Condado de Treviño
Encyclopedia
Condado de Treviño is a municipality
in the province
of Burgos, autonomous community
of Castile and León
, Spain
. This municipality and the geographically smaller La Puebla de Arganzón
make up the enclave of Treviño
. Although the enclave is part of Burgos (and, hence, part of the autonomous community of Castile and León) it is completely surrounded by the province of Álava
, part of the autonomous community of the Basque Country
. Hence, properly speaking, the enclave of Treviño is an enclave within Álava, and an exclave of Burgos.
As of 2009, the municipality has a population of 1,432.
An abundance of prehistoric remains testify that the Condado de Treviño has been inhabited since ancient times. In pre-Roman
times, the Varduls, Caristios and Autrigones
all lived here at one time or another, attesting to the region's strategic importance.
In the hamlet of Laño
one can still see artificial caves that were inhabited by hermits more than 1500 years ago. The Las Gobas caves preserve inscriptions and drawings of animals.
Treviño, the capital of Condado de Treviño was founded some time between 1151 and 1161 by Navarrese
king Sancho VI
("Sancho El Sabio", "Sancho the Wise"). In 1200 it was conquered by Alfonso VIII
of Castile
.
As a crossroads in the Middle Ages, the city of Treviño had an important Jewish quarter. Another early village was Sáseta on the Camino del Vino y el Pescado, the "road of wine and fish" that connected the Ebro
valley to the Cantabria
n coast.
On 8 April 1366, Henry II of Castile ceded to Pedro Manrique I de Lara, for services rendered, a seigneury consisting of Treviño de Uda and its outlying villages. In 1453 it became the Condado de Treviño as Gómez Manrique
, the great-grandson of Pedro Manrique was given the title of Count
. The Catholic Monarchs
would later (in 1483) grant the title of Duke of Nájera to Gómez Manrique's son Pedro Manrique de Lara, a title that continues in the family down to the present day. In the 16th century these Counts of Treviño, Dukes de Nájera, would build a palace at Treviño, which is now the ayuntamiento (town hall) of the municipality.
Under the 1785 territorial disposition by the Count of Floridablanca
, the Condado de Treviño formed part of the partido de Miranda de Ebro; it was divided into the town of Treviño and four cuadrillas: the Cuadrilla de Abajo, the Cuadrilla de río Somoayuda, Cuadrilla de Val de Lauri and the Cuadrilla de Val de Tobera.
s typical of the Basque Country. Treviño was not. First a royal seigneury, and later under the rule of a noble family, Treviño remained closely tied to Castile. The enclave of Treviño was one of the few enclaves preserved in the 1833 territorial division of Spain
, an island of Old Castile
in the midst of Álava.
Present-day Basque nationalists
wish to integrate the enclave into Álava.
, four to the local Agrupación Electoral Independiente del Condado de Treviño, one to the left-of-center Spanish Socialist Workers' Party
and one to the Basque nationalist Eusko Abertzale Ekintza
.
forms part of the same enclave, but remains a municipality in its own right.
, Mesanza, Moscador, Pedruzo, Samiano, San Martín de Galvarín, San Vicentejo, Sáseta, and Zurbitu.
As of 2008 there are 36 entidades locales menores ("small local entities"), the status within the autonomous community of Castile and León for a recognized community smaller than a municipality. They are as follows:
In addition, the following hamlets have no formal status:
Four sites within Condado de Treviño are formally recognized by the Spanish Ministry of Culture as part of Spain's Patrimonio Histórico (literally "historic patrimony", heritage sites):
Other places of interest include the forests of Obécuri and Bajauri; Izki Natural Park, with the largest massing of Quercus pyrenaica in Europe; the gorge of the river Ayuda; the route from Sáseta to Oquina, crossing Laño-Laguardia; the Aguillo-Ajarte crossing of Palogán mountain; the town of Pariza; the town of Cucho, whose buildings have been completel restored; and the hermitages of San Formerio, San Vicentejo, Ermita de Albaina, and Ermita de Pariza.
Municipalities of Spain
The municipalities of Spain In other languages of Spain:*Catalan/Valencian , sing. municipi.*Galician or , sing. municipio/bisbarra.*Basque , sing. udalerria. are the basic level of Spanish local government...
in the province
Provinces of Spain
Spain and its autonomous communities are divided into fifty provinces .In other languages of Spain:*Catalan/Valencian , sing. província.*Galician , sing. provincia.*Basque |Galicia]] — are not also the capitals of provinces...
of Burgos, autonomous community
Autonomous communities of Spain
An autonomous community In other languages of Spain:*Catalan/Valencian .*Galician .*Basque . The second article of the constitution recognizes the rights of "nationalities and regions" to self-government and declares the "indissoluble unity of the Spanish nation".Political power in Spain is...
of Castile and León
Castile and León
Castile and León is an autonomous community in north-western Spain. It was so constituted in 1983 and it comprises the historical regions of León and Old Castile...
, Spain
Spain
Spain , officially the Kingdom of Spain languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Spain's official name is as follows:;;;;;;), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula...
. This municipality and the geographically smaller La Puebla de Arganzón
La Puebla de Arganzón
La Puebla de Arganzón La Puebla de Arganzón La Puebla de Arganzón (also written Lapuebla de Arganzón; is a municipality located in the province of Burgos, Castile and León, Spain. It is in the Comarca del Ebro and the legal district Miranda de Ebro...
make up the enclave of Treviño
Enclave of Treviño
The Enclave of Treviño in northern Spain is part of the territory of the province of Burgos , but is completely surrounded by the territory of the Basque province of Álava. It consists of two municipalities—Condado de Treviño and La Puebla de Arganzón—and is part of the legal district of Miranda...
. Although the enclave is part of Burgos (and, hence, part of the autonomous community of Castile and León) it is completely surrounded by the province of Álava
Álava
Álava is a province of Spain and a historical territory of the Basque Country, heir of the ancient Lord of Álava. Its capital city is Vitoria-Gasteiz which is also the capital of the autonomous community...
, part of the autonomous community of the Basque Country
Basque Country (autonomous community)
The Basque Country is an autonomous community of northern Spain. It includes the Basque provinces of Álava, Biscay and Gipuzkoa, also called Historical Territories....
. Hence, properly speaking, the enclave of Treviño is an enclave within Álava, and an exclave of Burgos.
As of 2009, the municipality has a population of 1,432.
History
Roman Empire
The Roman Empire was the post-Republican period of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial holdings in Europe and around the Mediterranean....
times, the Varduls, Caristios and Autrigones
Autrigones
Location of the tribe of the Autrigones.The Autrigones were a pre-Roman people of ancient Spain, described by the Roman historian Paulus Orosius as neighbours of the Gallaeci, and thus had their homeland in the northwest of Hispania.-Location:Their historical territory now lies split between the...
all lived here at one time or another, attesting to the region's strategic importance.
In the hamlet of Laño
Lano
Lano is a leading brand of soap in Norway. It comes in varieties of shower gels and liquid hand wash as well as the original soap bar. Lano is produced by Lilleborg Commodities, a hygiene product manufacturer owned in turn by the Orkla Group.-History:...
one can still see artificial caves that were inhabited by hermits more than 1500 years ago. The Las Gobas caves preserve inscriptions and drawings of animals.
Treviño, the capital of Condado de Treviño was founded some time between 1151 and 1161 by Navarrese
Kingdom of Navarre
The Kingdom of Navarre , originally the Kingdom of Pamplona, was a European kingdom which occupied lands on either side of the Pyrenees alongside the Atlantic Ocean....
king Sancho VI
Sancho VI of Navarre
Sancho VI Garcés , called the Wise , was the king of Navarre from 1150 until his death in 1194....
("Sancho El Sabio", "Sancho the Wise"). In 1200 it was conquered by Alfonso VIII
Alfonso VIII of Castile
Alfonso VIII , called the Noble or el de las Navas, was the King of Castile from 1158 to his death and King of Toledo. He is most remembered for his part in the Reconquista and the downfall of the Almohad Caliphate...
of Castile
Kingdom of Castile
Kingdom of Castile was one of the medieval kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula. It emerged as a political autonomous entity in the 9th century. It was called County of Castile and was held in vassalage from the Kingdom of León. Its name comes from the host of castles constructed in the region...
.
As a crossroads in the Middle Ages, the city of Treviño had an important Jewish quarter. Another early village was Sáseta on the Camino del Vino y el Pescado, the "road of wine and fish" that connected the Ebro
Ebro
The Ebro or Ebre is one of the most important rivers in the Iberian Peninsula. It is the biggest river by discharge volume in Spain.The Ebro flows through the following cities:*Reinosa in Cantabria.*Miranda de Ebro in Castile and León....
valley to the Cantabria
Cantabria
Cantabria is a Spanish historical region and autonomous community with Santander as its capital city. It is bordered on the east by the Basque Autonomous Community , on the south by Castile and León , on the west by the Principality of Asturias, and on the north by the Cantabrian Sea.Cantabria...
n coast.
On 8 April 1366, Henry II of Castile ceded to Pedro Manrique I de Lara, for services rendered, a seigneury consisting of Treviño de Uda and its outlying villages. In 1453 it became the Condado de Treviño as Gómez Manrique
Gómez Manrique
Gómez Manrique , Gómez Manrique y de Castilla was a Spanish poet, soldier, politician and dramatist born in Amusco. The fifth son of Pedro Manrique de Lara y Mendoza, , adelantado mayor of Leon...
, the great-grandson of Pedro Manrique was given the title of Count
Count
A count or countess is an aristocratic nobleman in European countries. The word count came into English from the French comte, itself from Latin comes—in its accusative comitem—meaning "companion", and later "companion of the emperor, delegate of the emperor". The adjective form of the word is...
. The Catholic Monarchs
Catholic Monarchs
The Catholic Monarchs is the collective title used in history for Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon. They were both from the House of Trastámara and were second cousins, being both descended from John I of Castile; they were given a papal dispensation to deal with...
would later (in 1483) grant the title of Duke of Nájera to Gómez Manrique's son Pedro Manrique de Lara, a title that continues in the family down to the present day. In the 16th century these Counts of Treviño, Dukes de Nájera, would build a palace at Treviño, which is now the ayuntamiento (town hall) of the municipality.
Under the 1785 territorial disposition by the Count of Floridablanca
José Moñino y Redondo, conde de Floridablanca
José Moñino y Redondo, Count of Floridablanca , Spanish statesman. He was the reformist chief minister of King Charles III of Spain, and also served briefly under Charles IV. He was arguably Spain's most effective statesman in the eighteenth century...
, the Condado de Treviño formed part of the partido de Miranda de Ebro; it was divided into the town of Treviño and four cuadrillas: the Cuadrilla de Abajo, the Cuadrilla de río Somoayuda, Cuadrilla de Val de Lauri and the Cuadrilla de Val de Tobera.
The enclave
After Castile conquered Álava, most of the region was left under the relatively egalitarian fueroFuero
Fuero , Furs , Foro and Foru is a Spanish legal term and concept.The word comes from Latin forum, an open space used as market, tribunal and meeting place...
s typical of the Basque Country. Treviño was not. First a royal seigneury, and later under the rule of a noble family, Treviño remained closely tied to Castile. The enclave of Treviño was one of the few enclaves preserved in the 1833 territorial division of Spain
1833 territorial division of Spain
The 1833 territorial division of Spain divided Spain into provinces, classified into "historic regions" . on the official web site of the government of the Canary Islands, accessed 2009-12-31...
, an island of Old Castile
Old Castile
Old Castile is a historic region of Spain, which included territory that later corresponded to the provinces of Santander , Burgos, Logroño , Soria, Segovia, Ávila, Valladolid, Palencia....
in the midst of Álava.
Present-day Basque nationalists
Basque nationalism
Basque nationalism is a political movement advocating for either further political autonomy or, chiefly, full independence of the Basque Country in the wider sense...
wish to integrate the enclave into Álava.
Politics
The municipal elections of 2007 in the Condado de Treviño gave five council seats to the right-of center People's PartyPeople's Party (Spain)
The People's Party is a conservative political party in Spain.The People's Party was a re-foundation in 1989 of the People's Alliance , a party led and founded by Manuel Fraga Iribarne, a former Minister of Tourism during Francisco Franco's dictatorship...
, four to the local Agrupación Electoral Independiente del Condado de Treviño, one to the left-of-center Spanish Socialist Workers' Party
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party
The Spanish Socialist Workers' Party is a social-democratic political party in Spain. Its political position is Centre-left. The PSOE is the former ruling party of Spain, until beaten in the elections of November 2011 and the second oldest, exceeded only by the Partido Carlista, founded in...
and one to the Basque nationalist Eusko Abertzale Ekintza
Eusko Abertzale Ekintza
Basque Nationalist Action is a Basque nationalist party based in Spain. Founded in 1930, it was the first Basque nationalist political party to exist running on a socialist program. On 16 September 2008, the party was outlawed by the Spanish Supreme Court based on ties with ETA...
.
Demography
Añastro, Pariza and the above-mentioned Sáseta were once independent municipalities. Beginning with the 1857 census, the figures for the municipality of Condado de Treviño incorporate Pariza and Sáseta; beginning with the census of 1930 it incorporates Añastro as well. The adjacent La Puebla de ArganzónLa Puebla de Arganzón
La Puebla de Arganzón La Puebla de Arganzón La Puebla de Arganzón (also written Lapuebla de Arganzón; is a municipality located in the province of Burgos, Castile and León, Spain. It is in the Comarca del Ebro and the legal district Miranda de Ebro...
forms part of the same enclave, but remains a municipality in its own right.
| 1842 | 1857 | 1860 | 1877 | 1887 | 1897 | 1900 | 1910 | 1920 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1940 | 4440 | 4393 | 3865 | 3801 | 3684 | 3701 | 3622 | 3694 |
| 1930 | 1940 | 1950 | 1960 | 1970 | 1981 | 1991 | 2001 | 2008 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3946 | 3729 | 3554 | 2926 | 2182 | 1346 | 907 | 1139 | 1399 |
Hamlets and towns
As can be seen from the numbers in the previous section, throughout most of the second half of the 20th century the population of Condado de Treviño declined steadily. Most of the population was moving to Vitoria, and in 1974 several pedanías—hamlets—ceased to have any formal existence and were simply aggregated into Treviño. The following juntas vecinales—local governments—were dissolved that year: Ajarte, Araico, Ascarza, Burgueta, Dordóniz, Grandival, MeanaMeana
Meana may refer to 2 Italian municipalities:*Meana di Susa, in the province of Turin, Piedmont*Meana Sardo, in the province of Nuoro, Sardinia...
, Mesanza, Moscador, Pedruzo, Samiano, San Martín de Galvarín, San Vicentejo, Sáseta, and Zurbitu.
As of 2008 there are 36 entidades locales menores ("small local entities"), the status within the autonomous community of Castile and León for a recognized community smaller than a municipality. They are as follows:
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Lano Lano is a leading brand of soap in Norway. It comes in varieties of shower gels and liquid hand wash as well as the original soap bar. Lano is produced by Lilleborg Commodities, a hygiene product manufacturer owned in turn by the Orkla Group.-History:... |
Treviño Treviño is the capital of the municipality Condado de Treviño, province of Burgos, in the autonomous community of Castile and León, Spain. The Condado de Treviño and the geographically smaller La Puebla de Arganzón make up the enclave of Treviño... Uzquiano Uzquiano is a village in the Enclave of Treviño of the province of Burgos, Spain. The village is about south of the Basque city of Vitoria-Gasteiz.The parish church is a small but notable example of late Romanesque architecture.... |
In addition, the following hamlets have no formal status:
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Meana Meana may refer to 2 Italian municipalities:*Meana di Susa, in the province of Turin, Piedmont*Meana Sardo, in the province of Nuoro, Sardinia... |
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Heritage sites and other places of interest
- The Cuevas de LañoLanoLano is a leading brand of soap in Norway. It comes in varieties of shower gels and liquid hand wash as well as the original soap bar. Lano is produced by Lilleborg Commodities, a hygiene product manufacturer owned in turn by the Orkla Group.-History:...
, artificial caves inhabited by hermits more than 1500 years ago, declared part of the Patrimonio Histórico 23 June 1978. - The prehistoric caves of "Montico" in Albaina, declared 21 August 1976.
- The artistic-historic assemblage of the town of TreviñoTreviñoTreviño is the capital of the municipality Condado de Treviño, province of Burgos, in the autonomous community of Castile and León, Spain. The Condado de Treviño and the geographically smaller La Puebla de Arganzón make up the enclave of Treviño...
, declared 28 September 1983. - Ermita (Hermitage) de la Purísima Concepción, in San Vicentejo, declared 11 March 1994.
- Source:
Other places of interest include the forests of Obécuri and Bajauri; Izki Natural Park, with the largest massing of Quercus pyrenaica in Europe; the gorge of the river Ayuda; the route from Sáseta to Oquina, crossing Laño-Laguardia; the Aguillo-Ajarte crossing of Palogán mountain; the town of Pariza; the town of Cucho, whose buildings have been completel restored; and the hermitages of San Formerio, San Vicentejo, Ermita de Albaina, and Ermita de Pariza.