Timeline of hypertext technology - AbsoluteAstronomy.com

This article presents a timeline
Chronology
Chronology is the science of arranging events in their order of occurrence in time, such as the use of a timeline or sequence of events. It is also "the determination of the actual temporal sequence of past events".Chronology is part of periodization...

of hypertext
Hypertext
Hypertext is text displayed on a computer or other electronic device with references to other text that the reader can immediately access, usually by a mouse click or keypress sequence. Apart from running text, hypertext may contain tables, images and other presentational devices. Hypertext is the...

technology, including "hypermedia

Hypermedia

Hypermedia is a computer-based information retrieval system that enables a user to gain or provide access to texts, audio and video recordings, photographs and computer graphics related to a particular subject.Hypermedia is a term created by Ted Nelson....

" and related human-computer interaction projects and developments from 1945 on. The term hypertext is credited to the author and philosopher Ted Nelson

Ted Nelson

Theodor Holm Nelson is an American sociologist, philosopher, and pioneer of information technology. He coined the terms "hypertext" and "hypermedia" in 1963 and published it in 1965...

.

See also Graphical user interface

Graphical user interface

In computing, a graphical user interface is a type of user interface that allows users to interact with electronic devices with images rather than text commands. GUIs can be used in computers, hand-held devices such as MP3 players, portable media players or gaming devices, household appliances and...

, Multimedia

Multimedia

Multimedia is media and content that uses a combination of different content forms. The term can be used as a noun or as an adjective describing a medium as having multiple content forms. The term is used in contrast to media which use only rudimentary computer display such as text-only, or...

; also
Paul Otlet

Paul Otlet

Paul Marie Ghislain Otlet was an author, entrepreneur, visionary, lawyer and peace activist; he is one of several people who have been considered the father of information science, a field he called "documentation". Otlet created the Universal Decimal Classification, one of the most prominent...

and Henri La Fontaine

Henri La Fontaine

Henri La Fontaine , was a Belgian international lawyer and president of the International Peace Bureau. He received the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1913.-Biography:...

's Mundaneum

Mundaneum

The Mundaneum was an institution created in 1910 out of the initiative of two Belgian lawyers Paul Otlet and Henri La Fontaine as part of their documentation science...

, a massively cross-referenced card index system established in 1910.

1960s

1960
- Project Xanadu
  Project Xanadu
  Project Xanadu was the first hypertext project, founded in 1960 by Ted Nelson. Administrators of Project Xanadu have declared it an improvement over the World Wide Web, with mission statement: "Today's popular software simulates paper...
  
  (concept)
1967
- Hypertext Editing System
  Hypertext Editing System
  The Hypertext Editing System, or HES, was an early hypertext research project conducted at Brown University in 1967 by Andries van Dam, Ted Nelson, and several Brown students. HES was a pioneering hypertext system that organized data into two main types: links and branching text...
  
  (HES)
1968
- FRESS
  File Retrieval and Editing System
  The File Retrieval and Editing SyStem, or FRESS, was a hypertext system developed at Brown University in 1968 by Andries van Dam and his students, including Bob Wallace. FRESS was a continuation of work done on van Dam's previous hypertext system, HES, developed the previous year. FRESS ran on an...
  
  (File Retrieval and Editing System, successor to HES)
- NLS
  NLS (computer system)
  NLS, or the "oN-Line System", was a revolutionary computer collaboration system designed by Douglas Engelbart and implemented by researchers at the Augmentation Research Center at the Stanford Research Institute during the 1960s...
  
  (oN-Line System)

1970s

1972
- ZOG
  ZOG (hypertext)
  ZOG was an early hypertext system developed at Carnegie Mellon University during the 1970s by Donald McCracken and Robert Akscyn. ZOG was first developed by Allen Newell and George Robertson to serve as the front end for AI and Cognitive Science programs brought together at CMU for a summer workshop...
1973
- Xerox Alto desktop
  Xerox Alto
  The Xerox Alto was one of the first computers designed for individual use , making it arguably what is now called a personal computer. It was developed at Xerox PARC in 1973...
1976
- PROMIS
  Problem-Oriented Medical Information System
  The Problem-Oriented Medical Information System, or PROMIS, was a hypertext system specially designed for maintaining health care records. PROMIS was developed at the University of Vermont in 1976, primarily by Jan Schultz and Dr. Larry Weed...
1978
- Aspen Movie Map
  Aspen Movie Map
  The Aspen Movie Map was a revolutionary hypermedia system developed at MIT by a team working with Andrew Lippman in 1978 with funding from ARPA.-Features:...
1979
- PERQ
  PERQ
  The PERQ, also referred to as the Three Rivers PERQ or ICL PERQ, was a pioneering workstation computer produced in the early 1980s....

1980s

1980
- ENQUIRE
  ENQUIRE
  ENQUIRE was an early software project written in 1980 by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN, which was the predecessor to the World Wide Web in 1989.It was a simple hypertext program that had some of the same ideas as the Web and the Semantic Web but was different in several important ways.According to...
  
  (not released)
1981
- Electronic Document System
  Electronic Document System
  The Electronic Document System was an early hypertext system - also known as the Interactive Graphical Documents hypermedia system - focused on creation of interactive documents such as equipment repair manuals or computer-aided instruction texts with embedded links and graphics...
  
  (EDS, aka Document Presentation System)
- Kussmaul Encyclopedia
  Wes Kussmaul
  Wes Kussmaul, author of several books about online security, is the founder of the Kussmaul Encyclopedia, the first online encyclopedia.In 1971, while stationed at Whiteman Air Force Base , Kussmaul received a degree in physics from the University of Central Missouri in Warrensburg, Missouri...
- Xerox Star desktop
  Xerox Star
  The Star workstation, officially known as the Xerox 8010 Information System, was introduced by Xerox Corporation in 1981. It was the first commercial system to incorporate various technologies that today have become commonplace in personal computers, including a bitmapped display, a window-based...
1982
- Guide
  Guide (hypertext)
  Guide was a hypertext system originally developed by Peter J. Brown at the University of Kent in 1982. The original Guide implementation was for Three Rivers PERQ workstations running Unix. The Guide system was also the third hypertext system to be sold commercially, after it was taken over by...
1983
- Knowledge Management System
  KMS (hypertext)
  KMS,‭ ‬an abbreviation of Knowledge Management System,‭ ‬was a commercial second generation hypermedia system, originally created as a successor for the early hypermedia system ZOG...
  
  (KMS, successor to ZOG)
- TIES
  The Interactive Encyclopedia System
  The Interactive Encyclopedia System, or TIES, was a hypertext system developed at the University of Maryland, College Park by Ben Shneiderman in 1983. The earliest versions of TIES ran in DOS text mode, using the cursor arrow keys for navigating through information...
  
  (The Interactive Encyclopedia System, later HyperTies)
1984
- NoteCards
  NoteCards
  NoteCards was a hypertext personal knowledge basesystem developed at Xerox PARC by Randall Trigg, Frank Halasz and Thomas Moran in 1984. NoteCards developed after Trigg became the first to write a Ph.D. thesis on hypertext while at the University of Maryland College Park in 1983...
1985
- Intermedia
  Intermedia (hypertext)
  Intermedia was the third notable hypertext project to emerge from Brown University, after HES and FRESS . Intermedia was started in 1985 by Norman Meyrowitz, who had been associated with earlier hypertext research at Brown...
  
  (successor to FRESS and EDS)
- Symbolics Document Examiner
  Symbolics Document Examiner
  Symbolics Document Examiner was a powerful and early hypertext system developed at Symbolics by Janet Walker in 1985...
  
  (Symbolics workstation
  Workstation
  A workstation is a high-end microcomputer designed for technical or scientific applications. Intended primarily to be used by one person at a time, they are commonly connected to a local area network and run multi-user operating systems...
  
  s)
1986
- TextNet (a network-based approach to text handling)
- Neptune (a hypertext system for CAD applications)
1987
- Macromedia Authorware
  Macromedia Authorware
  Macromedia Authorware was an interpreted, flowchart based, graphical programming language. Authorware is used for creating interactive programs that can integrate a range of multimedia content, particularly e-learning applications...
- Canon Cat
  Canon Cat
  The Canon Cat was a task-dedicated, desktop computer released by Canon Inc. in 1987 at a price of $1495 USD. On the surface it was not unlike the dedicated word processors popular in the late 1970s to early 1980s, but it was far more powerful and incorporated many unique ideas for data...
  
  ("Leap" function, interface)
- HyperCard
  HyperCard
  HyperCard is an application program created by Bill Atkinson for Apple Computer, Inc. that was among the first successful hypermedia systems before the World Wide Web. It combines database capabilities with a graphical, flexible, user-modifiable interface. HyperCard also features HyperTalk, written...
1989
- Macromedia Director
- The Sun Link Service
- Information Management: a proposal, Tim Berners-Lee
  Tim Berners-Lee
  Sir Timothy John "Tim" Berners-Lee, , also known as "TimBL", is a British computer scientist, MIT professor and the inventor of the World Wide Web...
  
  , CERN
  CERN
  The European Organization for Nuclear Research , known as CERN , is an international organization whose purpose is to operate the world's largest particle physics laboratory, which is situated in the northwest suburbs of Geneva on the Franco–Swiss border...

1990s

1990
- World Wide Web
  World Wide Web
  The World Wide Web is a system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the Internet...
1991
- Gopher
1995
- Wiki
  Wiki
  A wiki is a website that allows the creation and editing of any number of interlinked web pages via a web browser using a simplified markup language or a WYSIWYG text editor. Wikis are typically powered by wiki software and are often used collaboratively by multiple users. Examples include...
1998
- Everything2
  Everything2
  Everything2, Everything2, or E2 for short is a collaborative Web-based community consisting of a database of interlinked user-submitted written material. E2 is moderated for quality, but has no formal policy on subject matter...
- XML
  XML
  Extensible Markup Language is a set of rules for encoding documents in machine-readable form. It is defined in the XML 1.0 Specification produced by the W3C, and several other related specifications, all gratis open standards....

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