-disjunction
- Ne A ne B "Neither A nor B":
NE ABD NE AB TAM BAĞIMSIZ DEMOKRATİK TÜRKİYE
"Neither USA nor EU: Fully Independent Democratic Turkey"
(slogan on placard at demonstration);
- Ne A ne B ne C "Not A or B or C."
Implication
- B, çünkü A "B, because A".
- ((Eğer)) A'ysa, (o zaman) B'dir. "If A, then B." ("Eğer" is not generally used.)
Both çünkü and eğer are Persian; the latter is not generally needed, because the conditional form of the verb is available.
The Persian conjunction ki brings to Turkish the Indo-European
Indo-European languages
The Indo-European languages are a family of several hundred related languages and dialects, including most major current languages of Europe, the Iranian plateau, and South Asia and also historically predominant in Anatolia...
style of relating ideas (#Lewis [XIII,15]):
Beklemesini istiyorum "Her-waiting I-desire"; but
İstiyorum ki beklesin "I-desire that he-wait."
Thus ki corresponds roughly to English "that", but with a broader sense:
Güneş batmıştı ki köye vardık "The-sun had-set [when] that at-the-village we-arrived."
Kirazı yedim ki şeker gibi "The-cherry I-ate [and found] that [it was] sugar like."
The following is from a newspaper:
"Vahdettin
Mehmed VI
Mehmet VI was the 36th and last Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, reigning from 1918 to 1922...
ne yazık ki haindi"
...Bu iki açıklamadan anlıyoruz ki
Ecevit, Osmanlı Tarihi adlı bir kitap hazırlıyormuş...
Vahdettin, Tevfik Paşa ve Londra Konferansı hakkındaki açıklamaları gösteriyor ki
Sayın Ecevit, yakın tarihimizi ciddi olarak incelememiş,
bu konudaki güvenilir araştırmaları ve sağlam belgeleri görmemiş...
Diyor ki:
"Benim şahsen çocukluğumdan beri dinlediğim şeyler var..."
"...From these two accounts, we understand that
Ecevit is preparing a book called Ottoman History...
His accounts concerning Vahdettin, Tevfik Pasha and the London Conference show that
Mr Ecevit has not seriously studied our recent history,
has not seen trustworthy research and sound documentation on this subject...
He says that:
"'There are many things I heard personally from my childhood till today...'"
(Source: Cumhuriyet 19 July 2005.)
Verbs
The verb-stem temizle- "make clean" is the adjective temiz "clean" with the suffix -le-. Many verbs are formed from nouns or adjectives with -le:- başla- "make a head", that is, "begin" (intransitive; baş "head");
- kilitle- "make locked", that is, "lock" (kilit "lock");
- kirle- "make dirty" (kir "dirt")
- köpekle- (from köpek "dog", discussed at Turkish grammar#Parts of speech).
The suffix -iş- indicates reciprocal action, which is expressed in English by "each other" or "one another".
- görüşmek "to see one another" (from görmek "to see", for example Görüşürüz, "Goodbye"
(literally "We see one another"))
(But there are exceptions: sevişmek does not mean "to love one another" (from sevmek "to love") but rather "to make love with each other."
Many causative verbs are formed with -dir-.
- öldürmek "to kill" (from ölmek "to die")
- yaptırmak "to have something done" (from yapmak "to do")