Treviño
Encyclopedia
Treviño is the capital of the municipality
Condado de Treviño
, province
of Burgos, in the autonomous community
of Castile and León
, Spain
. The Condado de Treviño and the geographically smaller La Puebla de Arganzón
make up the enclave of Treviño
. Although the enclave is part of Burgos (and, hence, part of the autonomous community of Castile and León) it is completely surrounded by the province of Álava
, part of the autonomous community of the Basque Country
. Hence, properly speaking, the enclave of Treviño is an enclave within Álava, and an exclave of Burgos.
times, the Varduls, Caristios and Autrigones
all lived here at one time or another, attesting to the region's strategic importance.
At the beginning of the 11th century, Alavese comarca
s of the "Río Ivita" began to be established, in the basin of what is now known is the River Ayuda, a tributary of the Zadorra
, between the Montes de Vitoria to the north and the Sierra de Toloño
and other ranges of the Sierra de Cantabria
to the south.
king Sancho VI
("Sancho El Sabio", "Sancho the Wise") no later than 1161; some authors say as early as 1151. The date is indeterminate because the text of the fuero
is not preserved, but it would clearly have been founded in the same period as the nearby Puebla de Arganzón and Vitoria-Gasteiz
. The royal foundation indicates that at that time the region was controlled by the kings of Navarre, not of Castile
.
, it retained the name of Ivita, Ibidam, or Uda and continued to be identified as a specific part of the land of Álava, as is clearly indicated in De rebus Hispaniae
by archbishop
Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada
. Gradually, the predominance of the town that develops based on fueros granted by Alfonso X of Castile
in 1254 supplants the old comarcal name; the area comes to be referred to as de Treviño rather than de Uda, although for about a century the town is known as Treviño de Uda.
Following its incorporation into Castile, a good portion of Álava was organized into behetrías, at least nominally choosing their own local leader. However, Treviño and Vitoria were not included in this plan, remained directly under the control of the monarch as part of the royal seigneury. In 1332, at the Campo de Arriaga
the Cofradía ("brotherhood") formally recognized the royal seigneury over Treviño and its surrounding territories.
On 8 April 1366, Henry II of Castile ceded to Pedro Manrique I de Lara, for services rendered, a seigneury consisting of Treviño de Uda and its outlying villages. In 1453 it became the Condado de Treviño
as Gómez Manrique
, the great-grandson of Pedro Manrique was given the title of Count
. The Catholic Monarchs
would later (in 1483) grant the title of Duke of Nájera to Gómez Manrique's son Pedro Manrique de Lara, a title that continues in the family down to the present day. In the 16th century these Counts of Treviño, Dukes de Nájera, would build a palace at Treviño, which is now the ayuntamiento (town hall) of the municipality.
Thus Treviño found itself generally left to its own devices as the seat of a noble family, sitting in the middle of Álava, surrounded by communities operating under the more egalitarian fueros typical of the Basque Country
.
Municipalities of Spain
The municipalities of Spain In other languages of Spain:*Catalan/Valencian , sing. municipi.*Galician or , sing. municipio/bisbarra.*Basque , sing. udalerria. are the basic level of Spanish local government...
Condado de Treviño
Condado de Treviño
Condado de Treviño is a municipality in the province of Burgos, autonomous community of Castile and León, Spain. This municipality and the geographically smaller La Puebla de Arganzón make up the enclave of Treviño...
, province
Provinces of Spain
Spain and its autonomous communities are divided into fifty provinces .In other languages of Spain:*Catalan/Valencian , sing. província.*Galician , sing. provincia.*Basque |Galicia]] — are not also the capitals of provinces...
of Burgos, in the autonomous community
Autonomous communities of Spain
An autonomous community In other languages of Spain:*Catalan/Valencian .*Galician .*Basque . The second article of the constitution recognizes the rights of "nationalities and regions" to self-government and declares the "indissoluble unity of the Spanish nation".Political power in Spain is...
of Castile and León
Castile and León
Castile and León is an autonomous community in north-western Spain. It was so constituted in 1983 and it comprises the historical regions of León and Old Castile...
, Spain
Spain
Spain , officially the Kingdom of Spain languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Spain's official name is as follows:;;;;;;), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula...
. The Condado de Treviño and the geographically smaller La Puebla de Arganzón
La Puebla de Arganzón
La Puebla de Arganzón La Puebla de Arganzón La Puebla de Arganzón (also written Lapuebla de Arganzón; is a municipality located in the province of Burgos, Castile and León, Spain. It is in the Comarca del Ebro and the legal district Miranda de Ebro...
make up the enclave of Treviño
Enclave of Treviño
The Enclave of Treviño in northern Spain is part of the territory of the province of Burgos , but is completely surrounded by the territory of the Basque province of Álava. It consists of two municipalities—Condado de Treviño and La Puebla de Arganzón—and is part of the legal district of Miranda...
. Although the enclave is part of Burgos (and, hence, part of the autonomous community of Castile and León) it is completely surrounded by the province of Álava
Álava
Álava is a province of Spain and a historical territory of the Basque Country, heir of the ancient Lord of Álava. Its capital city is Vitoria-Gasteiz which is also the capital of the autonomous community...
, part of the autonomous community of the Basque Country
Basque Country (autonomous community)
The Basque Country is an autonomous community of northern Spain. It includes the Basque provinces of Álava, Biscay and Gipuzkoa, also called Historical Territories....
. Hence, properly speaking, the enclave of Treviño is an enclave within Álava, and an exclave of Burgos.
History
An abundance of prehistoric remains testify that the Condado de Treviño has been inhabited since ancient times. In pre-RomanRoman Empire
The Roman Empire was the post-Republican period of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial holdings in Europe and around the Mediterranean....
times, the Varduls, Caristios and Autrigones
Autrigones
Location of the tribe of the Autrigones.The Autrigones were a pre-Roman people of ancient Spain, described by the Roman historian Paulus Orosius as neighbours of the Gallaeci, and thus had their homeland in the northwest of Hispania.-Location:Their historical territory now lies split between the...
all lived here at one time or another, attesting to the region's strategic importance.
At the beginning of the 11th century, Alavese comarca
Comarca
A comarca is a traditional region or local administrative division found in parts of Spain, Portugal, Panama, Nicaragua, and Brazil. The term is derived from the term marca, meaning a "march, mark", plus the prefix co- meaning "together, jointly".The comarca is known in Aragonese as redolada and...
s of the "Río Ivita" began to be established, in the basin of what is now known is the River Ayuda, a tributary of the Zadorra
Zadorra
The Zadorra is a river tributary of the Ebro in the Basque Country at the north of the Iberian Peninsula. The river flows across province Álava all along till it pours into the Ebro near Miranda de Ebro in Burgos' lands. The river's water volume is the largest in Álava, with its basin being the...
, between the Montes de Vitoria to the north and the Sierra de Toloño
Sierra de Toloño
Sierra de Toloño is a mountain range of the Sierra de Cantabria, Spain, located in province of Álava....
and other ranges of the Sierra de Cantabria
Sierra de Cantabria
Sierra de Cantabria is a mountain range in the province of Álava, Spain. It contains the Sierra de Toloño....
to the south.
Foundation of the city of Treviño
The earliest surviving written record of the comarca Rigo de Ivita is in a document from 1025, the Reja de San Millán from the Cartulary of San Millán de la Cogolla. The notation "XXXV regas" (regas from regar, to irrigate) next to the name suggests that it was a place of major importance, with more irrigated fields than any other location on the list. Treviño itself was founded by NavarreseKingdom of Navarre
The Kingdom of Navarre , originally the Kingdom of Pamplona, was a European kingdom which occupied lands on either side of the Pyrenees alongside the Atlantic Ocean....
king Sancho VI
Sancho VI of Navarre
Sancho VI Garcés , called the Wise , was the king of Navarre from 1150 until his death in 1194....
("Sancho El Sabio", "Sancho the Wise") no later than 1161; some authors say as early as 1151. The date is indeterminate because the text of the fuero
Fuero
Fuero , Furs , Foro and Foru is a Spanish legal term and concept.The word comes from Latin forum, an open space used as market, tribunal and meeting place...
is not preserved, but it would clearly have been founded in the same period as the nearby Puebla de Arganzón and Vitoria-Gasteiz
Vitoria-Gasteiz
Vitoria-Gasteiz is the capital city of the province of Álava and of the autonomous community of the Basque Country in northern Spain with a population of 235,661 people. It is the second largest Basque city...
. The royal foundation indicates that at that time the region was controlled by the kings of Navarre, not of Castile
Kingdom of Castile
Kingdom of Castile was one of the medieval kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula. It emerged as a political autonomous entity in the 9th century. It was called County of Castile and was held in vassalage from the Kingdom of León. Its name comes from the host of castles constructed in the region...
.
Rule by Castile
After the comarca was conquered in 1199–1200 by Alfonso VIII of CastileAlfonso VIII of Castile
Alfonso VIII , called the Noble or el de las Navas, was the King of Castile from 1158 to his death and King of Toledo. He is most remembered for his part in the Reconquista and the downfall of the Almohad Caliphate...
, it retained the name of Ivita, Ibidam, or Uda and continued to be identified as a specific part of the land of Álava, as is clearly indicated in De rebus Hispaniae
De rebus Hispaniae
De rebus Hispaniae or Historia gothica is a history of the Iberian peninsula written in Latin by Archbiship of Toledo Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada en the first half of the thirteenth century on behalf of King Ferdinand III of Castile....
by archbishop
Archbishop
An archbishop is a bishop of higher rank, but not of higher sacramental order above that of the three orders of deacon, priest , and bishop...
Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada
Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada
Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada was a Navarrese-born Castilian Roman Catholic bishop and historian....
. Gradually, the predominance of the town that develops based on fueros granted by Alfonso X of Castile
Alfonso X of Castile
Alfonso X was a Castilian monarch who ruled as the King of Castile, León and Galicia from 1252 until his death...
in 1254 supplants the old comarcal name; the area comes to be referred to as de Treviño rather than de Uda, although for about a century the town is known as Treviño de Uda.
Following its incorporation into Castile, a good portion of Álava was organized into behetrías, at least nominally choosing their own local leader. However, Treviño and Vitoria were not included in this plan, remained directly under the control of the monarch as part of the royal seigneury. In 1332, at the Campo de Arriaga
Arriaga-Lakua
Arriaga-Lakua is a village in Álava, Basque Country, Spain....
the Cofradía ("brotherhood") formally recognized the royal seigneury over Treviño and its surrounding territories.
Condado de Treviño
Condado de Treviño is a municipality in the province of Burgos, autonomous community of Castile and León, Spain. This municipality and the geographically smaller La Puebla de Arganzón make up the enclave of Treviño...
as Gómez Manrique
Gómez Manrique
Gómez Manrique , Gómez Manrique y de Castilla was a Spanish poet, soldier, politician and dramatist born in Amusco. The fifth son of Pedro Manrique de Lara y Mendoza, , adelantado mayor of Leon...
, the great-grandson of Pedro Manrique was given the title of Count
Count
A count or countess is an aristocratic nobleman in European countries. The word count came into English from the French comte, itself from Latin comes—in its accusative comitem—meaning "companion", and later "companion of the emperor, delegate of the emperor". The adjective form of the word is...
. The Catholic Monarchs
Catholic Monarchs
The Catholic Monarchs is the collective title used in history for Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon. They were both from the House of Trastámara and were second cousins, being both descended from John I of Castile; they were given a papal dispensation to deal with...
would later (in 1483) grant the title of Duke of Nájera to Gómez Manrique's son Pedro Manrique de Lara, a title that continues in the family down to the present day. In the 16th century these Counts of Treviño, Dukes de Nájera, would build a palace at Treviño, which is now the ayuntamiento (town hall) of the municipality.
Thus Treviño found itself generally left to its own devices as the seat of a noble family, sitting in the middle of Álava, surrounded by communities operating under the more egalitarian fueros typical of the Basque Country
Basque Country (autonomous community)
The Basque Country is an autonomous community of northern Spain. It includes the Basque provinces of Álava, Biscay and Gipuzkoa, also called Historical Territories....
.
Annual festivals and events
- The Fiesta of San Juan BautistaJohn the BaptistJohn the Baptist was an itinerant preacher and a major religious figure mentioned in the Canonical gospels. He is described in the Gospel of Luke as a relative of Jesus, who led a movement of baptism at the Jordan River...
, the patron saint of Treviño proper, is celebrated June 24. When that falls on a weekday, some of the festivities take place on the nearest weekend. - Feria de las Moscas ("FlyFlyTrue flies are insects of the order Diptera . They possess a pair of wings on the mesothorax and a pair of halteres, derived from the hind wings, on the metathorax...
Fair") The first Sunday in July, unless that falls on 1 July, in which case the fair takes place 8 July. - The pilgrimagePilgrimageA pilgrimage is a journey or search of great moral or spiritual significance. Typically, it is a journey to a shrine or other location of importance to a person's beliefs and faith...
of San Formerio, the patron saint of Condado de Treviño, place on the Sunday closest to 25 September. The Hermitage of San Formerio is in Pangua, Condado de Treviño.