The Oracle of Reason
Encyclopedia
The Oracle of Reason, or Philosophy Vindicated was the first avowedly atheistic
periodical to be published in Britain . It was founded by Charles Southwell
, William Chilton
and John Field in 1841 , and lasted until 1843.
's Universal Community Society. For the early background, see the Wikipedia article for Charles Southwell.
The first issue of the weekly Oracle was published on 6 November 1841 (price: 1d
), and the last issue was dated 2 December 1843 http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1650421. It was published 6 November 1841 to 8 January 1842, then there was a gap before publication was resumed from 12 February 1842 to 2 December 1843 . According to Royle (1974, p. 74), it was "at first highly successful, selling on average about four thousand copies a week."
The first editor of the Oracle was Charles Southwell. George Jacob Holyoake
took over when Southwell was imprisoned, and when Holyoake was imprisoned Thomas Paterson became editor. When Paterson was gaoled, William Chilton took over.
as "This revoltingly odious Jew production..." As a consequence, Charles Southwell was arrested for blasphemy
on 27 November 1841 and imprisoned for twelve months in January 1842. George Jacob Holyoake
, the Owenite lecturer for Sheffield
, defended Southwell in December 1841, in a lecture entitled "The spirit of Bonner in the Disciples of Jesus", for which he was rebuked by the Owenite central board . Nevertheless, Holyoake took over the editorship of the Oracle from number eight (dated 12 February 1842) (According to Royle, Chilton edited number five but, preferring to remain in the background, delayed the next issue after Southwell's imprisonment until a new editor was found ), moving the editorial office from Bristol to Sheffield, and changing publisher to Henry Hetherington
.
, during which he answered a question from the audience (it was asked by local preacher) about God's place in a socialist community:
Holyoake was arrested for blasphemy on 2 June, on a return visit to Cheltenham. He was released on bail on 18 June and tried on 14 August. He was sentenced to six months imprisonment in Gloucester gaol. George Adams (who was not an atheist) was sentenced to one month on the same day for selling the Oracle, number 25 .
In June or July 1842, the editorial office moved from Sheffield to 8 Holywell Street, London, and at the end of August Holyoake's name disappeared from the front page .
In June 1842, an Anti-Persecution Union (APU) was formed to defend Southwell and Holyoake, as well as George Adams and his wife Harriet (arrested but not prosecuted for selling Oracle number 4. It arose from Lambeth
socialist Maltus Questell Ryall's initiative in organising a defence fund for Southwell in early 1842, writing to Holyoake for support (Holyoake was facing his own legal problems before he could do anything). The APU, aiming to "assert and maintain the right of free discussion, and to protect and defend the victims of intolerance and bigotry" was run from Holywell Street. Ryall was secretary and James Watson was treasurer.
Thomas Paterson took over as editor from number 37, dated 3 September 1842, with assistance from Maltus Ryall (according to Royle Ryall was the Oracle's business manager. He died on 11 February 1846, aged just 37).
Paterson "had the bluster of Southwell but not his ability, and the quality and circulation of the Oracle declined rapidly. Ryall did not have Holyoake's business abilities, and Chilton continued only behind the scenes" . There were difficulties in distributing the Oracle, which was unstamped http://www.historyhome.co.uk/peel/social/press.htm. Only a donation of £40 from W.J. Birch enabled the second volume of the Oracle (Nov. 1842–) to appear.
Paterson's last issue as editor was 3 June 1843 .
Atheism
Atheism is, in a broad sense, the rejection of belief in the existence of deities. In a narrower sense, atheism is specifically the position that there are no deities...
periodical to be published in Britain . It was founded by Charles Southwell
Charles Southwell
Charles Southwell was a radical English journalist and freethinker.-Early life:Charles Southwell was born in London, the youngest of 33 children in a poor family. His father, William, was a piano maker who had married three times. His mother, Fanny , was William's ex-servant, and at least three...
, William Chilton
William Chilton (printer)
William Chilton , was a printer, Owenite Socialist, evolutionist, and co-founder with Charles Southwell of The Oracle of Reason, which claimed to be the world's first avowedly atheist journal.-Life:...
and John Field in 1841 , and lasted until 1843.
History
The Oracle owed its origins to a split in Robert OwenRobert Owen
Robert Owen was a Welsh social reformer and one of the founders of utopian socialism and the cooperative movement.Owen's philosophy was based on three intellectual pillars:...
's Universal Community Society. For the early background, see the Wikipedia article for Charles Southwell.
The first issue of the weekly Oracle was published on 6 November 1841 (price: 1d
British One Penny coin (pre-decimal)
The English Penny, originally a coin of 1.3 to 1.5 g pure silver, includes the penny introduced around the year 785 by King Offa of Mercia. However, his coins were similar in size and weight to the continental deniers of the period, and to the Anglo-Saxon sceats which had gone before it, which were...
), and the last issue was dated 2 December 1843 http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1650421. It was published 6 November 1841 to 8 January 1842, then there was a gap before publication was resumed from 12 February 1842 to 2 December 1843 . According to Royle (1974, p. 74), it was "at first highly successful, selling on average about four thousand copies a week."
The first editor of the Oracle was Charles Southwell. George Jacob Holyoake
George Holyoake
George Jacob Holyoake , English secularist and co-operator, was born in Birmingham, England. He coined the term "secularism" in 1851 and the term "jingoism" in 1878.-Owenism:...
took over when Southwell was imprisoned, and when Holyoake was imprisoned Thomas Paterson became editor. When Paterson was gaoled, William Chilton took over.
Southwell prosecuted for blasphemy
The fourth issue of the Oracle included a deliberately provocative article antisemitically entitled "The Jew Book", which described the BibleBible
The Bible refers to any one of the collections of the primary religious texts of Judaism and Christianity. There is no common version of the Bible, as the individual books , their contents and their order vary among denominations...
as "This revoltingly odious Jew production..." As a consequence, Charles Southwell was arrested for blasphemy
Blasphemy
Blasphemy is irreverence towards religious or holy persons or things. Some countries have laws to punish blasphemy, while others have laws to give recourse to those who are offended by blasphemy...
on 27 November 1841 and imprisoned for twelve months in January 1842. George Jacob Holyoake
George Holyoake
George Jacob Holyoake , English secularist and co-operator, was born in Birmingham, England. He coined the term "secularism" in 1851 and the term "jingoism" in 1878.-Owenism:...
, the Owenite lecturer for Sheffield
Sheffield
Sheffield is a city and metropolitan borough of South Yorkshire, England. Its name derives from the River Sheaf, which runs through the city. Historically a part of the West Riding of Yorkshire, and with some of its southern suburbs annexed from Derbyshire, the city has grown from its largely...
, defended Southwell in December 1841, in a lecture entitled "The spirit of Bonner in the Disciples of Jesus", for which he was rebuked by the Owenite central board . Nevertheless, Holyoake took over the editorship of the Oracle from number eight (dated 12 February 1842) (According to Royle, Chilton edited number five but, preferring to remain in the background, delayed the next issue after Southwell's imprisonment until a new editor was found ), moving the editorial office from Bristol to Sheffield, and changing publisher to Henry Hetherington
Henry Hetherington
Henry Hetherington was a leading British Chartist.- Early years :Henry Hetherington was the son of a London tailor, John Hetherington , and was born on 17 June 1792, at 16 Compton Street, Soho, London...
.
Holyoake prosecuted for blasphemy
Holyoake's approach was more moderate than Southwell's, advocating a compromise for the Owenite movement whereby socialism and religion would be separated by setting up separate discussion classes on theological subjects . However, on 24 May 1842, Holyoake delivered a lecture on Home Colonisation in CheltenhamCheltenham
Cheltenham , also known as Cheltenham Spa, is a large spa town and borough in Gloucestershire, on the edge of the Cotswolds in the South-West region of England. It is the home of the flagship race of British steeplechase horse racing, the Gold Cup, the main event of the Cheltenham Festival held...
, during which he answered a question from the audience (it was asked by local preacher) about God's place in a socialist community:
He made some remarks about Education and said 'for his part he thought the people of this Country ought not to have any religion, they were too poor,' he said 'for my part I am of no reliigon at all' he said 'those that professed religion were worshippers of Mammon' 'for my part I don't believe there is such a thing as a God' he said when he was speaking of the people of this Country being too poor – 'If I could have my way I would place the Deity on half-pay as the Government of this Country did the subaltern officers'
Holyoake was arrested for blasphemy on 2 June, on a return visit to Cheltenham. He was released on bail on 18 June and tried on 14 August. He was sentenced to six months imprisonment in Gloucester gaol. George Adams (who was not an atheist) was sentenced to one month on the same day for selling the Oracle, number 25 .
In June or July 1842, the editorial office moved from Sheffield to 8 Holywell Street, London, and at the end of August Holyoake's name disappeared from the front page .
In June 1842, an Anti-Persecution Union (APU) was formed to defend Southwell and Holyoake, as well as George Adams and his wife Harriet (arrested but not prosecuted for selling Oracle number 4. It arose from Lambeth
Lambeth
Lambeth is a district of south London, England, and part of the London Borough of Lambeth. It is situated southeast of Charing Cross.-Toponymy:...
socialist Maltus Questell Ryall's initiative in organising a defence fund for Southwell in early 1842, writing to Holyoake for support (Holyoake was facing his own legal problems before he could do anything). The APU, aiming to "assert and maintain the right of free discussion, and to protect and defend the victims of intolerance and bigotry" was run from Holywell Street. Ryall was secretary and James Watson was treasurer.
Thomas Paterson took over as editor from number 37, dated 3 September 1842, with assistance from Maltus Ryall (according to Royle Ryall was the Oracle's business manager. He died on 11 February 1846, aged just 37).
Paterson prosecuted for blasphemy
Paterson was imprisoned for one month in January 1843 for "displaying obscene and blasphemous literature in the window of the Oracle office in Holywell Street; and for fifteen months in November 1843 for selling blasphemous publications in Edinburgh. The masthead of the Oracle began to look like a police gazette."Paterson "had the bluster of Southwell but not his ability, and the quality and circulation of the Oracle declined rapidly. Ryall did not have Holyoake's business abilities, and Chilton continued only behind the scenes" . There were difficulties in distributing the Oracle, which was unstamped http://www.historyhome.co.uk/peel/social/press.htm. Only a donation of £40 from W.J. Birch enabled the second volume of the Oracle (Nov. 1842–) to appear.
Paterson's last issue as editor was 3 June 1843 .
Southwell abandons the Oracle
Southwell was released from prison in February 1843, but refused to resume the editorship of the Oracle. According to Royle (1974, p. 87.), this was "partly because he did not want to be made responsible for the debt it had accumulated under the management of Paterson and Ryall, but mainly because he had changed his mind about the value of the tone which he had originally given to the paper and which Paterson had maintained." Instead, he started a new paper, the Investigator, which closed in October 1843.The Movement
On the closure of the Oracle, Holyoake founded the moderate Movement, and anti-persecution gazette, to which Chilton was a contributor. It lasted until 1845.External links
- The Oracle of Reason, Volume 1 http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sz4YWKQyLxsC&ots=X4nMMTVzNI&dq=%22oracle%20of%20reason%22&pg=PP7
- "Collection of periodicals on religion, radicalism and freethought, 1834–1916", Contents of the microfilm collection with an introduction by Dr. Edward Royle, Microform Academic Publishers.