Treaty of Fond du Lac
Encyclopedia
The Treaty of Fond du Lac may refer to either of two treaties
made and signed in Duluth, Minnesota
between the United States
and the Ojibwe
(Chippewa) Native American
peoples.
and Thomas L. McKenney
for the United States
and representatives of the Ojibwe
of Lake Superior and the Mississippi on August 5, 1826 and proclaimed on February 7, 1827. The Ojibwe chiefs who were not in attendance to the Treaty of Prairie du Chien
agreed to its adhesion. The Ojibwe Nations granted to the United States the rights to minerals exploration and mining within Ojibwe lands located north of the Prairie du Chien Line. Provisions were also made for the Ojibwe living about Saint Mary's River. As addenda to this treaty, arrest warrants to certain individuals living outside the jurisdiction of the United States were issued and land grants to the Métis
were made.
and representatives of the Ojibwe
of Lake Superior and the Mississippi on August 2, 1847 and proclaimed on April 7, 1848. This treaty ceded lands in a triangular area west of the Mississippi River
, bounded by the Prairie du Chien Line, Mississippi River
, Crow Wing River
and Long Prairie River
.
According to the oral histories of the Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe, representatives from the Ho-Chunk
Nation negotiated with the Lake Superior and Mississippi Chippewas before treaty discussions with the United States took place to guarantee the safety of the Ho-Chunk
Nation who was about to be displaced with the admission of Wisconsin Territory into the Union as the State of Wisconsin
, per Treaty of Washington (1846)
. However, due to frequent skirmished by the Pillager Chippewa
, the Ho-Chunks were in constant danger of raids and were relocated to southern Minnesota
in 1855. The Ho-Chunk Nation, subsequently, ceded their Minnesota areas to the United States per Treaty of Washington (1865) for relocation to a safer area in Nebraska
.
The signatory headmen were the following:
Treaty adhesion:
Treaty adhesion approval:
Treaty
A treaty is an express agreement under international law entered into by actors in international law, namely sovereign states and international organizations. A treaty may also be known as an agreement, protocol, covenant, convention or exchange of letters, among other terms...
made and signed in Duluth, Minnesota
Duluth, Minnesota
Duluth is a port city in the U.S. state of Minnesota and is the county seat of Saint Louis County. The fourth largest city in Minnesota, Duluth had a total population of 86,265 in the 2010 census. Duluth is also the second largest city that is located on Lake Superior after Thunder Bay, Ontario,...
between the United States
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
and the Ojibwe
Ojibwa
The Ojibwe or Chippewa are among the largest groups of Native Americans–First Nations north of Mexico. They are divided between Canada and the United States. In Canada, they are the third-largest population among First Nations, surpassed only by Cree and Inuit...
(Chippewa) Native American
Native Americans in the United States
Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples in North America within the boundaries of the present-day continental United States, parts of Alaska, and the island state of Hawaii. They are composed of numerous, distinct tribes, states, and ethnic groups, many of which survive as...
peoples.
1826 Treaty of Fond du Lac
The first treaty of Fond du Lac was signed by Lewis CassLewis Cass
Lewis Cass was an American military officer and politician. During his long political career, Cass served as a governor of the Michigan Territory, an American ambassador, a U.S. Senator representing Michigan, and co-founder as well as first Masonic Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Michigan...
and Thomas L. McKenney
Thomas L. McKenney
Thomas Loraine McKenney was a United States official who served as Superintendent of Indian Trade from 1816–1822....
for the United States
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
and representatives of the Ojibwe
Ojibwa
The Ojibwe or Chippewa are among the largest groups of Native Americans–First Nations north of Mexico. They are divided between Canada and the United States. In Canada, they are the third-largest population among First Nations, surpassed only by Cree and Inuit...
of Lake Superior and the Mississippi on August 5, 1826 and proclaimed on February 7, 1827. The Ojibwe chiefs who were not in attendance to the Treaty of Prairie du Chien
Treaty of Prairie du Chien
The Treaty of Prairie du Chien may refer to any of several treaties made and signed in Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin between the United States, representatives from the Sioux, Sac and Fox, Menominee, Ioway, Winnebago and the Anishinaabeg Native American peoples.-1825:The first treaty of Prairie du...
agreed to its adhesion. The Ojibwe Nations granted to the United States the rights to minerals exploration and mining within Ojibwe lands located north of the Prairie du Chien Line. Provisions were also made for the Ojibwe living about Saint Mary's River. As addenda to this treaty, arrest warrants to certain individuals living outside the jurisdiction of the United States were issued and land grants to the Métis
Métis
A Métis is a person born to parents who belong to different groups defined by visible physical differences, regarded as racial, or the descendant of such persons. The term is of French origin, and also is a cognate of mestizo in Spanish, mestiço in Portuguese, and mestee in English...
were made.
Signatories
| # | Location | Recorded name | Name (Translation/"Alias") |
|---|---|---|---|
| 01 | St. Marys | Shin-gau-ba Was-sin | Zhingaabewasin (Image Stone) Shingabawossin Chief Shingabawossin was an Ojibwa chief about Sault Ste. Marie. Chief Shingabawossin was of the Crane doodem.Chief Shingabawossin was born about 1763... |
| 02 | St. Marys | She-wau-be-ke-to-an | |
| 03 | St. Marys | Way-ish-kee | |
| 04 | St. Marys | Shee-gud | |
| 05 | St. Croix Band | Peezhickee | Bizhiki (Buffalo) Chief Buffalo Chief Buffalo was an Ojibwa leader born at La Pointe in the Apostle Islands group of Lake Superior, in what is now northern Wisconsin, USA... |
| 06 | St. Croix Band | No-den | Noodin (Wind) |
| 07 | St. Croix Band | Na-gwun-a-bee | Negwanebi ("Tallest" [Quill]feather) |
| 08 | St. Croix Band | Kau-be-map-pa | Gaa-bimaabi (He that sits to the side/"Wet Mouth") |
| 09 | St. Croix Band | Chau-co-pee | Shák'pí ("Little" Six) Chief Shakopee Chief Shakopee may refer to any of the three Mdewakanton Dakota chiefs who lived in the early 19th century. The name comes from the Dakota Shák'pí meaning "Six".-Shakopee I:... ‡ |
| 10 | St. Croix Band | Jau-beance | Ayaabens (Little Buck) |
| 11 | St. Croix Band | Ul-tau-wau | Odaawaa (Trader/"Ottawa") |
| 12 | St. Croix Band | My-een-gun-sheens | Ma'iinganzhiins (Little Bad-Wolf) |
| 13 | St. Croix Band | Mo-a-so-mo-nee | Máza-máni (Ironwalker)‡ |
| 14 | St. Croix Band | Muck-u-day peenaas | Makade-bines (Black Bird) |
| 15 | St. Croix Band | Shee-wee-tau-gun | Zhiiwitaagan (Salt) |
| 16 | La Pointe Band | Peexhickee | Bizhiki (Buffalo) Chief Buffalo Chief Buffalo was an Ojibwa leader born at La Pointe in the Apostle Islands group of Lake Superior, in what is now northern Wisconsin, USA... |
| 17 | La Pointe Band | Kee-mee-wun | Gimiwan (Rain) |
| 18 | La Pointe Band | Kau-bu-zo-way | |
| 19 | La Pointe Band | Wy-au-wee-nind | |
| 20 | La Pointe Band | Pee-kwauk-wo-to-an-se-kay | |
| 21 | Lac Courte Oreilles Band | Pay-baum-ik-o-way | |
| 22 | Lac du Flambeau Band | Gitshee Waubeeshaans | Gichi-waabizhesh (Big Marten) |
| 23 | Lac du Flambeau Band | Mo-a-zo-nee | |
| 24 | Lac du Flambeau Band | Git-shee Mi-gee-zee | Gichi-migizi (Great Eagle) |
| 25 | Lac du Flambeau Band | Miz-hau-quot | |
| 26 | Ontonagon | Keesh-kee-to-wug | Giishkitawag (Cut Ear) |
| 27 | Ontonagon | Pee-nay-see | Binesi (Bird) |
| 28 | Ontonagon | Mau-tau-gu-mee | |
| 29 | Ontonagon | Kwee-wee-zais-ish | Gwiiwizhenzhish (Bad Boy) |
| 30 | Vermilion Lake | At-tick-o-ans | Adikoons (Little Elk) |
| 31 | Vermilion Lake | Gy-ut-shee-in-i-nee | Gayaachiinh-inini (Small Man) |
| 32 | Vermilion Lake | Jauk-way | |
| 33 | Vermilion Lake | Mad-wag-ku-na-gee-zhig-waab | |
| 34 | Vermilion Lake | Jau-ko-gee-zhig-waish-kun | |
| 35 | Vermilion Lake | Nee-zbo-day | Niizhoode (Two-hearted) |
| 36 | Vermilion Lake | Nun-do-chee-ais | |
| 37 | Vermilion Lake | O-gee-mau-gee-gid | |
| 38 | Vermilion Lake | An-nee-mee-kees | Animikiins (Little Thunder) |
| 39 | Ontonagon | Kau-waish-kung | |
| 40 | Ontonagon | Mau-tau-gu-mee | |
| 41 | Snake River | Way-mit-te-go-ash | Wemitigoozh (Frenchman) |
| 42 | Snake River | Isk-quag-wun-aa-bee | Ishkwaagwanebi (End [Quill]feather) |
| 43 | Snake River | Mee-gwun-aus | Miigwanens (Little Feather) |
| 44 | Lac du Flambeau Band | Pa-moos-say | Bemose (Walking) |
| 45 | Lac du Flambeau Band | May-tau-koos-ee-gay | Metaakozige ([Smokes] Pure Tobacco) |
| 46 | Rainy Lake | Aa-nub-kum-ig-ish-kunk | Aanakamigishkaang ([Traces of] Foot Prints [upon the Ground]) |
| 47 | Sandy Lake Band | O-sau-mem-i-kee | Ozaawinimikii (Yellow Thunder) |
| 48 | Sandy Lake Band | Git-shee Way-mir-tee-go-ost | Gichi-wemitigoozh (Big Frenchman) |
| 49 | Sandy Lake Band | Paa-shu-nin-leel | |
| 50 | Sandy Lake Band | Wau-zhus-ko-kok | |
| 51 | Sandy Lake Band | Nit-um-o-gau-bow-ee | Netamigaabawi (Stands First) |
| 52 | Sandy Lake Band | Wat-tap | Wadab (Spunk) |
| 53 | Fond du Lac Band | Shin-goop | Zhingob (Spruce) |
| 54 | Fond du Lac Band | Mon-e-to-gee-zi-so-ans | Manidoo-giiziswens ( Little Sun-Spirit) |
| 55 | Fond du Lac Band | Mong-a-zid | Maangozid (Loon's Foot) |
| 56 | Fond du Lac Band | Ma-ne-to-gee-zhig | Manidoo-giizhig (Sky Spirit) |
| 57 | Fond du Lac Band | O-jau-nee-mau-son | |
| 58 | Fond du Lac Band | Mis-kwau-tais | Miskwaadesi ([Painted] Turtle) |
| 59 | Fond du Lac Band | Nau-bu-nay-ger-zhig | Nabane-giizhig (One-side of the Sky) |
| 60 | Fond du Lac Band | Un-nau-wau-bun-daun | |
| 61 | Fond du Lac Band | Pau-tau-bay | |
| 62 | Fond du Lac Band | Mi-gee-see | Migizi (Eagle) |
| 63 | Ontonagon | Waub-ish-kee-pee-naas | Waabishki-bines (White Bird) |
| 64 | Ontonagon | Tweesh-tweesh-kee-way | |
| 65 | Ontonagon | Kun-de-kund | Okandikan (Bouy) |
| 66 | Ontonagon | Oguh bayaunuhquotwaybee | |
| 67 | Ontonagon | Pay-bau-mau-sing | |
| 68 | Ontonagon | Keesh-kee-mun | Giishkimon (Whetstone/"Sharpened Knife") |
| 69 | Crow Wing River | Mau-gu-gau-bo-wie | |
| 70 | Crow Wing River | Pu-dud | Pítad (Muskrat's Liver)‡ |
| 71 | Crow Wing River | Naug-du-nosh | |
| 72 | Crow Wing River | O-zhus-kuck-oen | Wazhashkokon (Muskrat's Liver) |
| 73 | Crow Wing River | Waub-o-gee | Waabojiig (White Fisher) |
| 74 | Crow Wing River | Saw-ba-nosh | |
| 75 | Crow Wing River | Kee-way-den | Giiwedin (North) |
| 76 | Crow Wing River | Git-shee-mee-win-i-nee | |
| 77 | Crow Wing River | Wy-nu-nee | |
| 78 | Crow Wing River | O-bu-mau-gee-zhig | |
| 79 | Crow Wing River | Pay-bou-mid-gee-wung | |
| 80 | Crow Wing River | Mau-gee-gau-bou | Maajigaabawi (Starts to Stand/"Stepping Ahead") |
| 81 | Crow Wing River | Pay-bau-mo-gee-zhig | Bebaamogiizhig (Sky Rambling) |
| 82 | Crow Wing River | Kau-be-map-pa | Gaa-bimaabi (He that sits to the side) |
| 83 | Crow Wing River | Way-mit-te-go-azhu | |
| 84 | Crow Wing River | Ou-ju-pe-naas | |
| 85 | Crow Wing River | Mad-way-os-sin | Madwewasin (Hears Stones) |
- ‡ Name given in DakotaDakota languageDakota is a Siouan language spoken by the Dakota people of the Sioux tribes. Dakota is closely related to and mutually intelligible with the Lakota language.-Dialects:...
.
1847 Treaty of Fond du Lac
The second treaty of Fond du Lac was signed by Issac A. Verplank and Henry Mower Rice for the United StatesUnited States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
and representatives of the Ojibwe
Ojibwa
The Ojibwe or Chippewa are among the largest groups of Native Americans–First Nations north of Mexico. They are divided between Canada and the United States. In Canada, they are the third-largest population among First Nations, surpassed only by Cree and Inuit...
of Lake Superior and the Mississippi on August 2, 1847 and proclaimed on April 7, 1848. This treaty ceded lands in a triangular area west of the Mississippi River
Mississippi River
The Mississippi River is the largest river system in North America. Flowing entirely in the United States, this river rises in western Minnesota and meanders slowly southwards for to the Mississippi River Delta at the Gulf of Mexico. With its many tributaries, the Mississippi's watershed drains...
, bounded by the Prairie du Chien Line, Mississippi River
Mississippi River
The Mississippi River is the largest river system in North America. Flowing entirely in the United States, this river rises in western Minnesota and meanders slowly southwards for to the Mississippi River Delta at the Gulf of Mexico. With its many tributaries, the Mississippi's watershed drains...
, Crow Wing River
Crow Wing River
The Crow Wing River is a tributary of the Mississippi River approximately in length. The river arises in a chain of 11 lakes in southern Hubbard County, Minnesota and flows generally southeast, entering the Mississippi at Crow Wing State Park, northwest of Little Falls, Minnesota. Its name is a...
and Long Prairie River
Long Prairie River
The Long Prairie River is a tributary of the Crow Wing River, 92 miles long, in central Minnesota in the United States. Via the Crow Wing River, it is part of the watershed of the Mississippi River, draining an area of 892 square miles in a generally rural region.-History:Prior to settlement by...
.
According to the oral histories of the Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe, representatives from the Ho-Chunk
Ho-Chunk
The Ho-Chunk, also known as Winnebago, are a tribe of Native Americans, native to what is now Wisconsin and Illinois. There are two federally recognized Ho-Chunk tribes, the Ho-Chunk Nation of Wisconsin and Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska....
Nation negotiated with the Lake Superior and Mississippi Chippewas before treaty discussions with the United States took place to guarantee the safety of the Ho-Chunk
Ho-Chunk
The Ho-Chunk, also known as Winnebago, are a tribe of Native Americans, native to what is now Wisconsin and Illinois. There are two federally recognized Ho-Chunk tribes, the Ho-Chunk Nation of Wisconsin and Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska....
Nation who was about to be displaced with the admission of Wisconsin Territory into the Union as the State of Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wisconsin is a U.S. state located in the north-central United States and is part of the Midwest. It is bordered by Minnesota to the west, Iowa to the southwest, Illinois to the south, Lake Michigan to the east, Michigan to the northeast, and Lake Superior to the north. Wisconsin's capital is...
, per Treaty of Washington (1846)
Oregon Treaty
The Oregon Treaty is a treaty between the United Kingdom and the United States that was signed on June 15, 1846, in Washington, D.C. The treaty brought an end to the Oregon boundary dispute by settling competing American and British claims to the Oregon Country, which had been jointly occupied by...
. However, due to frequent skirmished by the Pillager Chippewa
Pillager Band of Chippewa Indians
Pillager Band of Chippewa Indians are a historical band of Chippewa , originally living at the headwaters of the Mississippi River. Their name "Pillagers" is a translation of Makandwewininiwag, which literally means "Pillaging Men"...
, the Ho-Chunks were in constant danger of raids and were relocated to southern Minnesota
Minnesota
Minnesota is a U.S. state located in the Midwestern United States. The twelfth largest state of the U.S., it is the twenty-first most populous, with 5.3 million residents. Minnesota was carved out of the eastern half of the Minnesota Territory and admitted to the Union as the thirty-second state...
in 1855. The Ho-Chunk Nation, subsequently, ceded their Minnesota areas to the United States per Treaty of Washington (1865) for relocation to a safer area in Nebraska
Nebraska
Nebraska is a state on the Great Plains of the Midwestern United States. The state's capital is Lincoln and its largest city is Omaha, on the Missouri River....
.
Signatories
| # | Location | Recorded Name | Name (Translation/"Alias") | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Crow Wing | Kai-ah-want-e-da | 2d chief | |
| 2 | Gull Lake | Waub-o-jceg | Waabojiig (White Fisher) | 1st chief |
| 3 | Crow Wing | Ut-tom-auh | 1st warrior | |
| 4 | Crow Wing | Shen-goob | Zhingob (Spruce) | 1st warrior |
| 5 | Gull Lake | Que-wish-an-sish | Gwiiwizhenzhish (Bad Boy) | 1st warrior |
| 6 | Crow Wing | Maj-c-gah-bon | Maajigaabaw (Start to Stand) | 2d warrior |
| 7 | Crow Wing | Kag-gag-c-we-guon | Gaagagiiwigwan (Raven’s Feather) | warrior |
| 8 | Crow Wing | Mab uk-um-ig | warrior | |
| 9 | Sandy Lake Band | Nag-aun-cg-a-bon | Naagaanigaabaw (Stand in Front) | 2d chief |
| 10 | Sandy Lake Band | Wan-jc-ke-shig-uk | Wenji-giizhigak | chief |
| 11 | Sandy Lake Band | Kow-az-rum-ig-ish-kung | warrior | |
| 12 | La Pointe Band | Ke-che-wask-keenk | Gichi-weshkiinh (Great Renewer) | 1st chief |
| 13 | St. Croix Lake | Gab-im-ub-be | Gaa-bimabi | chief |
| 14 | Pelican Lakes | Kee-che-waub-ish-ash | Gichi-waabizhesh (Big Marten) | 1st chief |
| 15 | Pelican Lakes | Nig-gig | Nigig (Otter) | 2d chief |
| 16 | Lac du Flambeau Band | Ud-c-kum-ag | Adikameg (Whitefish) | 2d chief |
| 17 | La Pointe Band | Ta-che-go-onk | 3d chief | |
| 18 | La Pointe Band | Muk-no-a-wuk-und | warrior | |
| 19 | St. Croix Band | O-sho-gaz | warrior | |
| 20 | La Pointe Band | A-dow-c-re-shig | Edaawi-giizhig | warrior |
| 21 | La Pointe Band | Keesh-ri-tow-ng | Giishkitawag (Cut Ear) | 1st warrior |
| 22 | Rice Lake Band | I-aub-ans | Ayaabens (Little Buck) | chief |
| 23 | La Pointe Band | Tug-wany-am-az | Dagwagaane (Two Lodges Meet) | 2d chief |
| 24 | Ontonagon Band | O-rum-de-kun | Okandikan (Bouy) | chief |
| 25 | Ontonagon | Keesh-re-tow-no | Giishkitawag (Cut Ear) | 2d chief |
| 26 | Pokegama | Maj-c-wo-we-clung | Maajiwewidang (Starts Speaking) | 2d chief |
| 27 | Pokegama | Ke-che-wa-mib-co-osk | Gichi-wemitigoozh (Big Frenchman) | 1st chief |
| 28 | Fond du Lac Band | Mongo-o-sit | Maangozid (Loon’s Foot) | 3d chief |
| 29 | Fond du Lac Band | Mug-un-ub | 2d chief | |
| 30 | Fond du Lac Band | An-im-as-ung | Enimaasing (Sails Away) | 1st warrior |
| 31 | Chippewa River | Waub-ish-ashe | Waabizheshi (Marten) | 1st chief |
| 32 | Chippewa River | Make-cen-gun | Ma'iingan (Wolf) | 2d chief |
| 33 | Lac Courte Oreilles Band | Kee-wan-see | chief | |
| 34 | Puk-wa-wun | Ten-as-see | chief | |
| 35 | Lac Courte Oreilles Band | Nag-an-is | 2d chief | |
| 36 | Puk-wa-wun | Ke-chi-in-in-e | Gichi-inini | 1st warrior |
| 37 | Turtle Portage | Ke-che-now-uj-c-nim | chief | |
| 38 | Lac du Flambeau Band | Bus-e-guin-jis | warrior | |
| 39 | Fond du Lac Band | Shin-goob | Zhingob (Spruce) | 1st chief |
| 40 | Grand Portage Band | Shay-u-ash-cens | Zhaaganaashiins (Little Englishman) | 1st chief |
| 41 | Grand Portage Band | Ud-ik-ons | Adikoons (Little Elk) | 2d chief |
| 42 | La Pointe Band | Me-zye | Mizay (Eel) | 4th chief |
| 43 | L'Anse Band | David King David King David or Dave King may refer to:In sports:*David King , Australian rules footballer for the Kangaroos Football Club*Dave King , Scottish businessman, Rangers F.C... |
1st chief | |
| 44 | L'Anse Band | Ma-tak-o-se-ga | Metaakozige ([Smokes] Pure Tobacco) | 1st warrior |
| 45 | L'Anse Band | Assurcens | 2d warrior | |
| 46 | L'Anse Band | Peter Marksman Peter Marksman Peter Marksman was a Native American Methodist minister, active in Michigan among the Potawatomi Indians. He was member of the L'Anse Band of Lake Superior Chippewa. His Indian name was Ma-dwa-gwun-a-yaush, from the Ojibwe Madwegwaneyaash, meaning "[Arrow]-Freathers Are Heard in the Breeze,"... |
chief | |
| 47 | Alexander Corbin | chief | ||
| 48 | William W. W. Warren | William W. Warren William Whipple Warren William Whipple Warren was a mixed-blood Ojibwe historian, interpreter, and legislator in the Minnesota Territory. He moved from Wisconsin to Crow Wing in the fall of 1845. Warren suffered from lung problems for many years and died as a young man of 28 from tuberculosis on June 1, 1853.-Early life... |
1st chief | |
| 49 | Jno. Pta. Rellenger | Jean-Baptise Reyergé | ||
| 50 | Charles Charlo | |||
| 51 | Battiste Gauthier | Chief | ||
| 52 | La Pointe Band Half-breeds | Vincent Roy | Chief | |
| 53 | La Pointe Band Half-breeds | John Btse. Cadotte | Jean-Baptise Cadotte | Warrior |
| 54 | La Pointe Band Half-breeds | Lemo Sayer | 2d chief | |
| 55 | La Pointe Band Half-breeds | Jhn. Btse. Roy | Jean-Baptise Roy | Warrior |
| 56 | La Pointe Band Half-breeds | Michel Bas-he-na | ||
| 57 | La Pointe Band Half-breeds | Lueson Godin | Luizon Godin | |
| 58 | La Pointe Band Half-breeds | John Sayer | ||
| 59 | La Pointe Band Half-breeds | Lueson Corbin | Chief | |
| 60 | La Pointe, Wisconsin La Pointe, Wisconsin La Pointe is a town in Ashland County in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. The town includes all of the Apostle Islands. There is also an unincorporated community named La Pointe on Madeline Island, the largest of the Apostle Islands . The population was 246 at the 2000 census... |
Wm. W. Warren | William W. Warren William Whipple Warren William Whipple Warren was a mixed-blood Ojibwe historian, interpreter, and legislator in the Minnesota Territory. He moved from Wisconsin to Crow Wing in the fall of 1845. Warren suffered from lung problems for many years and died as a young man of 28 from tuberculosis on June 1, 1853.-Early life... |
witness/interpreter |
| 61 | La Pointe, Wisconsin La Pointe, Wisconsin La Pointe is a town in Ashland County in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. The town includes all of the Apostle Islands. There is also an unincorporated community named La Pointe on Madeline Island, the largest of the Apostle Islands . The population was 246 at the 2000 census... |
Chas. H. Oakes | Charles H. Oakes | witness |
| 62 | Rochester, New York Rochester, New York Rochester is a city in Monroe County, New York, south of Lake Ontario in the United States. Known as The World's Image Centre, it was also once known as The Flour City, and more recently as The Flower City... |
Roswell Hart | witness | |
| 63 | Batavia, New York | Henry Evans | witness | |
| 64 | A. Morrison | Allan Morrison | witness | |
| 65 | S. Hovers | Smith Hovers | witness | |
| 66 | Mamoci M. Samuel | witness | ||
| 67 | Henry Blatchford | witness/interpreter | ||
| 68 | William A. Aitken | witness | ||
| 69 | Julius Ombrian | witness |
The signatory headmen were the following:
| # | Location | Recorded Name | Name (Translation/"Alias") | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 01 | Trout Lake | Ke-nesh-te-no | Ginishinoo (Cree) | chief |
| 02 | Lac du Flambeau Band | Mah-shah | 1st warrior | |
| 03 | Red Cedar Lake | I-oush-ou-c-ke-shik | chief | |
| 04 | Mille Lacs Indians Mille Lacs Indians The Mille Lacs Indians are a Band of Indians formed from the unification of the Mille Lacs Band of Mississippi Chippewa with the Mille Lacs Band of Mdewakanton Sioux... |
Mah-ko-dah | Makode (Bear's Hear) | 1st warrior |
| 05 | Mille Lacs Indians Mille Lacs Indians The Mille Lacs Indians are a Band of Indians formed from the unification of the Mille Lacs Band of Mississippi Chippewa with the Mille Lacs Band of Mdewakanton Sioux... |
Pe-tud | Pítad (Muskrat's Liver) | 1st chief |
| 06 | Mille Lacs Indians Mille Lacs Indians The Mille Lacs Indians are a Band of Indians formed from the unification of the Mille Lacs Band of Mississippi Chippewa with the Mille Lacs Band of Mdewakanton Sioux... |
Aunch-e-be-nas | Aanji-bines (Changing Bird) | 2d warrior |
| 07 | Red Cedar Lake | Mish-in-nack-in-ugo | warrior | |
| 08 | Sandy Lake Band | Gah-nin-dum-a-win-so | Gaa-nandawaawinzo (He that Gathers Berries/"le Brocheux") | 1st chief |
| 09 | Sandy Lake Band | Mis-quod-ase | Miskwadesi | warrior |
| 10 | Sandy Lake Band | Na-tum-e-gaw-bow | Netamigaabaw (Stands First) | 2d chief |
| 11 | Sandy Lake Band | I-ah-be-dua-we-dung | warrior | |
| 12 | Pokegama | Bi-a-jig | Bayezhig (Lone Man) | 1st chief |
| 13 | Mississippi Half-breeds | Joseph Montre | 1st chief | |
| 14 | Wm. W. Warren | William W. Warren William Whipple Warren William Whipple Warren was a mixed-blood Ojibwe historian, interpreter, and legislator in the Minnesota Territory. He moved from Wisconsin to Crow Wing in the fall of 1845. Warren suffered from lung problems for many years and died as a young man of 28 from tuberculosis on June 1, 1853.-Early life... |
witness/interpreter | |
| 15 | Peter Marksman | witness/interpreter | ||
| 16 | Smith Hovers | witness |
Treaty adhesion:
| # | Location | Recorded Name | Name (Translation/"Alias") | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 01 | Snake River | No-din | Noodin (Wind) | chief |
| 02 | William A. Aitkin | William A. Aitken | witness | |
| 03 | R. B. Carlton | witness |
Treaty adhesion approval:
| # | Location | Recorded Name | Name (Translation/"Alias") | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 01 | Po-go-ne-gi-shik | Bagonegiizhig (Hole in the Day) | ||
| 02 | William Aitkin | William A. Aitken | witness | |
| 03 | D. T. Sloan | witness |