Temporal single-system interpretation
Encyclopedia
The temporal single-system interpretation (TSSI) of Karl Marx's
value theory emerged in the early 1980s in response to renewed allegations that his theory was "riven with internal inconsistencies," and that it must therefore be rejected or corrected. The inconsistency allegations had been a prominent feature of Marxian economics
and the debate surrounding it since the 1970s. Andrew Kliman
argues that, since internally inconsistent theories cannot possibly be right, the inconsistency charges serve to legitimate the suppression of Marx's critique of political economy and current-day research based upon it, as well as the "correction" of Marx's alleged inconsistencies.
Proponents of the temporal-single system interpretation of Marx's value theory claim that the supposed inconsistencies are actually the result of misinterpretation; they argue that when Marx's theory is understood as "temporal
" and "single-system," the alleged internal inconsistencies disappear. In a recent survey of the debate, a proponent of the TSSI concludes that "the proofs of inconsistency are no longer defended; the entire case against Marx has been reduced to the interpretive issue."
Critics of TSSI, including David Laibman
(see Criticism section, below), argue that Marx intended to present what they characterize as "a structurally consistent" model of value formation in a capitalist economy
with competitive profit-rate equalization. They claim that Marx's formultations fail to do this. But they claim that what they characterize as his fundamental insights can be revealed, and extended, by means of models and concepts that emerged after his time. Instead of trying to defend the consistency of Marx's original statements, non-TSSI Marxist theorists pursue what they characterize as ever-more effective versions of what they claim to be the core theory. They also claim that they believe that Marx himself would have done this.
and the transformation of commodity values into prices of production––the so-called transformation problem
––in Das Kapital
Volume 3. TSSI authors have also challenged the "Fundamental Marxian theorem," which supposedly showed that Marx's value theory is unnecessary in order to arrive at his conclusion that exploitation of workers is the unique source of profit under capitalism.
Other research informed by the TSSI includes studies of the impact of European economic integration, theoretical and empirical analysis of economic crisis (see Crisis), critiques of the static equilibrium
methodology widely employed in economics (mainstream as well as Sraffian and Marxian), and challenges to the statistical claim that industry-level values and prices are strongly correlated. Drawing on their experiences in the controversy over Marx's value theory, some proponents of the TSSI have also been active in the movement for pluralism in economics
, and they have critiqued, and argued for the reform of, the interpretive methods employed in Marxian economics
.
Proponents of the TSSI include, among others, Guglielmo Carchedi, John Ernst, Alan Freeman, Andrew Kliman
, Eduardo Maldonado-Filho, Ted McGlone, Nick Potts, and Alejandro Ramos Martinez.
According to the Bortkiewiczian interpretation, prices and values of inputs into the production process are, in Marx's theory, determined simultaneously with the prices and values of the outputs that later emerge from the production process. Thus, inputs' prices (or values) and outputs' prices (or values) are necessarily equal. In contrast, the TSSI is "temporal" or non-simultaneous, holding that prices (and values) of inputs and outputs in Marx's theory need not be (and generally are not) equal.
Second, according to the Bortkiewiczian interpretation of Marx's value theory, values and prices constitute two distinct and independent "systems." With respect to relative magnitudes, prices do not depend on values, and values do not depend on prices. Prices of outputs depend on the prices of the inputs used to produce them, while values of outputs depend on the values of the inputs used to produce them. In contrast, the TSSI is a "single-system" interpretation since it holds that, in Marx's theory, (a) prices of outputs depend in the aggregate on the so-called "value rate of profit" (the ratio of surplus-value to capital invested), while (b) businesses' investments of capital value, and thus the values of the outputs produced, depend partly on the prices of the inputs acquired by means of these investments. Value and price are therefore determined interdependently, though they remain distinct.
," a result produced by the Japanese Marxian economist Nobuo Okishio
in 1961, was widely regarded as having disproved Marx's law of the tendency of the rate of profit to fall
, but TSSI authors have shown that Marx's rate of profit (as they interpret it) can fall in circumstances in which Okishio's theorem says that "the" rate of profit cannot fall. Thus, even Duncan K. Foley, a prominent critic of the TSSI, acknowledges that
In 1906-07, Ladislaus von Bortkiewicz claimed to prove that Marx's account of "the transformation of commodity values into prices of production" (i.e., prices that allow businesses to obtain an average rate of return on their capital investments) was internally inconsistent. "Correcting" the alleged inconsistency, Bortkiewicz produced results that seriously call into question Marx's theory that prices and profits are determined, in the aggregate, by the production of value and surplus-value: the "price rate of profit" no longer equals the "value rate of profit," and the sum of prices diverges from the sum of values. However, proponents of the TSSI claim to have disproved Bortkiewicz's alleged proof of inconsistency. Although no critic has successfully refuted this claim, first put forward in 1988, many Marxist economists still decline to accept it.
When Marx's theory is understood in accordance with the TSSI, rather than in accordance with Bortkiewicz's interpretation, moreover, the results of his transformation account re-emerge as internally consistent; price and value magnitudes are indeed equal in the aggregate. These equalities also re-emerge under other––atemporal––single-system interpretations. Yet under the atemporal interpretations, Marx's falling-rate-of-profit theory and other aspects of his value theory still appear to be internally inconsistent. In order for his theories to be fully acquitted of charges of inconsistency and error, he must be interpreted as having had a temporal conception of value and price determination.
Roberto Veneziani similarly alleges that the TSSI upholds "the literal truth of all [of] Marx’s propositions."
Proponents of the TSSI contend that these allegations are false:
Some critics, however, claim that they find this response inadequate. They claim that they find it inadequate because they claim that the following points are relevant to the issue of whether the TSSI critics speak the truth when they charge that the TSSI is an orthodoxy which asserts that Marx made no errors:
People who claim to be followers and developers of Marx theory of value claim that the earliest formulations from the 1850s, as presented in "Capital," Vol. III, sought to model what they characterize as a "structurally consistent presentation" of value formation in a capitalist economy with competitive profit-rate equalization. They claim that it did not model this successfully. They claim that Marx's fundamental insights can be revealed, and extended, by means of models and concepts that emerged after his time. Instead of trying to defend the consistency of Marx's original statements, these non-TSSI Marxist theorists pursue what they claim are ever-more effective versions of what they characterize as the core theory. They claim that that Marx himself would have done this. Moreover, these non-TSSI theorists allege that defenders of the TSSI ignore what the critics claim are their central arguments. First, the critics allege that the "consistency" that they claim for Marx's work is achieved at the expense of any theoretical coherence. Secondly, these critics of the TSSI allege that, if input values differ from output values, each being determined by the conditions of a single "temporal" moment that the critics characterize as fortuitous, they claim that value is reduced to a mere empirical description, without structure or role in revealing what they characterize as the inner properties of capitalist social relations. Second, the crticis characterize the TSSI's efforts to defend the logical coherence TSSI's of Marx's law of the falling rate of profit as a "presumed defense," resting on a distinction between a (rising) "material" or "simultaneous" rate of profit and a (falling) "value" rate of profit. The critics allege that they have shown this distinction to be invalid since analysis of the TSSI numerical examples reveals that the temporal value rate of profit either ultimately follows the course of the material rate, or diverges from it: “If the material rate rises to an asymptote, the value rate either falls to an asymptote, or first falls and then rises to an asymptote permanently below the material rate.” . The TSSI construction, the critics claim, fails to address the what they characterize as "the complex determinants of the level and trend of the rate of profit in capitalist economies."
Karl Marx
Karl Heinrich Marx was a German philosopher, economist, sociologist, historian, journalist, and revolutionary socialist. His ideas played a significant role in the development of social science and the socialist political movement...
value theory emerged in the early 1980s in response to renewed allegations that his theory was "riven with internal inconsistencies," and that it must therefore be rejected or corrected. The inconsistency allegations had been a prominent feature of Marxian economics
Marxian economics
Marxian economics refers to economic theories on the functioning of capitalism based on the works of Karl Marx. Adherents of Marxian economics, particularly in academia, distinguish it from Marxism as a political ideology and sociological theory, arguing that Marx's approach to understanding the...
and the debate surrounding it since the 1970s. Andrew Kliman
Andrew Kliman
Andrew Kliman is a professor of economics at Pace University and author of several publications on Marxian economics, including the book Reclaiming Marx’s “Capital”, which defends the Temporal Single System Interpretation of Marx's labor theory against various claims of its inconsistency from...
argues that, since internally inconsistent theories cannot possibly be right, the inconsistency charges serve to legitimate the suppression of Marx's critique of political economy and current-day research based upon it, as well as the "correction" of Marx's alleged inconsistencies.
Proponents of the temporal-single system interpretation of Marx's value theory claim that the supposed inconsistencies are actually the result of misinterpretation; they argue that when Marx's theory is understood as "temporal
Temporal logic
In logic, the term temporal logic is used to describe any system of rules and symbolism for representing, and reasoning about, propositions qualified in terms of time. In a temporal logic we can then express statements like "I am always hungry", "I will eventually be hungry", or "I will be hungry...
" and "single-system," the alleged internal inconsistencies disappear. In a recent survey of the debate, a proponent of the TSSI concludes that "the proofs of inconsistency are no longer defended; the entire case against Marx has been reduced to the interpretive issue."
Critics of TSSI, including David Laibman
David Laibman
David Laibman is Professor of Economics at Brooklyn College and the Graduate Center, City University of New York. He received a Ph.D. in Economics in 1973 at the Graduate Faculty of the New School for Social Research in New York...
(see Criticism section, below), argue that Marx intended to present what they characterize as "a structurally consistent" model of value formation in a capitalist economy
Capitalism
Capitalism is an economic system that became dominant in the Western world following the demise of feudalism. There is no consensus on the precise definition nor on how the term should be used as a historical category...
with competitive profit-rate equalization. They claim that Marx's formultations fail to do this. But they claim that what they characterize as his fundamental insights can be revealed, and extended, by means of models and concepts that emerged after his time. Instead of trying to defend the consistency of Marx's original statements, non-TSSI Marxist theorists pursue what they characterize as ever-more effective versions of what they claim to be the core theory. They also claim that they believe that Marx himself would have done this.
Scope of TSSI Research
Among the main issues addressed by the TSSI are Marx's law of the tendency of the rate of profit to fallTendency of the rate of profit to fall
The tendency of the rate of profit to fall is a hypothesis in economics and political economy, most famously expounded by Karl Marx in chapter 13 of Das Kapital Vol. 3. It was generally accepted in the 19th century...
and the transformation of commodity values into prices of production––the so-called transformation problem
Transformation problem
In 20th century discussions of Karl Marx's economics the transformation problem is the problem of finding a general rule to transform the "values" of commodities into the "competitive prices" of the marketplace...
––in Das Kapital
Das Kapital
Das Kapital, Kritik der politischen Ökonomie , by Karl Marx, is a critical analysis of capitalism as political economy, meant to reveal the economic laws of the capitalist mode of production, and how it was the precursor of the socialist mode of production.- Themes :In Capital: Critique of...
Volume 3. TSSI authors have also challenged the "Fundamental Marxian theorem," which supposedly showed that Marx's value theory is unnecessary in order to arrive at his conclusion that exploitation of workers is the unique source of profit under capitalism.
Other research informed by the TSSI includes studies of the impact of European economic integration, theoretical and empirical analysis of economic crisis (see Crisis), critiques of the static equilibrium
Economic equilibrium
In economics, economic equilibrium is a state of the world where economic forces are balanced and in the absence of external influences the values of economic variables will not change. It is the point at which quantity demanded and quantity supplied are equal...
methodology widely employed in economics (mainstream as well as Sraffian and Marxian), and challenges to the statistical claim that industry-level values and prices are strongly correlated. Drawing on their experiences in the controversy over Marx's value theory, some proponents of the TSSI have also been active in the movement for pluralism in economics
Pluralism in economics
The pluralism in economics movement is a campaign to eliminate monism in economics. The movement's adherents have stated that substantive and methodological monism currently dominates mainstream economics....
, and they have critiqued, and argued for the reform of, the interpretive methods employed in Marxian economics
Marxian economics
Marxian economics refers to economic theories on the functioning of capitalism based on the works of Karl Marx. Adherents of Marxian economics, particularly in academia, distinguish it from Marxism as a political ideology and sociological theory, arguing that Marx's approach to understanding the...
.
Proponents of the TSSI include, among others, Guglielmo Carchedi, John Ernst, Alan Freeman, Andrew Kliman
Andrew Kliman
Andrew Kliman is a professor of economics at Pace University and author of several publications on Marxian economics, including the book Reclaiming Marx’s “Capital”, which defends the Temporal Single System Interpretation of Marx's labor theory against various claims of its inconsistency from...
, Eduardo Maldonado-Filho, Ted McGlone, Nick Potts, and Alejandro Ramos Martinez.
Significance of "Temporal" and "Single-system"
The words "temporal" and "single-system" in the title of the TSSI refer to the two key differences between it and the interpretation of Marx's value theory derived from Ladislaus von Bortkiewicz that at one time dominated academic Marxist economics.According to the Bortkiewiczian interpretation, prices and values of inputs into the production process are, in Marx's theory, determined simultaneously with the prices and values of the outputs that later emerge from the production process. Thus, inputs' prices (or values) and outputs' prices (or values) are necessarily equal. In contrast, the TSSI is "temporal" or non-simultaneous, holding that prices (and values) of inputs and outputs in Marx's theory need not be (and generally are not) equal.
Second, according to the Bortkiewiczian interpretation of Marx's value theory, values and prices constitute two distinct and independent "systems." With respect to relative magnitudes, prices do not depend on values, and values do not depend on prices. Prices of outputs depend on the prices of the inputs used to produce them, while values of outputs depend on the values of the inputs used to produce them. In contrast, the TSSI is a "single-system" interpretation since it holds that, in Marx's theory, (a) prices of outputs depend in the aggregate on the so-called "value rate of profit" (the ratio of surplus-value to capital invested), while (b) businesses' investments of capital value, and thus the values of the outputs produced, depend partly on the prices of the inputs acquired by means of these investments. Value and price are therefore determined interdependently, though they remain distinct.
On the alleged proofs of Marx’s alleged inconsistencies
"Okishio's theoremOkishio's theorem
Okishio's theorem is a mathematical theorem formulated by Japanese economist Nobuo Okishio. It has had a major impact on debates about Marx's theory of value...
," a result produced by the Japanese Marxian economist Nobuo Okishio
Nobuo Okishio
was a Japanese Marxian economist and emeritus professor of Kobe University. In 1979, He was elected President of Japan Association of Economics and Econometrics, which is now Japanese Economic Association....
in 1961, was widely regarded as having disproved Marx's law of the tendency of the rate of profit to fall
Tendency of the rate of profit to fall
The tendency of the rate of profit to fall is a hypothesis in economics and political economy, most famously expounded by Karl Marx in chapter 13 of Das Kapital Vol. 3. It was generally accepted in the 19th century...
, but TSSI authors have shown that Marx's rate of profit (as they interpret it) can fall in circumstances in which Okishio's theorem says that "the" rate of profit cannot fall. Thus, even Duncan K. Foley, a prominent critic of the TSSI, acknowledges that
"I understand [Alan] Freeman and [Andrew] Kliman to be arguing that Okishio’s theorem as literally stated is wrong because it is possible for the money and labor rates of profit to fall under the circumstances specified in its hypotheses. I accept their examples as establishing this possibility.”
In 1906-07, Ladislaus von Bortkiewicz claimed to prove that Marx's account of "the transformation of commodity values into prices of production" (i.e., prices that allow businesses to obtain an average rate of return on their capital investments) was internally inconsistent. "Correcting" the alleged inconsistency, Bortkiewicz produced results that seriously call into question Marx's theory that prices and profits are determined, in the aggregate, by the production of value and surplus-value: the "price rate of profit" no longer equals the "value rate of profit," and the sum of prices diverges from the sum of values. However, proponents of the TSSI claim to have disproved Bortkiewicz's alleged proof of inconsistency. Although no critic has successfully refuted this claim, first put forward in 1988, many Marxist economists still decline to accept it.
When Marx's theory is understood in accordance with the TSSI, rather than in accordance with Bortkiewicz's interpretation, moreover, the results of his transformation account re-emerge as internally consistent; price and value magnitudes are indeed equal in the aggregate. These equalities also re-emerge under other––atemporal––single-system interpretations. Yet under the atemporal interpretations, Marx's falling-rate-of-profit theory and other aspects of his value theory still appear to be internally inconsistent. In order for his theories to be fully acquitted of charges of inconsistency and error, he must be interpreted as having had a temporal conception of value and price determination.
Criticism
Critics of the TSSI have characterized it as an orthodoxy which asserts that "Marx made no errors." For instance, David Laibman charges that its proponents are "New Orthodox Marxists" who"assert that Marx's formulations, in both the theory of value and the analysis of capitalist accumulation and crisis, are literally and completely correct; that Marx made no errors . . . ."
Roberto Veneziani similarly alleges that the TSSI upholds "the literal truth of all [of] Marx’s propositions."
Proponents of the TSSI contend that these allegations are false:
“We have never said that Marx’s contested insights are necessarily true . . . . We simply say the claims that his value theory is necessarily wrong, because it is logically invalid, are false.”Similarly, Andrew Kliman distinguishes between internal consistency on the one hand, and truth or correctness on the other, at least nine different times. For instance, he writes that the TSSI's ability to eliminate the apparent inconsistencies in Marx's value theory does not imply
"that Marx’s theoretical conclusions are necessarily correct. It does imply, however, that empirical investigation is needed in order to determine whether they are correct or not. There is no justification for disqualifying his theories a priori, on logical grounds."
Some critics, however, claim that they find this response inadequate. They claim that they find it inadequate because they claim that the following points are relevant to the issue of whether the TSSI critics speak the truth when they charge that the TSSI is an orthodoxy which asserts that Marx made no errors:
People who claim to be followers and developers of Marx theory of value claim that the earliest formulations from the 1850s, as presented in "Capital," Vol. III, sought to model what they characterize as a "structurally consistent presentation" of value formation in a capitalist economy with competitive profit-rate equalization. They claim that it did not model this successfully. They claim that Marx's fundamental insights can be revealed, and extended, by means of models and concepts that emerged after his time. Instead of trying to defend the consistency of Marx's original statements, these non-TSSI Marxist theorists pursue what they claim are ever-more effective versions of what they characterize as the core theory. They claim that that Marx himself would have done this. Moreover, these non-TSSI theorists allege that defenders of the TSSI ignore what the critics claim are their central arguments. First, the critics allege that the "consistency" that they claim for Marx's work is achieved at the expense of any theoretical coherence. Secondly, these critics of the TSSI allege that, if input values differ from output values, each being determined by the conditions of a single "temporal" moment that the critics characterize as fortuitous, they claim that value is reduced to a mere empirical description, without structure or role in revealing what they characterize as the inner properties of capitalist social relations. Second, the crticis characterize the TSSI's efforts to defend the logical coherence TSSI's of Marx's law of the falling rate of profit as a "presumed defense," resting on a distinction between a (rising) "material" or "simultaneous" rate of profit and a (falling) "value" rate of profit. The critics allege that they have shown this distinction to be invalid since analysis of the TSSI numerical examples reveals that the temporal value rate of profit either ultimately follows the course of the material rate, or diverges from it: “If the material rate rises to an asymptote, the value rate either falls to an asymptote, or first falls and then rises to an asymptote permanently below the material rate.” . The TSSI construction, the critics claim, fails to address the what they characterize as "the complex determinants of the level and trend of the rate of profit in capitalist economies."