Tuhawaiki
Encyclopedia
Tuhawaiki — often known as Hone Tuhawaiki, John Tuhawaiki or Jack Tuhawaiki, or by his nickname of "Bloody Jack" — became a paramount chief
of the Ngāi Tahu
Māori iwi
in the southern part of the South Island
of New Zealand
. He gained his nickname from early interactions with Foveaux Strait
whalers
on account of his colourful and expletive-laden speech, and it embarrassed him in later years after his conversion to Christianity.
Born at Inch Clutha
in South Otago
in the early years of the 19th century, he gained prominence in about 1833 when a war-party led by him defeated the Ngāti Toa
chief Te Rauparaha
at Lake Grassmere
. The Ngāti Toa leader escaped with his life only through luck. Four years later, a war-party led by Tuhawaiki and Taiaroa inflicted severe damage on Ngāti Toa troops in a number of raids. Around the same time, Tuhawaiki became Ngāi Tahu chief upon the death of his uncle, Te Whakataupuka. He gained a reputation as a bold and intelligent military leader
, as well as shrewd and insightful in his non-military dealings with pākehā
settlers.
On 10 June 1840, Tuhawaiki signed a copy of the Treaty of Waitangi
aboard the HMS Herald at Ruapuke.
Tuhawaiki became involved in numerous sales of land to settlers
and entrepreneur
s, notably that of the Otago
Block to Frederick Tuckett, Symonds, and Clarke for £2,400 in July 1844.
During the spring of 1844, Tuhawaiki drowned south of Timaru
when his boat hit rocks at a location now known as Tuhawaiki Point. Other New Zealand places named in his honour include Jack's Bay and the nearby Tuhawaiki Island in the Catlins
, as well as a peak in Fiordland's Darran Mountains.
A number of artefacts belonging or relating to Tuahawaiki still exist in New Zealand museums. The Southland Museum and Art Gallery
has a bayonet and a 12-pounder cannon reputedly owned by Tuhawaiki, the Otago Museum
has a revolving flintlock rifle thought to be Tuhawaiki's, and the Hocken Library, University of Otago has a document signed by Tuhawaiki in both English and moko
-form http://www.treaty2u.govt.nz/images/two-parties-main-3.jpg.
Paramount chief
A paramount chief is the highest-level traditional chief or political leader in a regional or local polity or country typically administered politically with a chief-based system. This definition is used occasionally in anthropological and archaeological theory to refer to the rulers of multiple...
of the Ngāi Tahu
Ngāi Tahu
Ngāi Tahu, or Kāi Tahu, is the principal Māori iwi of the southern region of New Zealand, with the tribal authority, Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu, being based in Christchurch and Invercargill. The iwi combines three groups, Kāi Tahu itself, and Waitaha and Kāti Mamoe who lived in the South Island prior...
Māori iwi
Iwi
In New Zealand society, iwi form the largest everyday social units in Māori culture. The word iwi means "'peoples' or 'nations'. In "the work of European writers which treat iwi and hapū as parts of a hierarchical structure", it has been used to mean "tribe" , or confederation of tribes,...
in the southern part of the South Island
South Island
The South Island is the larger of the two major islands of New Zealand, the other being the more populous North Island. It is bordered to the north by Cook Strait, to the west by the Tasman Sea, to the south and east by the Pacific Ocean...
of New Zealand
New Zealand
New Zealand is an island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses and numerous smaller islands. The country is situated some east of Australia across the Tasman Sea, and roughly south of the Pacific island nations of New Caledonia, Fiji, and Tonga...
. He gained his nickname from early interactions with Foveaux Strait
Foveaux Strait
Foveaux Strait separates Stewart Island/Rakiura, New Zealand's third largest island, from the South Island. Three large bays, Te Waewae Bay, Oreti Beach and Toetoes Bay, sweep along the strait's northern coast, which also hosts Bluff township and harbour. Across the strait lie the Solander...
whalers
Whaling
Whaling is the hunting of whales mainly for meat and oil. Its earliest forms date to at least 3000 BC. Various coastal communities have long histories of sustenance whaling and harvesting beached whales...
on account of his colourful and expletive-laden speech, and it embarrassed him in later years after his conversion to Christianity.
Born at Inch Clutha
Inch Clutha
Inch Clutha is a large, flat island sitting in the delta between the Matau and Koau branches of the Clutha River, downstream from the town of Balclutha in the South Island of New Zealand...
in South Otago
South Otago
South Otago lies in the south east of the South Island of New Zealand. As the name suggests, it forms the southernmost part of the geographical region of Otago....
in the early years of the 19th century, he gained prominence in about 1833 when a war-party led by him defeated the Ngāti Toa
Ngati Toa
Ngāti Toa , an iwi , traces its descent from the eponymous ancestor Toarangatira. The Ngāti Toa region extends from Miria-te-kakara at Rangitikei to Wellington, and across Cook Strait to Wairau and Nelson....
chief Te Rauparaha
Te Rauparaha
Te Rauparaha was a Māori rangatira and war leader of the Ngāti Toa tribe who took a leading part in the Musket Wars. He was influential in the original sale of conquered Rangitane land to the New Zealand Company and was a participant in the Wairau Incident in Marlborough...
at Lake Grassmere
Lake Grassmere
Lake Grassmere is close to Cook Strait in the northeastern South Island of New Zealand.- Geography :Lake Grassmere, south of Blenheim and south of the mouth of the Awatere River, is a shallow lagoon protected from the open sea by a single barrier beach covered by sand dunes...
. The Ngāti Toa leader escaped with his life only through luck. Four years later, a war-party led by Tuhawaiki and Taiaroa inflicted severe damage on Ngāti Toa troops in a number of raids. Around the same time, Tuhawaiki became Ngāi Tahu chief upon the death of his uncle, Te Whakataupuka. He gained a reputation as a bold and intelligent military leader
Leadership
Leadership has been described as the “process of social influence in which one person can enlist the aid and support of others in the accomplishment of a common task". Other in-depth definitions of leadership have also emerged.-Theories:...
, as well as shrewd and insightful in his non-military dealings with pākehā
Pakeha
Pākehā is a Māori language word for New Zealanders who are "of European descent". They are mostly descended from British and to a lesser extent Irish settlers of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, although some Pākehā have Dutch, Scandinavian, German, Yugoslav or other ancestry...
settlers.
On 10 June 1840, Tuhawaiki signed a copy of the Treaty of Waitangi
Treaty of Waitangi
The Treaty of Waitangi is a treaty first signed on 6 February 1840 by representatives of the British Crown and various Māori chiefs from the North Island of New Zealand....
aboard the HMS Herald at Ruapuke.
Tuhawaiki became involved in numerous sales of land to settlers
Pakeha settlers
Pākehā settlers were European emigrants who journeyed to New Zealand, and more specifically to Auckland, the Wellington/Hawkes Bay region, Canterbury and Otago during the 19th century...
and entrepreneur
Entrepreneur
An entrepreneur is an owner or manager of a business enterprise who makes money through risk and initiative.The term was originally a loanword from French and was first defined by the Irish-French economist Richard Cantillon. Entrepreneur in English is a term applied to a person who is willing to...
s, notably that of the Otago
Otago
Otago is a region of New Zealand in the south of the South Island. The region covers an area of approximately making it the country's second largest region. The population of Otago is...
Block to Frederick Tuckett, Symonds, and Clarke for £2,400 in July 1844.
During the spring of 1844, Tuhawaiki drowned south of Timaru
Timaru
TimaruUrban AreaPopulation:27,200Extent:Former Timaru City CouncilTerritorial AuthorityName:Timaru District CouncilPopulation:42,867 Land area:2,736.54 km² Mayor:Janie AnnearWebsite:...
when his boat hit rocks at a location now known as Tuhawaiki Point. Other New Zealand places named in his honour include Jack's Bay and the nearby Tuhawaiki Island in the Catlins
The Catlins
The Catlins comprises an area in the southeastern corner of the South Island of New Zealand. The area lies between Balclutha and Invercargill, straddling the boundary between the Otago and Southland regions...
, as well as a peak in Fiordland's Darran Mountains.
A number of artefacts belonging or relating to Tuahawaiki still exist in New Zealand museums. The Southland Museum and Art Gallery
Southland museum and art gallery
The Southland Museum and Art Gallery is located in Gala Street, Invercargill, New Zealand. It is Southland's largest cultural and heritage institution, and contains a wide variety of the region's art, history and natural history collections.-Observatory:...
has a bayonet and a 12-pounder cannon reputedly owned by Tuhawaiki, the Otago Museum
Otago museum
The Otago Museum is situated in Dunedin, New Zealand. It was founded in 1868 and has a collection of over two million artefacts and specimens from the fields of natural history and ethnography...
has a revolving flintlock rifle thought to be Tuhawaiki's, and the Hocken Library, University of Otago has a document signed by Tuhawaiki in both English and moko
Moko
In the mythology of Mangaia in the Cook Islands, Moko is a wily character and grandfather of the heroic Ngaru. . Moko is a ruler or king of the lizards, and he orders his lizard subjects to climb into the basket of the sky demon Amai-te-rangi to spy on him...
-form http://www.treaty2u.govt.nz/images/two-parties-main-3.jpg.
